Hi, I am 73 old woman. I love these wonderful pictures. Admitting that I do not understand it, but send it on to my young grandson 14. We stand in awe. The fish will be our next discussion. Why the spesific species of fish? We look forward to seeing more.

@zelh5969

16 күн бұрын

Zebra fish are small, partly transparent, and already well-studied in labs.

@marck717

13 күн бұрын

Hi, I just read an article about how experiments on fish in space first started way back in 1973, when an aquarium was set up on the Skylab Space Station to study Mummichog Minnows. NASA wanted to find out how long it would take for them to adjust to a zero gravity environment. It turned out that they were able to adjust within a few weeks. At first they would swim to wherever a light source was, because they associated light with the direction of the surface, but surprisingly the fish were smart and after a while were able to get their bearings and become more aware of where they were in their tank. It was really interesting to read about. There was also an aquarium installed on the International Space Station in 2012 to study the function of a fishes inner ear in a a zero gravity environment to try to find a cure for Tinnitus. They were also studying the effects of Osteoporosis and bone loss on fish to see how it could apply finding a cure for people with weakened bones on Earth.

7:27 Fraser, Since I’m older than dirt I know that space aquariums are not new. In fact, an aquarium with live minnows and 50 minnow eggs was brought to Skylab back in the ‘70s. Interestingly, the Skylab crew saw similar results. The adult fish swam in loops at first but eventually figured it out. The most interesting finding was that the fish born in space swam correctly at birth. To read more, the website for _Scientific American_ has a good write-up.

@coachtaewherbalife8817

22 күн бұрын

Just wondering, how did they get oxygen for the fish? Bubbling oxygen wouldn't float away from the nozzle.

@thebigpicture2032

22 күн бұрын

@@coachtaewherbalife8817 slight pressure from the oxygen nozzle should be enough to dissipate the O2.

Looking back on the Bio-Dome, I always felt the people involved were too focused on making us think it was a success, rather than actually learning from the experiment. When it ran low on food and oxygen, they were more concerned about hiding the facts rather than openly talking about lessons they learned about the area and volume needed per person for survival. I think they were scared of all the negative publicity about the cost.

@kennethferland5579

22 күн бұрын

Having visited the structure and learned a lot about it, the cause of the failure was rushing to do both large crew and long duration enclosure too soon. They went from an enclosure period of weeks and then immediatly tried to do years which was crazy ambitious, working up gradually to longer durations would have been the smart move, but the project managers were in a rush to prove themselves. The cause of oxygen loss was Carbon Dioxide absorbtion by Concrete which is something ANY person with the slightest chemistry knowlege knows happens to concrete over time and infact never really stops. Either sealants needed to be applied to the concrete surfaces or the structure needed to be 'cured' by saturating it with pure CO2, at pressure for a year before any living things were introduced. P.S. Their is a long running misunderstanding that the facility is called 'Biosphere 2' as a reference to the Earth itself being Biosphere 1, this is false. Biosphere 1 is a small room sized structure built first at the same site in which 1 man and a bunch of potted plants stayed for a few days to validate the concept.

The Euclid release elicited an unintentional but very audible curse of appreciation from me breaking the timid morning silence quite rudely.

Those galaxies in the Euclid photos are awesome. I just can't fathom that with the amount of galaxies and the amount of stars and planets in each one, that we would be the only life forms in the universe. There has to be life out there somewhere.

@davehoward22

22 күн бұрын

Doubtful we will ever know

@leonmusk1040

22 күн бұрын

Problem being time not distance we don't have much as a species let alone as individuals in the time we evolved from something akin to great ape to modern man wouldn't even get to the nearest galaxy at even 98% light speed and at that speed the cmb would cook you.

@FLPhotoCatcher

22 күн бұрын

Did you know that, with Earth's greenhouse effect, its temperatures are hot enough to melt mercury? Crazy. As some extra-terrestrials would say.

@Jondoe18702

22 күн бұрын

RATATATA

@FLPhotoCatcher

22 күн бұрын

There does not *have* to be. I think we will find out someday though.

Thanks for all the news, Fraser! 😊 Stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊

I’m a lowly postal worker and the extent to which astronomical discoveries actually affect my life, they might as well be part of a fictional universe on a Netflix show or sci-fi novel. But days turned to months to years to decades where I continue to follow the updates. Why? Certainly as a fantastical escape from the arduous banality of daily life.

@michaellee6489

18 күн бұрын

Hey man lighten up. I'm a partially paralyzed young 50 y.o. who is living the rest of my life with a bunch of dementia and alzheimer patients at an adult care home in the middle of nowhere. all I have is the days and my life and finding the humor in all of it. life ain't so bad!

@AliHSyed

17 күн бұрын

@@michaellee6489 en endless laid back country retreat with a bunch of goofballs, doesn’t sound half bad 😉😁 thanks for sharing mate

@michaellee6489

17 күн бұрын

@@AliHSyed take care brother

Saltus, badass name

This is the podcast I have been looking for. Nice job. Keep up the great work. You have a dedicated new viewer eagerly awaiting more episodes. Ty

If "This Image is to Scale", your head must be HUGE

I had no idea the pulsar array was a thing and producing good data! Thanks for the news Fraiser!

Biosphere is the best movie ever. I didn't know they made a second one!

@michaellee6489

18 күн бұрын

Bio-DOME, homie

Love your video! Thanks for all the work you do!!!!!

Those new pictures👀🤯so amazing!!👌💯🔥

I helped build the James Webb Space Telescope and can tell you from first hand experience that something of this size is unfeasible. I’d love to tell you it’s possible but the amount of work that went into the Webb, is just mind blowing.

@diverguy3556

23 күн бұрын

What part of Webb did you help build?

@jaimeduncan6167

23 күн бұрын

Was the first bit that came to my mind. After thinking a little bit more I wonder if using a segmented mirror will and dropping the off-axis requirement will change the equation. If Space X ever succeeds, Starship is supposed to have a 9m diameter fearing. This will require a 60 to 70% expansion. Does that change your perspective? The good part is that even an on-axis 9m telescope will be so much better than what we have.

@MichaelWinter-ss6lx

23 күн бұрын

The first precalculations for the next telescope started after the first test of Starship. What made JWST so expensiv, was mainly its origami design. With a 9m fairing and its reduced launch costs, universities can possibly afford their own space telescope. ESA is also looking into this. 🚀🏴‍☠️🎸

@Tbauti

22 күн бұрын

@@diverguy3556sunshirld, mid boom, spreader bars, OTIS (not the mirrors, built in Goddard), solar array, MRD/NEA’s and it was a nightmare. Getting everything to work was a something short of a miracle.

@Tbauti

22 күн бұрын

@@jaimeduncan6167 the biggest issues were the sun shield, midboom, spreader bars and tensioning. Every time we tensioned and deployed all five layers we’d run into damaging the solar shield layers.

I expect it would be VERY hard to keep the water in the fish tank, oxygenated. On Earth, you'd just bubble air through the water. On a space station, bubbles won't rise/ fall, so you'd need to find a new way to dissolve oxygen into the water.

Awesome reporting! Thank you.

11:40 That looks like a map of the Borg transwarp network 🖖

@kennethferland5579

22 күн бұрын

No it's clearly the Hirogen communication network.

For future reference, the dominant pronunciation of "Gliese" has the first vowel sound as a long-E (and varied pronunciation (or non-pronunciation) of the trailing "e" - pick one of "nothing", short-E or long-E.)

I loved the story about the migration of Uranus and Neptune. It reminded me of a story I read about an astronomer who saw a possible alien craft, but now it seems to be hiding behind Uranus. Could you move a few steps to the right? I'd like to see how this story ends up. 😁 Great video!

The wide field deep pictures of our universe simply take our breath away when we see a billion stars.

Thank you, i enjoyed this

Correct me if im wrong, Starship booster being 30ft wide, you in theory could build foldable JWST 2.0 mirrors of 28ft wide making it 145ft wide in total. All need 2nd stage same as Falcon 9 rocket fairing. Replace starship with 30ft fairing holds JWST.

8:31 YESS this is what I want from LEO stations. Why the ISS or western space programs haven't been focused on ecologic closed loop life support is beyond me.

I'd like to see a space station orbiting Venus.

The off-axis mirrors shouldn't be that difficult. If you got rid of half the james web mirrors (on one side) you'd be left with an off-axis system. i think the problem though is that you have to either make another huge mirror and cut your mirror out of it, *or* you have to grind an asymmetric mirror from the start. With JWST you basically use tiny servos to get the thing into shape so maybe it could be done that way. I always wondered why that wasn't done but I assumed there must be some reason, lol.

It's impressive that they can fix the Voyager.

I would love to be able to view what the science team see view our universe. I appreciate you and NASA. Tthankyou

Is it possible to make an enormous cheap mirror...maybe even a mylar balloon...and use adaptive optics to correct all the imprefections?

you would need quite the adapter/converter to get vera rubin's lens on your dslr. awesome! ;o)

Gravitational Wave and pulsar mathematic must be next level. I wonder if this challenges current models?

Probably a dumb idea but just in case it isn't, I wonder if there is a way to use large solar panel farms as some sort of telescope at night? Obviously the lack of a lens/mirror is an extra credit challenge problem. But maybe some sort of phased array or detect something other than photons. Maybe it would be super blurry but give huge brightness resolution so something new might be discovered.

I think we should build space binoculars. Take a maximum diameter telescope that will fit on current rockets. Then another one inverted stacked on top. Connect them with a hinge and data cables. When the booster places it in the destination such as a lagrange point, fold them into a side by side binocular position. This is probably one of the largest feasible configurations that can boost on a single rocket. The binoculars also have some imaging advantages.

@theemperorofmankind3739

21 күн бұрын

You would design it to use the upcoming SLS Block 1B cargo fairing at 8.4M, you could make an obscenely large telescope by making it as a binocular. But there is a more wild idea you could do if you make the system modular in the sense you could keep adding segments to it. What is stopping you from making a far larger trinocular setup or going insane with 10 mirrors?

@executivesteps

21 күн бұрын

What advantage would binoculars have in space?

@stupidburp

19 күн бұрын

@@theemperorofmankind3739 Lifted mass limits would mean a binocular is probably the biggest for a single lift. Instead of trying to add extra segments together in space, lift extra binoculars to park in the same general area and network them together..

@theemperorofmankind3739

19 күн бұрын

@@stupidburp That is what I meant I am not good that language.

@stupidburp

19 күн бұрын

@@executivesteps There are some large ground based binocular observatories. The binoculars in space would have the same advantages. Large total optical area for a given diameter limit. Additional parallax related data. Interferometry capabilities both from the two optics in a binocular as well as any networked binoculars. Error correction and Image correction, such as reducing or eliminating the diffraction spikes. In other words, the image quality can be improved. Another benefit is that they can share some imaging modules, allowing for example perhaps imaging in two different bandwidths at the same time. They could also potentially have duplicate modules with some degree of redundancy for some data.

You can work years on 5% improvement in software analysis or build bigger hardware 400% better. There will no significant progress in astronomy without much bigger telescopes.

@SuperYtc1

22 күн бұрын

Yep, data is the limitation. To improve data collection we need bigger and better telescopes.

@executivesteps

21 күн бұрын

6 out of 7 proposals for telescope time on JWST are rejected. Size matters and so does the number of telescopes. Telescopes don’t necessarily have to be bigger to make significant progress.

@kamilZ2

21 күн бұрын

@@executivesteps By significant progress I mean stronger limits on models of dark matter, dark energy, Hubble constant, etc. Observing more similar objects on the sky is not significant.

Omg, I think they should start using microwave or lower frequency telescopes instead. A larger telescope can at best increase the distance of observation with the size over size fraction for any similar smaller telescope. This means like maybe x10 or x20-40. With newer forms of distant observation, they really should start looking at things from microwave or below frequency observation. This could mean x1000's.

With the advent of the pulsar timing array, is there a need to build bigger and better interferometers in space to detect gravitational waves? Are there detections that could be made by Earth-Sun L3,4,5 detector that can't be made by the pulsar array?

Voyager is roughly 0.94 lightday distant at present. Hopefully we are able to keep in contact with Voyager 1 until it is one lightday distant. That would be an awesome “round number” milestone (excusing English’s inherent unit pun) to achieve.

16:13 butterfly galaxy :D

I'm hoping that the Starship spacecraft is so wildly successful that we don't have to wait decades to get new, large space based observatories.

@executivesteps

21 күн бұрын

You have to know how big your rocket is then design, build and test your super big telescope.

Herschel had about a 3 m mirror diameter and only was in operation for a few years. ESA must have been wasting money. A mid-IR telescope wouldn´t need the precision of a UV to near-IR mirror, but Herschel still was a major observatory. Webb is expected to be in operation for about 20 years.

Dear Fraser, I know this sounds like science fiction but here I go. Can we send out several small satellites to form a giant one? As time passed, we could also add more satellites with extra functions to add longevity, maintenance and scalability. Edit: what is the habitable zone of the new protosystem? Thank you.

Saying it's ONLY 40 LY away does not change the fact that even at the fastest speed we can travel in space, it would still take 4 million years to get there.

I like the China zebra fish experiment. Has anyone researched Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians? My thought is we could learn more about bone density research. As we know most of these species have lighter bones and cooler blood, quite possibly they might acclimate to low gravity and zero gravity with no issue...?

In my school they do experint with fish, make N2 cicle. Fish, algae and snails, they have to find the balance. And they need O2 and constant temperature.

A Biodome reference without a picture of Pauly Shore? Missed opportunity.

Hi Fraser, Question: Why are many KZreadrs so concerned about the many refilling launches for starships? I am confident that once SpaceX nails reusability and refilling, launching quickly, cheap and often will happen soon after.

@executivesteps

21 күн бұрын

Musk once promised we’d have humans on Mars by 2024. He’s got 7 months left.

hey fraser, ive always wanted to get into astronomy as a career but just havent gone into it in college because the math seems so daunting. im currently going to college for a neuropsych degree and was wondering if you could think of any way i could potentially use knowledge and skill from that profession to edge my way into a position at/with nasa or any other space agency really

@executivesteps

21 күн бұрын

There’s more to NASA than just astronomy. A lot more.

CMB HAS NEVER BEEN MEASURED AT L2

Hmmm... I think there is a story in a "closed ecosystem" on a colony ship whose colony didn't make it, but it went on and evolved...

The Large Binocular Telescope is not off axis (secondary mirrors are in front, but they are not on regular tripod structures). The outer ring of mirrors on The Giant Magellan are off axis, it will be interesting to see if that improves the images.

@executivesteps

21 күн бұрын

With circular mirrors and no mirror supports blocking the incoming light there will be no diffraction spikes in the images.

@zapfanzapfan

21 күн бұрын

@@executivesteps Yes but the central mirror still has supports in the way. I wonder if they will ignore that mirror when taking some of the images.

@executivesteps

21 күн бұрын

@@zapfanzapfan The supports for secondary mirror are placed between the 6 primary mirrors so there’s no obstruction.

@zapfanzapfan

21 күн бұрын

@@executivesteps No obstruction for the outer 6 but still for the central mirror.

woaa… going by that thumbnail your head is way bigger than I thought :0

@wapane7721

22 күн бұрын

nvm just naw the * disclaimer :’(

I'm concerned that I'm too far north (In Australia) to ever see 'The Lights.' Australia's southernmost cities have seen them and are likely to see more, but not us up here in Brisbane! If I'd planned things out better, I might have put some airfare money aside and taken a trip to Melbourne or Hobart, but no...

hi fraser, not sure if this is a dumb question but when nasa sends messages to spacecraft that are far away, e.g voyager at 22 hours away, do they have to overshoot the signal where voyager will be in 22 hours? also is this an easy process it seems unreal that we can send messages to something that far away.

@anthonystulpin2623

19 күн бұрын

I would imagine that any communication signal will disperse over distance. Even a laser beam would disperse to a wider array than the voyager can move in 22 hours. As long as the signal is pointed in the general direction, Voyager should receive it.

didnt a guest recently tell you that off axis mirrors arent any harder to make than regular ones? since they just make a big regular mirror and cut it.

@sciencecompliance235

23 күн бұрын

Wouldn't that make it harder? Since you need to make a bigger mirror than what you're going to use?

planets possibly being formed up to 145 billion miles from its star. awesome.

Interesting news about the proposed space telescope. Will it be deployed to the same zone of the zodiac as JWST and would it be able to detect a Dyson swarm?

Given off-axis mirror, will there be no diffraction spikes in images?

@frasercain

22 күн бұрын

Nope

It's crazy to think that the most valuable pieces of real estate in all of our solar system are a barren mountain in Chile and an empty point in space(L2)😉

I have to wonder where the money for all this new hardware is going to come from when debt levels are already so high, for national governments as well as at local and especially personal levels. We're already having funding trouble and we haven't even really gotten started with projects like Artemis. These things never come in within budget either.

I have a feeling that Venus-type planets, which are hostile to life is norm for earth-size, are the norm in the universe.

You forget to mention that Gliese 12 is not a flare star.

INTERESTING :) THANK YOU FOR SHARING :) THANK YOU FROM ISRAEL :)

I love NASA and their acronyms. Can't wait to look up in the sky and wonder where Old Salty is looking tonight. lol

@executivesteps

21 күн бұрын

Don’t forget space telescopes operate night AND day.

MUIWAST(Multiple Infrared Wavelength space telescope) 25 meters General Infrared observatory From Near infrared to Far infrared A True Successor for James Webb Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope 🍀🍀🍀🍀🍀

How come they don't detect bigger gravitational waves? Won't it be easier to do that than smaller ones?

@michaellee6489

17 күн бұрын

its all about wavelength. the bigger/longer the wave, the bigger the aperture you would need to detect it. LIGO is a couple km and can detect collisions of stellar-mass black holes, for example. they're talking about waves still bouncing around from Expansion and the Big Bang which could be light-years across. that's where using pulsar timing arrays come in. hope this helps!

How do they plan to bring a 14 meter telescope up? Is it foldable? Was the aquarium closed? I heard of blobs of water flying in the air in weightlessness.

I once read that the Biosphere project was ruined by the ongoing chemistry within the huge amount of freshly poured concrete. If the thing is still there, maybe the project should be revisited. Return to Biosphere

@frasercain

22 күн бұрын

It's still there. I visited it about 6 months ago

@zippythinginvention

22 күн бұрын

@@frasercain wow! That's exciting.

I just can't see how a 14 m one-piece mirror could be manufactured and then also launched. I thought the practical limit for one-piece mirrors today was at around 8 m, beyond which the distortions due to the own weight of the mirror become unmanagable. No space launch system today or on the drawing boards can carry a payload that wide, so how would you get it up there?

@anthonystulpin2623

19 күн бұрын

Maybe the mirror could be manufactured in space? That would eliminate the weight problem. And the mirror would not have to have a 1/12 thickness to diameter ratio.

Anyone have a suggestion for a space weather alerting app or anything to notify me of potential aurora's next time. I can't stand I missed these ones.

This "Earth like" planet is useless to us for colonization purposes if the info on it is correct. At the inner edge of the Goldilocks zone of a Red Dwarf the planet would be tidally locked... Bright side would likely be hot and subject to severe storms, not sure about the dark side due to convective forces swapping cold air from the rear with hot air from the front. Not sure of the effect, but "earth like" weather would seem unlikely. With an "average" 100C temp, not sure what that means as there are two extremes involved and the temp should vary wildly depending on which side you are viewing. Info indicates, it is about the right volume, however, the planet is MUCH more massive than Earth according to all the sources I could find. 3.8x the mass in the same or slightly smaller volume, so the surface gravity would be more than 1.6g. A 180lb human would weigh 288lb. IF the mass calculations are accurate at 3.8x earth, the size becomes completely irrelevant as "good" things go. Surface gravity is what is important. You would probably die of heart failure in weeks. (Imagine walking around with an 80lb army pack... day and night.) 3.8x seems rather high, however, and is hopefully (very) wrong, though I would imagine it easy to calculate correctly at only 40ly away. Earth has an average specific gravity of 5.5 (water is 1.0) So this would suggest an average specific gravity of 21. This would put the Average density on a par with Platinum... Seems unlikely in the extreme. Begging the question: "What is this planet Made of?" If they can't even guess the density (mostly) right at only 40ly away... the rest is just trash info, too vague to be useful. If they got it right at 3.8x earth density, then this is a crap candidate for anything like colonization. We'd be better off building rotating cities in the asteroid belt near places like 16Psyche where heavy metals are plentiful. Sorry for the negative attitude, but I'd Really rather they stop didling around with Red Dwarves (yes, 10x more common... so what) and focused on Yellow main sequence stars with Much larger Goldilocks zones and No problem with tidal locking and fierce magnetic storms that frequently blow away atmospheres on candidate worlds as is the case with most Red Dwarves... which, by definition have no protective convective zones. Ie focus mostly on K, G, and F type stars. Surely there are plenty of good targets. (That's 22% of all stars.)

Auroras? I live in Ecuador, if I see an aurora here, that might be bad news.

4:15 venus ad earth are similar sized, compared to gas giants, but to put things in perspective, adding every single rocky planet and moon in the solar system to Venus, it is not enough to reach the size of earth. Earth is quite bigger.

Love to do a gigantic telescope, but I think the us is out of money

So the SAR folks made it possible?

If those three telescopes are in the same Lagrange point, could they not in theory take photos of each other?

How are they supposed to put a 14-meter mirror in space?

@tonywells6990

22 күн бұрын

Sideways.

I thought red dwarf stars were not really conducive to life because of the radiation flares.

LETS GOOOO on the giant space telescope!!!! 🔭

Ok, so Astronauts uses Astra from the Latin for 'Stars' and Nautus for 'Sailor/ Sails through.' Cosmonauts uses 'Cosmos.' But what is Taiko? What is the word Taikonaut based on?

@ZackTillotson

22 күн бұрын

@raz.c taikong meaning outer space. 太空人

I don't understand why an off-axis primary mirror is such a challenge? Why isn't it as easy as simply tilting the mirror sideways slightly?

@anthonystulpin2623

19 күн бұрын

The mirror has a focus point. If the optics are not designed in such a way that the focus point is not off axis, you will get a distorted view. Most primary parabolic mirrors have the focus point on center of the spherical shape, which means the secondary mirror has to be at the same point. This will then create a "Secondary" obstruction, blocking some of the light gathering capability.

Would it not be better to have two or more telescopes rather than one new one every thirty years with all the technology risk associated with it?

When LUVOIR-A video?

When you show a galaxy when talking about the universe you contribute to the misunderstanding of the subject you speak of

Won't higher frequency light give more accurate resolution? And if that is true, why don't we build an X ray radio telescope in space?

@froobas

21 күн бұрын

There is an x-ray space telescope ... Chandra has been an active mission since 1999 ...

Going the SALTUS

Brave of them to put this one-of-a-kind exorbitantly expensive camera on a Boeing plane.

You know, why don’t we have a pair of space telescopes in Lagrange points around the sun?

AHHHH FRASER'S HEAD HAS GROWN LARGER THAN THE JWST! Get the shrink gun, quick!

A little cooler than venus.Well venus is about 900 degrees so i am thinking maybe it is not too habitable.

Q. Is mathematics and physics the only possible universal translator we could ever hope to have if we ever communicate with aliens?

I dont pay attention to any new discoveries around a red dwarf star in habitable zone because its a waste of time.

@sciencecompliance235

23 күн бұрын

Not a waste of time at all. It's an environment we don't really know much about, so we can learn an immense amount by studying these worlds since we don't really have analogs in our own star system.

9:20 love it when i hear wojak video sounds on other random channels lol

@accountname5526

23 күн бұрын

that sound isn't from wojak videos

How long do you think humans could theoretically survive for? Would it be till the last red dwarves died out or the final primordial black holes maybe?

@executivesteps

21 күн бұрын

Consciousness will be non biological in the distant future. Likely the Universe is already full of “brains in a vat”.

We should just hollow out rocks and use them as spaceships…save a lot of money. Think about it 👀

Voyager is only a light day away....

Those Chinese fishtronauts definitely earned their stripes.

Wow. You have a really big head :p (Your head is in the thumbnail with the caption: "this image is to scale")

pogchamp

how are they planing to put a 14m mirror in orbit, we have nothing capable of doing that, unless it's segmented and the illustration is wrong.

@pigbenis8366

23 күн бұрын

I'm sure by the time they actually build it and get it ready to send to space, Starship or some other large rocket would be able to. That or we may be able to put it together in space.

@zapfanzapfan

23 күн бұрын

It's a deployable antenna, similar antennas are used on communication satellites but not at that wavelength so that "mirror" has to be really smooth.

@executivesteps

21 күн бұрын

@@zapfanzapfanIf they’re looking at the far infra red the surface “smoothness” is a lot less.

@zapfanzapfan

21 күн бұрын

@@executivesteps Far infrared is a lot shorter wavelengths than satellite phones, sub mm compared with several cm. So the antenna has to be a lot smoother than the regular application of that technology.

Well if its millions of light years away those planets have formed already