Sean Carroll for President 2024! Let's make it happen

@rohanjagdale97

3 жыл бұрын

Good idea., then he will plan to build 100 km supercolider for detecting dark matter particles in USA., he will definately raise annual budget for research field.

Hard work

I love these AMA, I play them while i'm drifting off... laying down, and soaking in the knowledge. I've learned so much from them. I recommend them to anybody that's interested in quantum physics. (and how/why quantum physics relates to our real world)

Even if I am the dumbest Mindscape listener I am still proud to take part in it.

These are the best podcasts on web. Thank you Prof Carroll!

I just watched Tenet this morning, I need Sean to watch it and explain it to me properly. Thank you, and thanks for sharing your time & videos with the world

@JCChavz

3 жыл бұрын

Don’t think too hard about it and save yourself the headache. Sadly, Nolan was egregiously lazy with this one and didn’t think it through. Great visuals though.

@hole1623

3 жыл бұрын

Time just flows backwards

@sokasbogo6912

3 жыл бұрын

Time is changed when she is saved.

@sokasbogo6912

3 жыл бұрын

Time is changed when she is saved.

@lovefeelsbest

Жыл бұрын

He explains it’s totally unrealistic and impossible in a ama I think shared later than this one

Your answers may need complexity but you make it so simple. This mindscape is one of the best.

Your lecture about Time on the great courses plus is one of my favorite series of videos ever. It's so, so good.

I like these AMA. The topics change quite frequently which makes it very easy to stay interested even in a long discussion such as this. I enjoy hearing about a wide variety of the topics that are discussed on your show all at one time 😁 thanks for making these podcasts

I was expecting of hearing the Coriolis effect as I was listening to the answer of the cannonball question. When we consider the Coriolis effect, the cannonball would not land where it is launched.

1:03:00 Thanks you for clarifying how the concepts of time and entropy are connected 🙏

Your podcasts are amazing. Thank you.

Great questions and as expected brilliant answers !

With regards to compatibilism, I think that the actual process of choosing is under emphasised. The point being that everyone, including compatibilists, think there is a process of choosing. IE a person goes though a process of making choice and the chooser doesn't know the outcome in advance - which is where the feeling of freewill comes from. But the process of choosing is essentially deterministic at the atomic level and there is no mysterious/magical/spiritual extra element that can sway the outcome. For me, this what compatibilism means, ie the feeling of freewill is compatible with determinism.

2:52:00. I think you might be missing the point about values. If a system can take non-random actions it can be described as if optimizing a utility function. This is the point of Von Neuman-Morgenstern expected utility theorem. So, this utility function must either be aligned or mis-aligned with humanitys utility function function. There is no way around this on this high level of abstaction.

Free will: These people are constantly asking/telling you to choose "not to believe in free will"...Hahaha... In the section concerning "Laplace's demon", Sean's phrasing of this conundrum of our times just leapt out at me, and had me laughing, has me laughing. Maybe a live audience/laugh track can be added to this some day, so that people like myself will know when to laugh... This is so deep, and it took me repeated listenings to grasp. 😀

2:05:54 if you fire the canon ball high enough the difference in rotation radius needs to be taken into consideration

@youtou252

3 жыл бұрын

Yup, I came here to correct Sean Carroll as well :D feels good man

@PedroTricking

2 жыл бұрын

came here for that too, pretty weird that he didn't address it...........

Amazing podcast as always, thanks Sean!

Gracias!!

Yay! Time to get my physics geek on! Love you SC ❤️

Question: If an inhabited planet is say 10,000 light years from earth, what we observe from earth is 10,000 years in the past. Depending on how fast we can get to the planet will determine when we arrive. The planet could appear inhabited but may be void of life by the "time" it is reached. How could a relationship between planets develop unless we can travel through space from one point to another instantly?

2:51:00 I think the whole conversation about alignment of "values" is just a way to put into words the question of whether a human level AGI would "think" it is "important" to keep us around. To put it technically: Whether us being around will be part of its objective function/s and how do we make it be so (regardless of whether it's anthropomorphic or not). I personally think it's a philosophical mainly speculative debate, but one that we should take very seriously nonetheless. Can we affect the direction the AGI will take after it reaches the singularity? Or is it 100% unpredictable. We don't know.

That's a good way to put it, Sean. You _do_ sound very confident (in a positive way).

I didn't understand Sean's argument when he was talking vacuum fluctuations. I think Heisenberg gave him a big thumbs up from the grave when Sean said there had to be an observer of the vacuum (to collapse the wave function?) to have a vacuum fluctuation. Does that mean there is a universe out there where the 'observation' did create a Boltzmann brain?

Can anyone tell me what name he says at 34:05 Maxine what? I need to speak to her.

What happen at the Planck scale level when as believed the objects in Space are not moving but the space itself is streching .......

If there is an Arrow of Time, where time moves forwards, I think there's a corresponding Arrow of Space, where space gets greater - think of the expansion of space that's attributed to Dark Energy. Both these arrows align with increasing entropy of our Universe to reach thermal equilibrium. But is our Universe a closed or an open system?

I always look forward to these videos.

@yaserthe1

3 жыл бұрын

I wish it was a video.

Hope in future may I have Collab paper with u sir

I'm not sure if it was this most recent one, but you had said something about it being possible that the universe isn't much bigger than our observable universe. That is, in theory, the final reaches of space may come into view at any moment. However, we've measured the universe to be spatially flat with %1 error, and so wouldn't that imply that the universe would have to be *substantially* larger than the observable portion, in order for it to have positive global curvature that we can't detect?

@avrenna

2 жыл бұрын

You're right that it suggests that, but the person to whom Sean was replying there had implied that Sean had previously made some claim of knowing the size of the universe with certainty. Sean's point was just explaining why no one can make that claim and why he doubts he did. Flatness does imply it's somewhere between much, much larger than what's observable and infinitely larger, but that implication doesn't give perch for a claim of absolute fact. While unlikely, it's still possible to imagine other causes for the apparent flatness of the universe.

How can I ask a question for next time?

I think Sean did not understand the question asked about not eating animals as it would shorten the experiences the animal would have had. If we say that animals feel then they do experience feelings like a cat protecting its kittens or watching them play. I’m sure a cow enjoys munching grass in the meadow. Sean did say if you feel bad then dont do it.

Interview Dr. Ken Olum. His Boltzmann brain explanation seems at odds with yours. He just talked to Frasier Cain yesterday.

❤️

If there are infinite variations of our universe with multiple copies of me, It's not hard to imagine a "universe" where my lot in life is ever so slightly better, indeed there would then be a copy even a little bit better than that one and so on, conversely I can imagine a copy where things are ever so slightly worse with an opposite series going the other direction. Here we are stuck between Heaven and Hell.

Due to time dilation you can travel to Andromeda if you go at 99.99999% the speed of light (I didn’t actually do the math). And slow down when you get there ...

Soooo... i would totally buy a shirt.. js lol... lets get sum mearch going please lol... and maby another book;)

As a computer scientist I am fascinated by limits and boundaries. Q: If an electron lives at the boundary of the speed of light... and let's say it oscillates just a bit faster than the speed of light and then just slower than the speed of light, would this account for the concept of superposition?

@marvinmauldin4361

3 жыл бұрын

An electron has mass, so by definition it can't exceed or even reach the speed of light by any kind of "oscillation" or any other means. Period. No argument is possible.

Sorry Sean, I know you don't answers questions here, but since you talked about the double slit experiment, what about the double double slit experiment where the particles used are entangled particles? How does that work? I hope one day you address the experiments which have been done in this area. Love the podcast!

@avrenna

2 жыл бұрын

Do you mean the double slit quantum eraser? That one's pretty wild, and it definitely shows that the Schrödinger equation is real and fundamental.

@nowhereman8374

2 жыл бұрын

@@avrenna Yes! I know there are a lot of permutations of the experiment which I would like to understand the nuances between them. I would love to hear Sean due his diligence.

New sub: just found your channel. However, I'm familiar with your name. This topic is quite a bit beyond my understanding. But, I enjoyed listening.

Sean, regarding your comments on Mega billionaires, I would disagree that taking large amounts of their money and redistributing it by committee decision would work. Look what happens when one person is in charge of an operation, versus a committee. The committee argues about what to do for a very long time in all likelihood, and nobody gets any of the pure results they were hoping for. But the organization run by a single person can just make agile decisions. They can even pursue things that might seem slightly crazy to a committee of people talking about it. But as we know things only appear to be crazy until they're successful and then it's genius. So I would say it's not in Humanity's best interests to prevent anyone from rising to such Heights because of their success. As long as when people rise to that height they do something good. People like Bill Gates Warren Buffett, Elon Musk are all involved in philanthropic or Humanity benefiting projects. Would a committee of government selected people be doing any of these things?

@marvinmauldin4361

3 жыл бұрын

Most of the money would be siphoned into the pockets of the bureaucrats and committees, and nothing would be accomplished. That's how our government works, except for the extra layer of politicians.

Sean is the upmost expert on this physics paradigm but my intuition tells me that this paradigm is not thought about in the right perspective. I know everyone is going to say that intuition is meaningless, but this life is deeper than most people realize. Words only convey so much and i cant explain what i actually mean so i know everyone is going to dismiss or backlash against this post because im not really saying anything because i dont know how to but just felt like sayin it. Btw this is nothing against Sean. I could only wish to have the intellect and knowledge of math and what we know about physics thus far..

@origins7298

3 жыл бұрын

Don't you think it's very possible that we are hardwired from Evolution to have the feeling that life is more or deeper than we realize. In other words don't you think we're hardwired to believe in the idea of something more or something hidden After all there is zero good evidence thatlife is anything more than complex chemistry. And there is zero good evidence to believe that chemistry is anything more than complex physics The idea that there is something hidden or more than meets the eye, is very captivating because it's in our evolutionary history to have this feeling. Anyway it's good that people strive because that's where all our great discoveries and Innovations come from but there's also a lot of magical thinking and snake oil salesman that prey on the gullible so I think it's a two-sided coin. I think it's great if you believe in something more as a motivation to do better in life but it's bad if it leads you down a rabbit hole of snake oil salesman and Flat Earth type conspiracies

22:39 First time I ever heard any influential person stand up and say this as long as I been adult. In general ppl strongly belive that it is only a good thing, being able to be superrich. Let ppl loose from the chains of government. That it is some kind of freedom. But even the old greeks knew that "too rich" -> leads to greedy focus and mental illness. Unfair dictatorship of what happens in society. That again leads to under and over payment. We humans always make excuses for having different deals, whit different ppl anyway. I do not belive humans need competition or money to want to do anything out of their life. I actually belive that can make a society too focused on that and dumber if that takes too much energy.

0:23:50 _"You use it because there’s a system that allows you to do certain things, and talent helps, of course, but the system has to be set up for you to make a whole bunch of money, so the system should benefit, the people who are in that system should benefit as well"_ this is a very good intuition how it should work, but it needs to be regulated somehow. An armed gang of robbers shouldn't be able to show up regularly at your door to extort money from you for the food you bought and already paid for once at the grocery store. We have long known and successfully tested an effective regulation: the system that supports you and allows you to be productive (the grocery store by feeding you food) should benefit from this via the price you both agree to pay for their food. The way the supposed "providing and benefiting system" is implemented now reminds me of some medieval attempts at medicine. It's already the 3rd millennium FFS!!!

Hey Sean, I think you're misunderstanding the AI alignment problem. It isn't about attributing moral values or some kind of deep meaning to the AI, I think that kind of language just comes up when people are trying to explain the issue to a general audience. A more precise way to say it would be that the AI is trying to maximize some quantity (the objective function), and the alignment problem is about making sure that what the system is actually maximizing matches what you wanted it to maximize. To give a contrived example, suppose you want an AI to earn you money, but what it actually learns is that it gets rewarded for collecting green paper. It might seem to be working well when you test it, until you let it loose and it uses all your money to buy green construction paper. This is an alignment problem, but it has nothing to do with assuming the AI is human-like or anything like that. Actually I think the worry is pretty much the opposite, that the AIs will be too inhuman to understand common sense or obvious implications of their objectives so we have to be very careful and precise about what we tell them to do.

As a foreigner; I very much appreciate hearing your clear stand on Trump. Should the world continue to be nervous? 😱

@enterprisesoftwarearchitect

3 жыл бұрын

You should only be afraid of Trump if you are fascist or a dictator - if you believe in equality, love Trump - lowered poverty for foreigners and minorities in the US - the demonstrated opposite of the Democratic Socialists which want dominating government and group-think.

@avrenna

2 жыл бұрын

Most of us in the US are glad Trump is gone. It's a slim majority, but it should be enough to prevent another Trump. I've even seen some conservatives finally having their eyes opened when he threw his tantrum trying to pretend he hadn't lost the election. It's a shame that some will still always willfully ignore fact checks, but "it's easier to fool people than to convince them that they have been fooled."

...just don't ask me late for dinner.

UFO sightings aren’t legit? U should probably look into that a little more

whats a nob?

I haven’t made it through the April 2021 AMA yet! I think I’ve reached podcast saturation. At least with Sean being selective about the questions we’re probably going to stop hearing as many people trying to make him engage with (probable) crackpot theories like (fellow Joe Rogan guest) Eric Weinstein’s geometric unity theory of everything whatever. Or Steven Wolfram’s automata stuff.

@lomiification

3 жыл бұрын

The automata stuff seems sensible enough. Not particularly better than string theories and what have you, but it's just going as far as it can with the assumption that the universe works mechanistically.

hi

MWI is just so silly. Why are we experiencing the "special" branch then? What makes our singular experience special? If many worlds exists, why aren't we branching off into infinite consciousnesses? If reality is in a constant state of branching off into many worlds, what makes our branch special and why do we maintain conscious continuity through our "special" branch of the many worlds? Many worlds says there is a world where I write this KZread comment, and a world where I do not... Well, why does my conscious continuity persist though the world in which I did? It is because the wave function has collapsed, creating the rail for consciousness by excluding all other possibilities/worlds.

@chriskennedy2846

3 жыл бұрын

MWI fans would say that there is another conscious "you" in the other world that branched off where you didn't make a YT comment. But since it is an entirely different universe, it is completely separate from you and the two of you would have no awareness or physical connection to each other. I don't subscribe to this theory. If you are interested, Sean did a podcast with David Albert and toward the end when they got into MWI, Albert presented a pretty logical criticism that Sean had no answer for. Yet he continues to believe in it.

Everyone immediately assumes that Unidentified Flying Objects are alien. The Manhattan Project completed the impossible for its time. Is it similarly possible for another government project exists that accounts for today's UFOs*? I assume it would be a US-funded project but I also assume it would be very difficult for Caltech and JPL professors not to be participants. So, Sean, assuming you are working on this project but under an NDA just send a coded message we can decipher acknowledging your participation. 😊 *Limited release by our government of evidence of such superior US technology would be based on signaling to Putin and Xi to back off.....

When talking about string theory: _who cares about something being beautiful if it has no connection with reality_ Mathematitians might disagree 😂

If you say there is no pope of physics who says you're wrong or you're right... then what about Niels Bohr? :)

@marvinmauldin4361

3 жыл бұрын

Dig him up and ask.

If things on earth tend towards equilibrium and the universe strives for chaos Totally confused

@origins7298

3 жыл бұрын

The universe doesn't strive for chaos! Where did you get that idea from? The universe is a natural process. The universe and everything in it is moving towards equilibrium. It's just some parts of the universe will reach equilibrium much faster than the universe as a whole. As an example all of the current living creatures on Earth will reach equilibrium much faster than the Earth as a whole. And our solar system will reach equilibrium much faster than the Galaxy as a whole. But eventually the whole universe will reach equilibrium Anyway it seems your confusion stems from the fact that you got the erroneous idea that the universe is striving for chaos. Complexity emerges as part of the natural working of the universe. And some systems can be best described as chaotic. But those come about through natural processes that ultimately are moving towards equilibrium So just to sum up everything in the universe is moving towards equilibrium but in its Evolution towards equilibrium certain systems will arise and evolve 4 time being towards greater complexity, and some systems will be characterized as chaotic But eventually everything will run out it's free energy and will evaporate into thermodynamic equilibrium. So it goes!

@marvinmauldin4361

3 жыл бұрын

The term being searched for is entropy. Low entropy is order, high entropy is disorder. The cosmic microwave background radiation shows that shortly after the Big Bang the universe had low entropy, within one part in 100,000 in all directions. Now the universe is still close to uniform in all directions, but is lumpy, with stars, galaxies, clusters, superclusters, filaments, and voids. To us this looks more organized than an even expanse of gas, but it required the expenditure of energy, dissipated as random heat radiation. As stars burn out, the universe expands, and quantum processes dismantle matter, in 10¹⁰⁰ years next Thursday, there will be nothing left but random photons. This lack of organization is the very high entropy state called the "heat death" of the universe.

The question is, how make a new Albert Einstein?(sarcasm)

“Just a biology problem” ...? well, If we are quantum beings, I imagine the solution to aging is more than a biology problem. But is also a physics and a quantum problem. We separate the micro and macro worlds but fail to recognize the relationship and influence one has on the other.

@homotheticwren

3 жыл бұрын

Well, I’m not entirely sure that my understanding of this is correct, but here’s where I think there may have been a misunderstanding. When Sean talks about a solution to aging, I’m fairly certain he isn’t referring to something that would necessitate the consideration of quantum interactions, in the same way (relevant to now) that the developers of vaccines or other drugs designed to interact with our bodies aren’t doing so. A solution to aging would not be identical in function to any current drug like this, but as long as it intends to change what happens to us in a similar manner, there isn’t really any need to say that it is any less a biology problem than vaccine development, and it similarly does not need to consider quantum interactions.

@HawthorneHillNaturePreserve

3 жыл бұрын

@@homotheticwren Maybe in the future, medical intervention will be administered on the Quantum level. It’s all so fascinating and mind blowing at the same time. I love Sean’s videos! Stay well.

@homotheticwren

3 жыл бұрын

@@HawthorneHillNaturePreserve You do the same.

Hejsan från Sverige 👍👋🛸👽😉🙂..

I just apologise for not giving You the view duration you deserve. I’ll try harder

Moral question answer. Short of. Do not moralize. Use better judgement. Do you feel the need for meat? Respect your food. Do you feel pain by stepping on grass? If you have a farm then you can take care of the animals. Best way you can. The funny thing is when "you" believe in after life but "you" using the excuse of heaven only for humans. But you say to a children when the puppy dies that it is now in the puppy heaven. Slaughtering animals mindlessly and not even eat everything from your fridge is a morally questionable lifestyle. 17 children under 5 dies in every minute.

will there be anything (in 2021) that separates yourself from everyone else that have expressed or is expressing their boring "educated" input on quantum mechanics/theories on youtube... will there ever be anything actually interesting other than fluff pieces like this? Where do I even go to even try and help improve this obviously overlooked lack in clearly needed change in approach... are you talking to a cat? Schrodinger's perhaps?

Don’t ask Sean about free will anymore, you might get smacked.

How/why are UFOs "clearly not" legitimate?

@origins7298

3 жыл бұрын

@@vykintasmorkvenas6839 I think he was just using shorthand to say that there's very little evidence that UFOs are anything more than natural phenomena or hoaxes. So the idea that they're implicative of alien visitation is not legitimate. Because after all we have tons of examples of hoaxes and we also have tons of examples of natural phenomena being mistaken for UFOs but we have no indisputable evidence of alien visitation.

One question... where is the science that validates covid as the cause of the claimed effect ?

@origins7298

3 жыл бұрын

There is a lot of science that validates the idea that the coronavirus is causing illness in humans. This evidence is the fact that we have isolated the virus and sequence this genetic code. We also have a long history of evidence about how coronavirus has interact with human cells and cause disease in the human body. This is a great deal of converging evidence from many different branches of science So just to reiterate we have a lot of evidence that the coronavirus causes illness based on the findings of dozens of different labs around the world. We have isolated and identified the coronavirus and sequenced its genetic genome. We also have tons of studies of how the coronavirus invades cells and replicates inside Youmans. We also have a lot of evidence about the whole way that the body reacts to infection and the reasons people suffer disease and death from the coronavirus Furthermore The Germ theory of disease is probably one of the most substantiated theories in all of science with mountains upon mountains of facts to support it

@jamesharland5137

3 жыл бұрын

@@origins7298 how dare you if germ theory or science for covid exists .... give me the name of experiment that validated covid. The name of scientist that carried it out name of labs where it was pier reviewed and then il take the hypothesis for the experiments for covid or germ theory infact forget diluting the point this stick to covid.

@origins7298

3 жыл бұрын

@@jamesharland5137 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7180649/#!po=68.7500 .... Coronavirus Research Group (CSG) of the International Committee for the classification of viruses found that the new coronavirus is related to the SARS virus (SARS-CoV) that swept China in 2003. Both belong to a “species” category called severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. Therefore, on February 11, 2020, the International Committee for the classification of viruses designated the name of this coronavirus as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [9]. In addition, the World Health Organization has named the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases Nature Publishing Group The genetic sequence, origin, and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Huihui Wang, Xuemei Li, [...], and Jiaqing Liu Additional article information Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a new infectious disease that first emerged in Hubei province, China, in December 2019, which was found to be associated with a large seafood and animal market in Wuhan. Airway epithelial cells from infected patients were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, named the SARS-CoV-2, on January 12, 2020, which is the seventh member of the coronavirus family to infect humans. Phylogenetic analysis of full-length genome sequences obtained from infected patients showed that SARS-CoV-2 is similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and uses the same cell entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as SARS-CoV. The possible person-to-person disease rapidly spread to many provinces in China as well as other countries. Without a therapeutic vaccine or specific antiviral drugs, early detection and isolation become essential against novel Coronavirus. In this review, we introduced current diagnostic methods and criteria for the SARS-CoV-2 in China and discuss the advantages and limitations of the current diagnostic methods, including chest imaging and laboratory detection. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Origin, Diagnosis Introduction Coronaviruses are unsegmented single-stranded RNA viruses ranging from 26 to 32 kilobases in length, belonging to the subfamily Coronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae of the order Nidovirales [1].According to the serotype and genomic characteristics, the Coronavirinae subfamily is divided into four major genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus [2].The former two genera primarily infect mammals, whereas the latter two predominantly infect birds [3]. Coronaviruses mainly cause respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections; six kinds of human CoVs have been previously identified, including the HCoV-NL63 and the HCoV-229E, which belong to the Alphacoronavirus genus, and the HCoV-OC43, the HCoVHKU1, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which belong to the Betacoronavirus genus [4].Given the high prevalence and wide distribution of coronaviruses in animals, the large genetic diversity and frequent recombination of their genomes, and increasing human-animal interface activities and frequent cross-species infections, novel coronaviruses are likely to emerge periodically in humans [5]. In December 2019, a group of pneumonia cases was reported at a wholesale seafood market in Wuhan, Hubei province, which was found to be caused by previously unknown Coronaviruses [6]. On December 29, 2019, the local hospitals using a surveillance mechanism for “pneumonia of an unknown etiology,” which was established in the wake of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak, identified the first 4 cases which were all associated with the Huanan (Southern China) Seafood Wholesale Market. On December 31, 2019, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) dispatched a rapid response team to accompany Hubei provincial and Wuhan city health authorities and to conduct an epidemiologic and etiologic investigation. Similar cases were subsequently reported in Wuhan, and many of these patients did not have contacts with the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Markets or animals. Epidemiological investigation showed that about only 1% of the patients had direct contact with the live-animal market trade, while more than three quarters were local residents of Wuhan or had made contact with people from Wuhan, suggesting a person-to-person transmission of this novel coronavirus was possible [7]. Airway epithelial cells from infected patients were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, temporarily named 2019-nCoV [8], but later, the Coronavirus Research Group (CSG) of the International Committee for the classification of viruses found that the new coronavirus is related to the SARS virus (SARS-CoV) that swept China in 2003. Both belong to a “species” category called severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus. Therefore, on February 11, 2020, the International Committee for the classification of viruses designated the name of this coronavirus as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [9]. In addition, the World Health Organization has named the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The possible person-to-person transmission rapidly spreads to many provinces in China as well as other countries. By February 27, 2020, 78,824 cases were laboratory-confirmed, and 2788 died in China [10]. The current public health emergency is partially similar to the SARS outbreak in southern China in 2002. The two cases share similarities. Both occurred during the winter with initial cases related to an exposure to live animals sold at animal markets, and the amino acid sequence identity between the SARS-CoV-2 and the SARS-CoV S-proteins is 76.47% [11]. The current knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of Coronaviruses is mainly derived from the study of the SARS-CoV and the MERS-CoV. The Coronaviruses are sensitive to exposure to heat (56 °C for 30 min), as well as solvents including ether, 75% ethanol, chlorine-containing disinfectant, peroxyacetic acid, and chloroform. Other lipid solvents can also effectively inactivate the virus except for chlorhexidine [12]. According to Zhong’s latest pilot experiment, 4 out of the 62 stool specimens tested positive to the SARS-CoV-2, suggesting oral-fecal route might have played a role in the rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 [7]. However, no cases of transmission via the fecal-oral route have yet been reported for SARS-CoV-2. Contamination of fomite is more likely to be caused by airway/hands. At present, respiratory transmission and direct contact transmission are the main routes for SARS-CoV-2. II level in the H7N9-infected patients was associated with the disease severity and outcomes [54].

@origins7298

3 жыл бұрын

Laboratory detection Specific laboratory detection Isolation of the causal agent and determination of its partial genome sequence provided the basis for next-generation sequencing or real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods for the SARS-CoV-2 [14, 17]. After the SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from a lower respiratory tract specimen, a diagnostic RT-PCR test was developed. RT-PCR tests were based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of the ORF1ab sequence, E gene, N gene, and S gene of the SARS-CoV-2 genome [32-35]. Among these assays, RT-PCR assays targeting the RdRp assay had the highest analytical sensitivity [32]. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid can be detected in nasal and pharyngeal swab specimens, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, sputum, bronchial aspirates, blood, anal swab, and other samples by an RT-PCR [36,37]. In a case with severe peptic ulcers after the onset of symptoms, the SARS-CoV-2 was directly detected in the esophageal erosion and at the bleeding site [7]. Some patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 also displayed gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea

@origins7298

3 жыл бұрын

@@jamesharland5137 it's been corroborated bye hundreds of countries and labs around the world, here's one example journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0238614 ArticleAuthorsMetricsCommentsMedia Coverage Reader Comments (0)Figures Figures Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and associated with severe respiratory illness emerged in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. The virus has been able to spread promptly across all continents in the world. The current pandemic has posed a great threat to public health concern and safety. Currently, there are no specific treatments or licensed vaccines available for COVID-19. We isolated SARS-CoV-2 from the nasopharyngeal sample of a patient in Turkey with confirmed COVID-19. We determined that the Vero E6 and MA-104 cell lines are suitable for supporting SARS-CoV-2 that supports viral replication, development of cytopathic effect (CPE) and subsequent cell death. Phylogenetic analyses of the whole genome sequences showed that the hCoV-19/Turkey/ERAGEM-001/2020 strain clustered with the strains primarily from Australia, Canada, England, Iran and Kuwait and that the cases in the nearby clusters were reported to have travel history to Iran and to share the common unique nucleotide substitutions. Citation: Pavel STI, Yetiskin H, Aydin G, Holyavkin C, Uygut MA, Dursun ZB, et al. (2020) Isolation and characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Turkey. PLoS ONE 15(9): e0238614. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238614 Editor: Kui Li, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, UNITED STATES Received: May 5, 2020; Accepted: August 20, 2020; Published: September 16, 2020 Copyright: © 2020 Pavel et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript. Funding: The present study was financially supported by Health Institutes of Turkey (TUSEB) (Project No: 2020-AG/Ar-Ge ID-7112) and Erciyes University Scientific Research Foundation (Project No: TSG-2019-9644). Gen Era Diagnostics Inc. provided support in the form of salaries for authors [CH and CC], but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section. Competing interests: Gen Era Diagnostics Inc. provided support in the form of salaries for authors [CH and CC], but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. Introduction Coronaviruses (CoVs) are members of the family Coronaviridae, which consists of a group of enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses [1]. Transcription of coronaviruses requires a polymerase template switch, characterized as a discontinuous process unique among RNA viruses [2-4]. Based on the difference in protein sequences, CoVs are classified into four genera, alpha-CoV, beta-CoV, gamma-CoV, and delta-CoV2 [1, 2, 5]. There are hundreds of coronaviruses are circulating broadl

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