I'm pretty impressed with myself. I easily understood all of this completely, right up to the point where she started level 1.

@RichardFeynmanRules

10 ай бұрын

Cracked me up!

@kmanccr

9 ай бұрын

Haha I was gunna say. Level 1 was complicated, don't know if I could get to level 5.

@peach7210

9 ай бұрын

😂😂😂😂😂

@wowalamoiz9489

9 ай бұрын

Lemme try. Nuclei have positive electric fields. These make two nuclei repel each other. This acts as a barrier that prevents fusion. This is caused by the protons. There is an attractive force called the strong force produced by protons and neutrons. This is stronger than the electrostatic force, but it weakens more with distance. If you give enough force to the nuclei, they can move past the electric field and get bonded with the strong force. Hydrogen has many variations in its nuclei based on how many neutrons are in it. The nuclei with neutrons are preferred because they increase the amount of strong force without increasing the electric force. The problem with fusion is finding how to get through the electric field without it taking more energy to do that than what you get out of fusion. Because if you don't care about that, doing fusion by itself isn't that hard. It just won't produce more energy than it takes.

@kitefan1

9 ай бұрын

That's because it was entertaining but she never gave a simple explanation for what fusion is until the third student. Fossil and Nuclear power plants have an energy source that makes heat that is used to generate electricity. The center of an atom is a nucleus containing protons and neutrons. The radioactive materials are very heavy and have many protons and neutrons Heavy element Uranium has 92 protons and 141 to 146 neutrons. Light element Hydrogen has one proton and 1 to 3 neutrons and is relatively cheap. Our regular nuclear fission power plants enable heavy atomic nuclei with many protons and neutrons to split or impact other heavy nuclei releasing enormous amounts of energy and a relatively large amount of radioactivity and radioactive waste. Containing the fission reaction is complicated but is possible using borated water, lead and normal structural materials such as steel, reinforced concrete and so on. Fusion plants enable a process where lighter nuclei to combine into a heavier nucleus and release enormous amounts of energy and less radioactive waste. To make a fusion reaction the atoms have to be heated to enormous heat under enormous pressure until they reach a state of matter called plasma. Normal materials cannot contain this hot, pressurized plasma. The only way found (so far) is to create a containment out of an enormously powerful and stable magnetic field. A team in Lawrence Livermore had a fusion for 20-billionths of a second. This is a landmark achievement.

Level 6: Oppenheimer

@simplylethul

10 ай бұрын

Level 7: crime against humanity in which no one was prosecuted.

@koala.justakoala4287

10 ай бұрын

Afaik that’s fission, might be wrong tho🤓🤓🤓

@antoniousai1989

10 ай бұрын

@@koala.justakoala4287 Oppenheimer was supposed to participate in the project of the first Fusion bomb, but he refused and was accused of not being patriotic during the red scare period.

@koala.justakoala4287

10 ай бұрын

@@antoniousai1989 oh, interesting. Good to know, thanks!

@bournechupacabra

10 ай бұрын

His main contribution was to fission, not fusion

That’s me in level 2!! So much fun to film❤️

@robbyddurham1624

9 ай бұрын

At first I thought you meant that level 2 is where you dropped out in understanding, now I think you meant, that was actually you being filmed. Nice to see you.

@MemeB0MB

9 ай бұрын

Cool !

@nicolecunningham5477

4 ай бұрын

☺️❤️❤️❤️

@MANOFTIME

10 күн бұрын

How did you get selected for the video?

The moment she said that ion and electron plasma are modeled as separate fluid flows and that the model needs to account for particle interactions ALONG with magnetic fields my jaw dropped. The amount of head banging you'd have to do to even TRY to model that yet alone simulate it. Geez these people are miracle workers.

@oraziovescovi1922

9 ай бұрын

my thought is (correct me if I am wrong!): don't moving charges create a magnetic field? I can't even begin thinking about a turbolent magnetic field They probably have to take that into account also...

@sankang9425

9 ай бұрын

Some describe Fusion as "sculpting a Michelangelo statue with jelly and metal wire".

@wowalamoiz9489

9 ай бұрын

​@@sankang9425It's not that hard... If your goal isn't to produce energy.

@newmeta2668

9 ай бұрын

@@wowalamoiz9489the problem is not making a fusion reaction. The problem is making a self-sustaining fusion reaction.

@wowalamoiz9489

9 ай бұрын

@@newmeta2668 Which is basically what I said...

I love these videos of 5 levels of difficulty, the best of the channel by far.

I used to be a physicist, condensed matter specifically synthesis and characterization of materials, and now working in tech. When I first transitioned a lot of my peers thought when I said instrumentation they thought I played music.

@robbyddurham1624

9 ай бұрын

How could your peers think music? They probably used test equipment daily. I'm just a tech with a 2 year degree and my first thought was test equipment. I'm struggling with not being intelligent enough to get past calculus and understanding more. I'm 58 years old. I feel like I'm smarter than I was 30 years ago. I think I could get past calculus today, but by the time I moved on, I think my smarts will start to decline. I need to be happy with understanding and learning how "handy man" stuff works.

@KevinMakins

7 ай бұрын

It's a revelation to realize that words describe reality, not just in one domain but in all domains. Provided we name well.

@mayito714

4 күн бұрын

@@robbyddurham1624 Calculus is not difficult if you have a "strong" Algebra and Trigonometry base. Algebra and Trigonometry is much needed in solving Calculus problems or it becomes a problem.

Thank you Wired for bringing these complex but important subjects to everyone in different levels. Fabulous job!

That level one explainer was probably a little complicated for them

This series has been highly knowledgeable.looking forward to more of it.

This series has been highly knowledgeable.looking forward to more of it.. I love this series! She’s a great educator! .

I love these videos, but some are better than others. This one is top tier. It helps that at the end of the video, I have so much hope for the future of energy.

So fascinating! I'm more of a math guy, but the description of turbulence and gyrokinetic theory sounds like it might give rise to some really interesting math problems. A great reminder of exactly why I picked physics for my second major back in school.

@willis936

9 ай бұрын

Stellarator optimization is a fun area of applied math research as well. Fun coordinate systems, multiple stages of optimization feeding back and forward, etc.

@frankathl1

9 ай бұрын

@@willis936Fun? Yeah, I happened stopped laughing since lunch!

@yellostallion

9 ай бұрын

The universe speaks math - Niel Degrasse Tyson

@MarlonValcq

9 ай бұрын

I made it through level 4. It is indeed really interesting.

@MeoWHamster

9 ай бұрын

Wait until you hear about Magnetohydrodynamics.

Great video but there is a rough edit (missing dialogue) at 13:23. I assume she is talking about the helium nucleus... Awesome video, she really explained everything so clearly! Thanks!

I made it through the first and second level. Such an intelligent, well spoken person. I need more of these.

I love watching learning videos like this that would take me a thousand years to fully comprehend

This is an amazing series. Please keep it up!

Would love to have more discussion about magnetic confinement vs inertial confinement in approaching fusion reaction

Oh yay. I have done the lvl1-2 of this explanation before and it’s fascinating to observe what questions kids ask.

Charged particles was tricky but turbulence..? No idea about that. Lost it totally at lvl 4. Star in a jar it is! 😄

@martian14

4 ай бұрын

Have you heard about the different sizes of infinity? 😅

@Campaigner82

4 ай бұрын

@@martian14 Nope

I loved the level 1 girl's question; she asked if they keep the invisible matter in one place to not forget where it is at all times, which is true.

Found the blood doctor randomly on here, and i have been completely addicted. These are so educational, and informational, broken down to a level of universal understanding. So so awesome!

this is a fantastic series

I love these series! I would love to see an episode with someone that has a PHd in Philosophy!

Ok... Well I didn't expect to understand and have knowledge of every level I knew I had a good grasp but I didn't think my understanding was quite as strong as it is. It really helped me put my understanding of the field in perspective, I still have some things to learn about but not as much as I expected.

Would love a follow on to cover recent net positive runs, records broken along with the impact of machine learning / neural nets on model optimizations and corresponding impact (performance gains, learnings)

Science is so fun and moves so rapidly that even the scientists themselves underestimate our abilities. She ended this wonderful video saying she thinks net electricity in a decade and yet in August of 2023 we achieved net energy gained for the first time. Shows you how brilliant the people working on this stuff truly are!

I love these type of videos

I love this series! She’s a great educator! 😊

Excellent explanation for the solutions of the energy

Absolutely fascinating

Awesome format!🎉

I usually watch videos at 1.5x speed but for this one, I slowed it down 😅 Thank you Dr. White!

0:57: 🌟 Nuclear fusion is a clean and limitless form of energy that involves bringing particles together to release energy. 4:03: 🔬 Plasma is the fourth state of matter, and it can be controlled using magnetic fields. 7:17: ⚛ The tokamak is a device used to confine and control a super hot plasma in order to harness fusion energy. 10:51: 🔥 Fusion requires high temperatures and densities to make particles collide and fuse, producing energy that can be converted into electricity. 15:01: 🔬 Fusion energy sources, which are predominantly fully ionized plasmas, have a lot of mystery around them due to the complexity of turbulence and magnetic fields. 18:06: 🌪 Turbulence in plasma physics is a complex and visually beautiful phenomenon that affects the performance of fusion reactors. 22:09: ⚛ Fusion energy research is accelerating with the involvement of private companies and advancements in other fields, bringing us closer to achieving fusion electricity on the grids. Recap by Tammy AI

Truly remarkable how smart she is that she made something simple enough for a child to understand.

She is awesome!! Very “easy” to understand

6:00 it's amazing to learn..(become aware) of new "things"❤

At first I was just hearing the video, but when the expert appeared, my instinct said, this man sounds like Spanish, so I watched the video and saw his name x) We have a very characterstic accent. By the way, I loved the way how you explained this, I understood everything you said. A pitty I didn't have this kind of teachers back in highschool, otherwise my study path would have been so different.

@elvishiekios8826

3 ай бұрын

Well rejoice! You have your dream teachers NOW! We age and continue to learn! SOLON.

You definitely have my sub. This content is next level. For me cannafarm ltd was the turning point. Please keep doing what you do and keep being you, love it.

That little girl is so sweet and bright, she has intelligent eyes and an inquisitive mind 🥰 I hope she keeps her love for Science all her life and become whichever kind of scientist she wants!

I have already watched 2 episodes and it is becoming more interesting for me

That expert is a boss! So cool.

Could you invite a language scientist next ? That would be awesome

I love this seriee

Question for anyone that knows, since the plasma inside the tokomak is confined magnetically, what boundary condition do you use at the edge of the plasma field? Is it no slip or free surface or something else?

@jessearodriguez

8 ай бұрын

This is a killer question. When we model plasmas with what are called ‘particle-in-cell’ or ‘kinetic’ numerical models (this is what we use for tokamaks), one of the most difficult things to get right is the boundary conditions. Most often, the boundary is located at the reactor wall, and the conditions we impose are things like disallowing particles to penetrate this wall (called a no-flux condition) and making sure that the EM fields and /or electron density drops to zero at the wall (called sheath boundary conditions). Choosing the shape and thickness of the sheath fields can have a huge effect on your results, so it’s important to get it right!

Good job 👍

wow! you know she's an expert when they can explain it pretty smooth for non-STEM graduated like me. it's really interesting! i hope i have the priviledge that i never had and could introduce the beauty of science to my future children.

Huh. I coulda sworn Tokamak was the name of a particulars particle accelerator. Gonna have to rewatch some old videos sometime with a better understanding.

Relative to other videos this was actually more leveled with the grades of students and explanations as others were exponential, by college student I use to feel bad man I cannot understand these

is there any way we can see the unedited conversations and interactions? I know that its edited for video size and expediency sake, however I am far more interested in the actually full dialogue back and forth. or if nothing else the transcript?

Let’s goooooo! I love these!!

Amazing

I’ve been waiting on ITER for 5 years. Hopefully just 2 to go like planned.

I love this 5 Levels of Difficulty series so much, it's truly excellent, gj WIRED. A tip for people with any other topic, is that I've found ChatGPT be pretty good at explaining things to be in different levels of difficulty too. No where near as good, but can help.

These discussions were all amazing. Holy crap are there some smart people working on this stuff.

you should add super easy explanation and I would lovely to be interviewed

Phenomenal video

Wonderful

THANKS

I've learned more of fusion through the his video, than in other cases in my entire life 😬👍

I love how the level 5 involves talking about budgets and $ limitations and how we want to commercialize fussion lol

I don't think a child would understand level 1. The kid was lost and just nodding... then again I may be projecting what I was doing during the discussion :D

@fabiocaetanofigueiredo1353

10 ай бұрын

Agree, she could have made it even simpler. Awesome video though!

she is a great teacher

I am in love with the grad student 😍 Miss Madelyn❤❤

Ahhh, I was so hoping for her to turn on that mini tokamak^^

That was actually effective. Much better sense of where we are.

Can we get one explaining quantum mechanics and/or quantum electrodynamics? 👐

Wait so basically fusion produces huge or enormous amounts of energy enough to make electricity production wayyy better and more efficient, eventually cheaper, and to get that you'll need the plasma state and you'll have to be able to keep those energetic particles under control, so what in summary is the exact issue they're facing . Is it about getting the particles under control or finding ways to get more energy plasma state or?? I didn't quite get that.

@taylorsalva2417

9 ай бұрын

I think it's the confinement of the plasma, as in holding it in the device. As it stands they haven't been able to hold the crazy hot plasma for more than a fraction of a second

@oraziovescovi1922

9 ай бұрын

they have been able to hold it for quite long, up to 10 minutes (!) I believe, but we still lack the instrumentation able to withstand the heat produced: most of the existing thomawaks are lab instruments and not made to actually harvest the heat as they would in a real powerplant. They actually have to manually shut the reaction down not to melt the instruments. Beyond that, the issue is harvesting the energy - it requires tremendous amount of energy to kickstart the reaction. there is a relatively small margin of net energy that we can harvest, but the net balance is currently negative

@canobenitez

Ай бұрын

I wonder if AI would help us to tackle these kind of feats, image harvesting the power of the sun! amazing stuff @@oraziovescovi1922

I adore genius people. Great video!

Amazing.

Between LEvel 3 and Level 4. I know the Lawson Criteria, coulomb repulsion etc, quantum tunneling etc.

For level 1 I would just say I am trying to on a small scale replicate the process that causes our sun to give out light and heat in a laboratory on earth.

its reassuring that the more advanced the explanation the more it makes sense to me lol, i was listening to the kids one like ????

Yes, I concur completely.

1:00 Star-in-a-Jar™ , ! I❤it!😅

In fact the concept introduced in level 1 was the hardest to understand

5 minutes through the video and i was incredibly impressed with the child engagement with the professor. how she can come up with question and also explaining about her understanding towards science is plausible. and the professor is such a brilliant educator i wish she taught me in university

I have a question, ma'am. What if I had a nuclear factory, which fuses deuterium and tritium to make energy, and then I used these energy to feed the factory alone, wouldn't it be, an infinitive engine?

I started dropping out at Grad level, even before. But the last level, expert, did they really do any explaining on the topic?

I understood level 1 perfectly 😁

@theflightguy777

9 ай бұрын

🎉me too

I like how they are all preparing you before you go to watch Oppenheimer😅

@andreasarmiento6818

9 ай бұрын

Assuming of course that normal people level of intelligence can understand these difficult concepts

Don't know why but somehow understood everything in the video

Level 1: We want to make stars on Earth! Level 2: We want to smash plasma with magnets! Level 3: We want to smash VERY hot deuterons and tritions! Level 4: We want to minimize heat fluctuations to increase yield! Level 5: We want money!

Best video

I don't need an explanation of how fusion works. I just need you guys perfect the practical application of it for the sake of making the planet more livable for a few more years.

Amelya was lucky to sit with Professor Anne. She will make a good scientist in the future.

@Amelyasalva

9 ай бұрын

Thank you! I felt very lucky to be a part of this!

Wow I just watched an episode about Conner (human clone made of Luthor & SuperMan genes - Session 2 of Titans), and he talks about Nuclear Fusion too. What a coincidence.

14:20 Isn’t flame kind of a plasma? 🤔

DO PHILOSOPHY! I am a Ph.D. student in Philosophy (at a top 25, for what it's worth) and I would love to see my colleagues, peers, and aspiring philosophers talk about topics in ethics (obligation, promises, good/evil, action), metaphysics (causation, self, space-time, possible worlds), social-political philosophy (law, society, justice, prisons). It would, indeed, be a treat to see people's intuitions on such complex topics!

@troth.

9 ай бұрын

RIP for your career choice lmao

@Latte23749

9 ай бұрын

​@troth. Pretty wrong. My uni teacher had a degree in philosophy. There are jobs that do hire them and they can go into academics, teacher training, education etc. All u need is to Google search and alot of opition will come up.

@troth.

9 ай бұрын

@@Latte23749 supply chain is GOAT'd

@MemeB0MB

9 ай бұрын

@@troth. Philosophy is an amazing career choice, not everyone is chasing money, the love of knowledge is much more rewarding

@troth.

9 ай бұрын

@NobodyCares100 both acheived w Supply Chain + real world practically. All you need is Charlie Mungers 'Poor Charlie's Almonack' for philosophy 😉

Export the Q*, Chat GPT, Revit, Plant 3D, Civil 3D, Inventor, ENGI file of the Building or Refinery to Excel, prepare Budget 1 and export it to COBRA. Prepare Budget 2 and export it to Microsoft Project. Solve the problems of Overallocated Resources, Planning Problems, prepare the Budget 3 with which the construction of the Tokamak, Building or the Refinery is going to be quoted.

how cool!

I love that the 9 year old is totally rocking the popped collar.

@Amelyasalva

9 ай бұрын

Thanks! I like my style 😊

Please bring chemist too please

Nice, Wired!

Hey 👋 No one can give me an answer for this because it’s niche but, Is a dual stage fusion possible 1}Helium=Hydrogen + Hydrogen 2}Helium=Hydrogen + Hydrogen 3}Helium+Helium= Beryllium Is the energy released when doing 3} exponentially greater than just doing 1} (I know it’s not this simple they don’t make helium when doing fusion) My simplest question is would doing 3} (doubling the process of hydrogen fusion) be worth it?

@Matt-xn7nt

10 ай бұрын

I think basically the amount of energy which you would need to perform Helium fusion is so insanely huge that it's just not really possible on Earth, or at least will take so much energy to create the conditions we will never be able to reach breakeven where we get more energy out than we put in

@niconijenhuis4242

9 ай бұрын

Hi, particle physicist here. So, hydrogen fusion is exothermic (i.e. it releases energy). Helium fusion into Beryllium is endothermic (i.e. it needs energy). Also, Beryllium is very unstable and would decay pretty soon. Or, and this requires insane amounts of energy to happen, another Helium nucleus crashes into the Beryllium and stable Carbon is formed. So no, this wouldn't be useful at all. The biggest energy release in all possible fusion reactions remains Hydrogen fusion.

Like Einstein said, if you can't explain it to a child, you don't know it enough.

Star in a Jar! That needs to be on a t shirt! I can understand *that*

Fusion power, just 30 years away -- for the last ~70 years. Still, I remain hopeful.

Rather explain how the Grad student looked like a teen and the Teen looked like a Grad student.

Bro this nine year olds got more knowledge than me as a GCSE student 💀

“All the pieces of the puzzle are here” sounds good, but is it true? For example tritium breeding is a massive problem requiring tonnes of lithium isotopically enriched to increase the Lithium 6 percentage - and there is no viable process to do this easily. If it can be done, the costs will be astronomical.

@elvishiekios8826

3 ай бұрын

Lithium is another element. Deuterium and tritium are water isotopes that exist in sea water.