Such behavior is quite common in Fungi, but the fascinating part is that through these conditions, the scientists basically “unlocked” hidden functionality that we normally never see in yeast. They made it behave like other fungi

@kevinroberts781

Жыл бұрын

The real question is, how can we use this to make better beer?

@spiderplant

Жыл бұрын

I was thinking that, too. They didn't really unlock multicellular evolution in a microbe, but rather unlocked a once-dormant functionality of yeast's ancestors.

@PeloquinDavid

Жыл бұрын

That came to my mind as well. Fungi are a pretty advanced life form and it's quite possible that simple(r) yeast evolved from a more complex multicellular fungal parent population and have simply retained "fossil" genetic code that could be brought back into functionality when the need arose. As such, it may not be any sort of test of how multicellularity evolved in the first place - or when: for example, it's not clear (at least to someone like me with no genetics background) whether multicellularity evolved only once (and complex, macroscopic plants, animals and fungi all descended from a common multicellular ancestor) or whether it evolved multiple times in the course of life on earth.

@kevinroberts781

Жыл бұрын

@@spiderplant I agree

@richardgrier8968

Жыл бұрын

@@kevinroberts781 I'm glad someone's asking the right questions.

I remember a study, over 10 years ago. They had single cell organisms in a petri dish, happily munching and dividing. The scientists introduced a predator cell, and after many generations, the original cells began clumping into multi-cellular form, able to fight off the predator cells. The new multi-cell life eventually settled on 8-cell clusters, which was big enough to defend itself, but small enough to still have all cells able to feed at the same time. Then the scientists removed the predators cells. The surviving single cell organisms, and the new 8-cell clusters, continued to multiply as different species.

@LordJesusDiedforUs

Жыл бұрын

So you say scientist intentionally went out of there way to do this but somehow life evolved off random happenstance without God in the real world right? Just delusional thinking

@Harlequin1ok

Жыл бұрын

i think that theres a difference between multiple cell colonies and multicellular organisms, mate

@jasonyoung7705

Жыл бұрын

@@LordJesusDiedforUs By 'God', do you mean Yahweh'?

@HelicopterRidesForCommunists

Жыл бұрын

@@LordJesusDiedforUs I don’t understand why theists reject the theory of Evolution beyond it being used by some to reject/ deny the existence of God. I guess I don’t understand those using it to reject/ deny God either though. Both are wrong. God may have created the process of Evolution as a tool to generate life in all it’s variations somewhat similar to the way that video game developers use procedural programming and procedural generation. Science can be thought of as the method by which we learn more about how God went about creation in more detail.

@bben31

Жыл бұрын

@@LordJesusDiedforUs I feel the need to tell people that the bible was made like 2000 years ago and likely made to teach early humans stuff. If I told a human from the year 200AD that there are tiny things that live so small and the earth is 4.5 billion years old, on top of getting myself killed by the locals, they wouldn't understand. But I do see your point, and I don't know what types of cells were in said experiment so not like I could do the research.

Last time I was this early I was still a single-celled organism

@tinkerstrade3553

Жыл бұрын

You're progressing. It seems you've grown eyes and a typing appendage.😂

@BronzeDragon133

Жыл бұрын

Last time anything of mine was called single-celled I had just taken my pants off.

@stephenfritz7493

Жыл бұрын

Hello wonderful former fertilized egg.

@JPRyan816

Жыл бұрын

Sooo 600 days ago?

@Mr.Death101

Жыл бұрын

​@@BronzeDragon133 no that's a single inch organism😂💪🍆🎉

The lack of oxygen being a catalyst for cell evolution actually makes sense. We know that Earth has gone through a few oxygen-deprived cycles in the past; if those timelines match up with explosions in the fossil records, I think it would lend serious credence to these experimental results.

@dinosoeren

Жыл бұрын

I agree this theory is fascinating because it could answer one of the biggest mysteries of how life made the jump from dominantly anaerobic to dominantly aerobic when it overcame the poisonous oxygen environment in The Great Oxidation Extinction Event during the Paleoproterozoic era 2.4B years ago, which killed >80% of anaerobic life when the Earth's atmosphere and ocean first experienced a rise in the amount of oxygen. Scientists have attributed The Oxidation Event to the evolution of multicellular organisms going back to a paper published in 2013, but this new research suggests a mechanism for _how_ that evolution took place (i.e. that limited oxygen was a forcing function), and gives more weight than ever to the theory that deprivation of oxygen may be a *necessary* catalyst for multicellular life!

@shayneoneill1506

Жыл бұрын

It kind of had to have an oxygen free environment for the earliest sequence of evolution as O2 doesnt tend to last long without getting latched onto carbon (etc). O2 on earth was probably freed up by life. (As a useful side effect O2 is pretty much the strongest signal for life when looking out there in space for life. If you find free Oxygen theres a good chance you've hit the jackpot)

@Grunttamer

Жыл бұрын

Makes even more sense when you realize oxygen was the cause of one of the biggest extinctions(maybe the biggest but don’t feel like fact checking)

@vesuvius115

Жыл бұрын

@@Grunttamer To be fair, no ones entirely sure if it was an extinction. It's kinda hard to tell if it was as a whole considering all that was around was microscopic bacteria and single celled organisms. But there was definitely a dramatic oxygen change in the Siderian/Rhyacian. Then right after that ended, the Huronian Glaciation occured and kind of sent things even more down hill, but life persisted.

@MrMarttivainaa

Жыл бұрын

Ait so technically if you could accelerate the evolution speed you could eventually design and create a new species of animal or "resurrect" extinct ones. Or make a man eating squid cat.

this is kind of a dubious experiment; yeast is after all member of the fungi kingdom, and fungi can be multicellular. Maybe yeast has multicellular ancestors, or even a multicellular form that can be adaptively triggered.

@sweintz

Жыл бұрын

"or even a multicellular form that can be adaptively triggered." this is probably the case. many species thought to be solely single celled yeasts have recently been shown to form into mycelium in the right conditions.

@AbelShields

Жыл бұрын

Of course, there's no proof here. But it's an interesting investigation, and suggests an avenue for further research!

@krinniv7898

Жыл бұрын

Which I'm guessing was both considered in advance and in the peer-review process

@rodsprague369

Жыл бұрын

I agree. Sometimes the right stressors will simply cause dormant genes to start up again. Other times, a gene deactivated by a mutation will mutate back into a working gene for some lucky organism who then has an advantage that gets selected for.

@travisporco

Жыл бұрын

@@krinniv7898 that's all fine but it's not quite "evolving multicellularity"

TY Anton for being as informatime behind a microscope as you are behind a telescope.

@habibie

Жыл бұрын

He has everything under the lens 😂

@dixietenbroeck8717

Жыл бұрын

Anton simply keeps an eye on science, everywhere!

@linanicolia1363

Жыл бұрын

informative ? as above, so below ?

This reminds me of Kleiber's Law-a creature's basal metabolic rate scales at roughly (3/4) power of its mass. This is one of the chief explanations for deep sea gigantism. It really isn't hard to create a circumstance in which multicellular life provides a distinct benefit.

@dsbdsb6637

Жыл бұрын

Interesting.

@salaciousBastard

Жыл бұрын

So you're saying that creatures in the deep sea tend to grow larger for the body heat born of higher metabolism in order to survive the frigid temperatures down below?

@GlutenEruption

Жыл бұрын

@@salaciousBastard not quite, metabolic efficiency increases by the 4/3rds power with size (hence why a mouses heart has to beat 500x a minute to survive, whereas an elephants only has to beat 25x a minute), that is to say larger animals need proportionally less food and oxygen to survive. In the deep ocean, food is much more scarce, so there is a distinct evolutionary advantage to using the available resources more efficiently. Also, larger animals are more easily forage for widely scattered resources, and are more resistant to predation. And since surface area scales by the 2/3rds power to volume, larger animals lose less heat to the environment. Add all those things together (and possibly the fact that oxygen saturation increases with greater depth and lower temperature) and you get significant selective pressures favoring larger animals.

@micmacha

Жыл бұрын

@salaciousBastard Actually, the 3/4 power-- which is a rough estimate--appears to be an artifact of circulatory systems. Bodies do tend to lose heat, and other resources, via their surface, not their volume; so larger creatures have a distinct advantage in resource-scarce environments like the deep sea. If it was a power greater than one, then the multicellular advantage would disappear.

@GlutenEruption

Жыл бұрын

@@micmacha I flipped it from metabolic rate (3/4) to metabolic efficiently (4/3) to try to clarify

It seems more like a colony of cells, nothing that we generally consider "multicellular". It's certainly not a new life form.

Yeast is pretty adaptable, so I'm not surprised that it could clump together. But it's ability to specialize individual cells is pretty amazing. And I don't think this has any impact on the Fermi paradox unless they can prove that this is a caused by a mutation. It's more likely to be a product of altered gene expression. If this is a characteristic of yeast that is normally repressed, then it doesn't seem to have much to say about how likely it was to have evolved in the first place.

@orvinal2883

Жыл бұрын

It has to be a mutation because even if it is altered genre expression to an extent, that expression is changed by other genes. Or in other words, if the genetic code was the same there would be no difference from future generations to past ones.

@SirSpence99

Жыл бұрын

Yep! Lot of people mistake epigenetic changes for actual genetic mutations. It is so bad that it genuinely makes the literature around the entire concept questionable.

@JourneyLT

Жыл бұрын

I think this filter in the Fermi Paradox can be answered by the fact multicellularity has evolved multiple times on Earth. At least 25 as a matter of fact. Out of these, six have developed complex multicellularity, which means they can specialise cells for different purposes. This has happened once with animals, once with fungi, and four times with Diaphoretickes, which includes brown algae, red algae, green algae, and plants.

@takanara7

Жыл бұрын

It was obviously caused by a mutation - but anyway, yeast probably has DNA that it inherited from multicellular ancestors, so it would be easy to 'readapt' to multicellularity compared to other life forms.

@SirSpence99

Жыл бұрын

@@G3Kappa That isn't how epigenetics works. It isn't a sudden all or nothing except in extremely rare cases.

An entire planet, even an entire regional ecosystem would not require oxygen deprivation either. Say an underground lava tube system or cave system whose oxygen became limited due to collapse, or water, air or growth medium became mildly toxic etc. What a fantastic study! Thanks Anton as always! 🦋✨

Be interesting to see what happens if they slowly over time reintroduce oxygen

@Andrew90046zero

Жыл бұрын

Mhm

@DannyJoh

Жыл бұрын

It will probably develop lungs, invent tools, start farming humans for food, builds spaceships and eventually go to Mars 🤷

@pragma5282

Жыл бұрын

Very interesting actually. Taking into account that "involution" is a bogus concept, since evolution is a one way street, it could go in a completely unexpected direction.

@shanoukgaming6763

Жыл бұрын

@@sylvann7501 I'm thinking along the lines of small oxygen increases every generation, something to that effect.

@bben31

Жыл бұрын

ngl I want to grow it in a semi chocolate milk substrate and see what happens

When Anton says the word "hypothesis", my brain makes happy chemicals.

@atlasfeynman1039

Жыл бұрын

haha I just posted a similar comment regarding everytime he says "A Lot Of"

@simongross3122

Жыл бұрын

@@atlasfeynman1039 He also says "unusual" quite a lot.

This gives an entire new meaning to "yeast infection". Great video by the way.

@vast634

Жыл бұрын

Hence the health advice: "get some fresh air"

@robinchwan

Жыл бұрын

imagine, "super yeast infection "

@hannespi2886

Жыл бұрын

Underrated command, but true medical implications indeed! Thanks for sharing, I will try to remember

Stress in the environment forces cooperation. I like the idea. Makes sense. Life does not evolve unless there is a reason to change.

@nicodesmidt4034

Жыл бұрын

Hmm, “life does not evolve unless there is a need to change“. If there ever was a need to change it is now, don’t see much happening 😢

@adrianthom2073

Жыл бұрын

@@nicodesmidt4034 , and the species that do not evolve and adapt will go extinct. And this is what we are seeing today. A rapid increase in species becoming extinct.

@marknovak6498

Жыл бұрын

@@nicodesmidt4034 There are a lot of changes happening right around us from plants, insects, and birds in new territory to blooming seasons happening earlier. we do not live long enough to see evolutionary jumps but there are science papers citing incremental stage change.

Yes I caught this video when it first came on. It's the little things that make my day better

Key question is how much change in DNA/genes occurred. There is a chance that yeast devolved from a multicellular organism, perhaps because in a less protected but oxygen rich environment, staying single was sn evolutionary advantage (i.e. more rapid replication), over being multicellular....

@KolasName

Жыл бұрын

That isn't a chance, it is of common theory of evolution that yeasts are secondary single cellular organisms

@KnightspaceORG

Жыл бұрын

Evolution is a one way road, there's no such thing as a "devolution" in biology.

@mobbydysk

Жыл бұрын

​@@KnightspaceORG all known changes in are devolutionary . It's because of breaking genes in DNA . Dog will never come back to wolf form nor polar bear to brown. They devolved

@daveevans2527

Жыл бұрын

@@KolasName Proof will be in studying the new yeast cell's genome. 600 days could be thousands of generations, but I suspect multicellular specialization would entail a lot of additions to the genome, and I am skeptical that amount of genetic evolution can happen that fast, especially with asexual reproduction. I am not an expert by any measure, but Anton mentioned that for single cell organisms, yeasts are relatively recent. My impression of recent genetic research is that most species have a LOT of DNA that is no longer used. Evolution at its core is based on genetic changes that increase the chance of successful reproduction given the current environment, to include predation and infection. There isn't anything in evolution that mandates greater organism complexity over time. See reply from @PeloquinDavid

@daveevans2527

Жыл бұрын

@@KnightspaceORG sorry, poor choice of word - evolution does not require that all evolutionary events require greater organism complexity. It could be that current yeasts evolved out of a multicellular organism that in a resource rich environment found that they did not need cellular specialization to reproduce, and in fact reproduced more rapidly without bothering with specialization, and then became the dominant population, but when challenged by resource depletion, some yeast retained enough multi-cellular genetics that it would begin to be expressed. Many multicellular species have genes that are either expressed at birth and after a period of time they are no longer expressed, or have genes that start out as suppressed, but become expressed later in life. Yeast may be one of them? Key will be studying the genetic changes between the source cells, and the ones that are now specialized.

My theory is that some early bacteria saw an episode of Voltron and decided it looked super awesome.

@pantherstealth1645

Жыл бұрын

Thank you for not saying Power Rangers 🙄🤦‍♂️

Multicellular life needed oxygen to be possible but it is true that it started at a time when oxygen (provided by cyanobacteria) was scarce and possibly only local (around cyanobacteria colonies). So maybe the experiment has woken up some mechanisms from that era hidden in the genome of the organisms.

@jenkem4464

Жыл бұрын

That or just the mechanics of just being in a harsher environments are the very specific set of conditions that kickstarts these types of necessary adaptions. (removed from hidden, pre-existing genomes) The 'sorting hat of the environment' if you will.

Thank you, Anton. I’ve heard of this in passing, in broad generalities, but this is the first video or article I’ve found with any useful detail. You do good work. 👍

I had a grade 10 teacher who brilliantly had the class each build their own glass encased environment to mimic the beginning of life with proteins and rocks and then he electrified them, each one. I'd love to say we discovered how life began, of course I'd be lying. What I discovered was how to think and hope and believe and love Science. We were working on the greatest experiments of all time and we were 15, that was one of the greatest class lessons of my entire life. Thank you Mr. Campbell of Overlea SS in Toronto back in the late 70's early 80's!!!

@daffyduck780

Жыл бұрын

I wish I had had your teacher. Lovely story Thank you.

@BronzeDragon133

Жыл бұрын

Geez, you do that in half the US states and they burn you at the stake for making magic and hatin' Jesus.

@Amber_Oakheart

Жыл бұрын

I also had a Mr.Campbell, for grades 3 and 4. He was also a great teacher that made learning very fun, especially the sciences.

@RAndrewKReed

Жыл бұрын

So the experiment failed utterly, but you love the soyance. Looks like you missed the point of the experiment, which was that life doesn't arise from the primordial soup.

@seriousmaran9414

Жыл бұрын

You do realise that your comment could mean he electrified the students. Obviously not what you meant but I found it sort of amusing.

Best... content...on... KZread 😄As always, bro, you do a great job and I'm always gonna be here to support it. Gettin' my wonderful person hoodie next month 😁Thank you for your hard work!

Single cell amoeba "hold my beer" !! 😆

Hugely exciting. The comparison between collaborative colonies, multiplying successfully in stable conditions, might show us how codependent single cell life forms eventually become symbiotic and amalgamate into multicellular forms as we observe them in adversity. I think it's important to distinguish between a colony which is made up of single cell organisms of one type and codependent communities of different organisms.

This has been done before, but this is the fastest I think it's ever been shown to happen in the lab. Plus, it's much larger and more impressive this time, too. Quite impressive!

@Totalinternalreflection

Жыл бұрын

It literally says that word for word in the video

@user-vp1sc7tt4m

Жыл бұрын

@@Totalinternalreflection Yes, it does, and I for one, appreciate Mary Ann repeating with clarity that which was declared in the video. That allowed my imperfect brain to reflect on exactly what she stated without taking the time to watch the video again. Thank you for your comment as it reminded a second time how much I got out of this video by Anton. Have a wonderful... whatever time of day it is that you possibly get to read this comment.

@Yorick257

Жыл бұрын

​@@Totalinternalreflection is it? I understood it completely another way round. It's the slowest (it took almost 2 years vs 2 months from previous experiments) and it's the first experiment that showed a more impressive result.

Please this for a next topic for Anton: lack of oxygen seems the key too in the Prof. Thomas Seyfried videos: cancer as a mitrochondrial metabolic disease. Why we are so often suffer from uncontrolled cell growing? Seams to me that both topics are strong related.

@BradleyLayton

10 ай бұрын

Agreed.

I have to say thank you and your team for all the awesome videos . In a world of lies and deception it is a great honor to have folks like you working hard and sharing this intriguing content . Anton is Mr. Reliable !👍

Don't forget the evolution of the prokaryotic (without a nuclei) to eukaryotic (with nuclei) cells and large structure development.

During the Mesoproterozoic (aka the Boring Billion) from 1.8 to 0.8 Billion years ago, this was a time when oxygen levels were very low consistently for a long time in the oceans. It likely prevented proliferation and diversification of life but, at the same time - as experiments like this show - contributed to the development of the first multicellular life! How cool!

would love a video on kefir and the unique microorganism colony used to make it

It still blows my mind to think what was once lifeless matter, no different to any other matter, evolved over billions of years to become us.

@BronzeDragon133

Жыл бұрын

And cats. Don't forget the cats.

@RAndrewKReed

Жыл бұрын

Cuz that's not what happened....it's just what they claim.

@justaway6901

Жыл бұрын

​@@RAndrewKReed Erm you might be late to the news bud but we are literally made out of elements in the Periodic Table.

@RAndrewKReed

Жыл бұрын

@@justaway6901 the buttplug you're wearing is made of elements too, is it also gonna just come to life? You can hope I guess.

@MrMxxt

Жыл бұрын

​@R. Andrew K. Reed So what do you think happened then?

I'm pretty sure I did this using Wyeast 1728 a few years ago. After a few iterations of reclaiming yeast or pitching new wort on old yeast cake I would start to get large (size of the head of a ballpoint pen) rigid clumps of cells that resisted shearing or crushing. I always just took this as an indication that I was selecting for something other than flavor profile so I would just terminate the line and buy new stock for my next batch.

Always fascinating videos Anton. The wonders of the microscopic world as well as the galactic world are all amazing.

Evolution rules :-) Oh i can already hear the apologists cry 😂😂

@adrianthom2073

Жыл бұрын

Just waiting to hear James Tour.

It seems likelier that the yeast, at least some of the cells, already had genes capable to handle this environment either from an ancestor a long time ago or from some other organism. It is well established that single cell life can incorporate DNA/RNA from other species.

@bben31

Жыл бұрын

Yeast were once multicellular (as are many unicellular fungi), so it is very likely that it awoke some old genes to allow them to do this. starting this from scratch though is a different issue...

Anton, your channel is one of the very best on YT. You never fail to amaze.

Thank you Anton so much for your videos!!!

@thatswhatithought6519

Жыл бұрын

Why

But the real question is: what kind of beer will this multicellular yeast make?

@StuartWoodwardJP

Жыл бұрын

Good question. Brewers yeast is made in similar way. Takes some grain add water and sugar and leave it open to the atmosphere. Yeast floating in the atmosphere will get in the water and start fermentation. After a few days throw out half, fill up with grain, sugar and water and leave it. Repeat every day. After a while you’ll find a bubbling mess. This mess is natural yeast from the air that has been selectively bred to metabolised sugar and grain into alcohol. These guys were selecting the yeast that fell to the bottom but for beer you want to select for the best alcohol converters. Who knows? You might get something drinkable…

@StuartWoodwardJP

Жыл бұрын

The miracle of life is how we (eukaryotes) gained mitochondria. That seems almost more unlikely than the evolution of DNA based life. Once this happened multicellularity evolved independently at least 25 times in eukaryotes but the merger of two types of cells has only occurred once. Once our slimey ancestors gained a bacterial friend as a partner as a power source life in all it’s forms took off. We may find life on other planets but it is likely only to be slime..

@revimfadli4666

Жыл бұрын

I also wonder what kind of bread this would make. And if this could become the next kerif grain

@Bryophytan

Жыл бұрын

Weak beer. Strong beer need MAXIMUM YEAST SA:VOL Ratio. Yeast used to only grow on walls of containers until they domesticated them to live in suspension

@lemonstealinghorsdoeuvre

Жыл бұрын

Black and tan in one bottle

Great video, I actually studied the first experiment myself, good to see more discoveries on that subject. I would warn agaisnt using stock footage on your explanations. Some of them are not directly related to the subject and could make things a bit confusing.

@MadScientist267

Жыл бұрын

Avoid stock footage and images period.

@r0ckworthy

Жыл бұрын

I was thinking the same thing. However finding footage to use that shows the exact phenomena he's talking about and also have the rights to use that video in his own KZread uploads is going to be very difficult and very time consuming to produce. He would have to make a couple videos per year instead of a couple of videos per week.

@sr4087

Жыл бұрын

He has a million subs: who are you?

@San_Vito

Жыл бұрын

​@@sr4087 Who cares about appeals to popularity?

In software there are numerous examples of comlex emergent phenomenon. The main example is Conway's 'life' but there are many more examples. A similar program called tierra (i think that's right) mimics cells using numerical rules functioning as a computer program that could copy itself in a simulated memory bank. Organisms began to evolve during the very first test run of the program without alterations.

That's how deadpool gained his powers. He was put in a very limited oxygen environment. Lol

I always thought the generally popular hypothesis was that larger (multicellular life) was harder to _eat_ by other single celled life, so if you had a single celled predator that was about as large as you could get with single cells, multicellular would be the way to go.

@tomc.5704

11 ай бұрын

Yeah, there's an experiment that showed cells grouping up to defend from predator cells. Life isn't so simple as to have only one reason for natural selection taking the paths it did.

Would love a continueation of this experiment where they add a light source and the closer you are to it the more oxygen/nutrients you get... i wonder if some ultra simple eyes and movement could evolve

fantastic video anton this is unbelievably interesting

Could it be possible that yeast has always had the ability to create colonies, and it's just preferred to be dormant? That could mean that older life on earth might have taken a lot longer anyway regardless of how fast yeast can adapt.

@bben31

Жыл бұрын

It clumps to make the most of resources, but the specialization and "breathing" is pure selection and adaptation

@reinux

Жыл бұрын

@@bben31 Right, but I mean, maybe the ability to specialize is a dormant trait? Maybe an ancestor of yeast had created specialized organs in the past, which made it easier for it to adapt this time. Not saying that's what's happening, just wondering if they've ruled that out.

@bben31

Жыл бұрын

@@reinux I did some research on it and it turns out that yes, yeast are descendants of multicellular fungi, as are a lot of fungi. So it was most likely a dormant trait or combination of hidden genes that made it easier to go multicellular.

@reinux

Жыл бұрын

@@bben31 Ahh cool, thanks for that! TIL

Everyday science takes another step towards realizing the reality: life is a natural part of Universe. (Universe x Time = Life).

*WOW - THAT WAS INTERESTING* as others have said - THANK YOU - for bringing this to our attention.

A very good episode! Thanks Anton.

The binding together stops the individual cells spreading out, reducing potential food and making predation more of an issue. If there is no issue with food or predators sticking together can be fine as long as everyone gets fed.

Interesting paper. My understanding is that the conventional wisdom is that increased O2 levels facilitated the evolution of multicellular life with higher metabolism.

This is the most underrated youtube channel on the whole inter-webs. Thanks for all your hard work.

The world is lucky to have you. You're a wonderful person!!!

There might be another explanation (?): Could it be, that the yeast "remembers" old genes it developed quite some time ago and 'normally' doesn't use? It would be convincing if we can achieve similar results with more 'primitive' cells; ...

Super Exciting! This step allows other science to study the DNA/RNA function at possibly a very close point to how it all started to program... (it should be part of the kernel programming of compiling code... for an analogy to computing). This will allow us to discover evolution, but also how/why our DNA does what it does in the order it unfolds it's programming... including "junk" proteins on the chain... This is an amazing step for us as humans.. we should rejoice!!!! Our future offspring will benefit greatly. 😀

The bridges between physics, chemistry, and biology are fascinating

Thanks Anton, super interesting stuff that I hadn't heard about!

interesting to see evidence that multicellular organisms might come directly from colonial organisms with biological castes, into eusociality

Whoa. Mind blowing stuff dude. You rock much love.

@thatswhatithought6519

Жыл бұрын

That’s kinda homo

It was a nice surprise to see my footage in this video.

You look tierd Anton. Hope all is well. Thank you for the excellent videos as always!

Clever scientists. That experiment would never have occurred to me. Thanks, Anton.

@danial5387

Жыл бұрын

Give yourself some credit. It would have occurred to you if you studied the evolution of yeast for the past 40 years. Lol

@brindlekintales

Жыл бұрын

Well it occurred to me, but no one was listening!

This just gave me some insane ideas.

For my Master's degree, I have done research on the species composition and sustainability of biofilms forming on surfaces of wastewater pipes at table olive and olive oil factories. We have found that synergistic roles develop between various bacteria and yeasts within the biofilm, where you have more resistant aerobic species on top and facultative anaerobes at the bottom. This ultimately protects the biofilms against the various caustic washes of olives (de-bittering process) and salts. Another student focused on developing a bio-reactor for this biofilm, because it was found to break down complex phenolic compounds and reducing the toxicity of the waste water.

Seems like any environment factor that favoured multicellular forms would do. Really fascinating Anton, thanks for this!

Anton Petrov, Thanks for finding and sharing things and looking at some of the larger questions. The word is "apoptosis" for "programmed cell death" In humans this happens to remove cells that are near failing, without bursting and hurting those nearby. The big thing you sort of missed, is that there are many questions that can only be answered by looking at things over long time periods. And doing the hard work. I get bothered by groups like Google and the GPTs who only try to answer questions they can answer in two seconds. Their focus is trivia questions, not deep ones. If the GPTs would spend months, years, decades on problems, they could probably get useful answers, but they just like to "chat", rather than "study", "work", "research", "collaborate", "contribute to the greater good". Humans are going through this same process of more complex organizations. It is not coincidental that organization and organism share the same root. There are tens of thousands of global issues like "evolution" or "black holes" or "climate change" or "shared knowledge for all" on the Internet. And they bubble up from ad hoc organizations serving their own needs and usually falling back into chaos. For the last 25 years of the Internet Foundation, I try to monitor and understand why human organizations fail to mature, why all commercial firms reach fairly small (10s to 1000s of $ Billions) then stagnate and quit evolving. I think you will find that inorganic (non CHNOS) life can also exist, and it is only because it is different and operates on million year scales that we cannot see and understand it. Take a look at the DNA, RNA, protein, genome, ome and chemical databases on the Internet. Each group, each website or web network is eclectic and making up its own rules. So when the different efforts try to combine at global scale, the pieces won't fit without a lot of effort. I try to find these earl and give them policies and ways of organizing that will allow the many separate efforts to work at global (and heliospheric scale). So look at volcanic vents, times before oxygen was readily available, in places where their is a lot of stirring and pressure. and the efficient organizational methods will evolve. Then they need to last long enough at global scale to reproduce and effect others. It is just barely possible there are other kinds of life besides DNA life on Earth. Someone would need to know what to look for and how. Life on Mars? We are too prideful if we think it could only happen with our flavor of CHNOS life. Those chemical reactions, just look at the periodic table, there is nothing special about life from CHNOS, except those are abundant and there was plenty of time for self-replication to evolve. The question to ask is how the pattern is stored and why some things reproduce with exactly the same copies in every generation. There are many more variations in humans than our simple "all humans are identical". Richard Collins, The Internet Foundation

@Gandhi_Physique

11 ай бұрын

Yeah, I don't know the merit of it, but I have heard about silicon-based life potentially being possible. Though it seems less likely as the abundance of elements tends to decrease the higher the atomic number. Carbon is just such an amazing element that it makes sense most life would probably be based on it.

@whatdamath

10 ай бұрын

Thank you Richard

Yeast has always been fascinating to me. If you make beer in a transparent container you will see them make large chunks of colonies and swim around the liquid like multicelular creatures. If you add sugar to warm water and then add yeast, it will move to where the sugar is (at the bottom) in few minutes. That suggests that they cooperate by making limb-like structures for synchronized motion.

@MadScientist267

Жыл бұрын

Or that gravity pulls things down 😊

@badoem5353

Жыл бұрын

​@@MadScientist267 unless they cooperate with physical contact the mass of cells is pretty useless for gravity to do it's thing though. Just speculating

@MadScientist267

Жыл бұрын

@@badoem5353 The "mass is irrelevant" in that *density* decides what they do in water (after any surface tension effects are not in play).

@badoem5353

Жыл бұрын

@@MadScientist267 that's kinda what I said, osmoses and diffusion are the language of equilibrium in there.

Thanks for fascinating new information which further demonstrates the probability of natural selection and development of complex life.

Very cool topic. Thanks Anton.

This is yeast flocculation. Every homebrewer has performed this experiment, whether they know it or not.

@virutech32

Жыл бұрын

That clearly isn't the case or there would be no study. Yeast clumping together generally & creating permanent living structures with specialization & a unique genome are not the same thing

@tisajokt7676

Жыл бұрын

This is accounted for in the paper; if you search for "floc" in its text you'll find that they determine this to be distinct from flocculation.

I'd be more impressed by developing a single cell life from a chemical stew, but we take what we can get cause that's life.

@drsatan7554

Жыл бұрын

We've made synthetic life in the form of single cells which then developed the ability to reproduce on its own

@paulthompson9668

Жыл бұрын

Why would developing a single cell life from a chemical stew impress you?

@ericthecyclist

Жыл бұрын

@@paulthompson9668 Its the transition from chemistry to biology, showing the possible path that the origin of life itself took. Its like the first animal that strung notes together into an interesting song, when everything before it had just played the same note over and over.

@paulthompson9668

Жыл бұрын

@@ericthecyclist Wouldn't you be more impressed by developing a single cell life in conditions similar to those on Earth 4 billion years ago?

@SWTORDREKKIN

Жыл бұрын

@@paulthompson9668 That is the point. Ultimately, if we can't do it via chemical processes with anything we posses, it seems improbable to have happened the way science claims. Although to be fair, science doesn't know anything about abiogenesis other than it being the leading hypothesis. Unfortunately, you can't disprove it and so far it hasn't worked. Science doesn't believe in God, but they do magic, when it is convenient. God by any other name...

Great work - as usual !

Great video! Fascinating information with so many applications😊

And after billions of year they develop technology that allows them to make videos of slapping , farts and cats

@BronzeDragon133

Жыл бұрын

I'd call the cat videos, at least, a major success. So do the cats.

@afrotexan

Жыл бұрын

and slapping-farts.

I can see a science fiction story now. Scientists intend to create single celled life. After weekend, they come back and find a herd of elephants in (what's left of) the lab. "That went better than expected!"

@onedaya_martian1238

Жыл бұрын

That's a Farside cartoon.

@olencone4005

Жыл бұрын

@@onedaya_martian1238 Also kinda reminds me of a hilarious movie called "Evolution" with David Duchovny ^_^

It does leave the riddle why multi cellular life did not appear for so long, even though single cell life existed for a billion years.

Stunning experiment. By getting into larger structure, there is created a local difference between internal cells and surface cells. That this then drives so fast to specialization of activation is both intuitive and stunning.

Interesting that oxygen deprivation could be one of the things making the jump. I am trying to think how that affected earth. Since the environment didn't have much oxygen until the great oxygenation event could it have been the only catalyst for prompting multicellular evolution? Were there multi called organisms prior to the great oxygenation event?

@petersinclair3997

11 ай бұрын

As the bio system became increasingly open, guess the yeast was better placed to work independent of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

It's not hard to imagine the mechanisms behind cancer being those behind the 1st multicellular organisms multiplying out of control, leading ultimately to the evolution of animal life. As these blobs of cells grew larger & larger, the 'cancer mechanism' would kick in, causing cells to mutate, leading to specializations. These specializations were then selected for, evolutionarily-speaking, & then co-opted by the larger organism to serve a specific function...

@onedaya_martian1238

Жыл бұрын

That is a great hypothesis. So much research to do !!!

@BronzeDragon133

Жыл бұрын

If you consider it, it's a shock cancer doesn't happen more often. Think about it--every cell in your body is the last in a line of cells that NEVER STOPPED DIVIDING.

@benhudson4014

Жыл бұрын

We all seem to have cancer cells so what causes the mutations, If LUCA is our great great grandfather ,yeast is our grandfather

@BronzeDragon133

Жыл бұрын

@@benhudson4014 That's a complex issue; radiation, mutagens, and simple read/write errors (you can look up a ton more about those). But mostly your body takes one look, says nope, and kills them off.

@onedaya_martian1238

Жыл бұрын

@@BronzeDragon133 Actually a very, very profound thought !! Certainly more lucid and true than what is said in mega-buildings filled with the hard of thinking.

Wow!!! Fermi Paradox people will love this.

it makes sence if you weight in the resource scarcity. single cells can do all the metabolic processes on their own, they don't need a large amount of resources to keep alive, but I'll guess it will not be as efficient as an specialized cell in a multicellular organism. so as a trade off, you sacrifice individual survivability for teamwork where the end sum of resources divided by all cells is greater than what a single cell could get

As an Atheist I've had Creationists ask me how I could believe that single cells eventually lead to people. I now feel incredibly vindicated.

@revimfadli4666

Жыл бұрын

As someone who knows about theistic evolution, Adam exclusionary etc, IDK if another instance of this kind of false dichotomy vindicates me

@peter9477

Жыл бұрын

Pro tip: when they ask questions like that they don't really want an honest answer. Best to ignore them. Impossible to educate or debate.

@ericvulgate

Жыл бұрын

They only have one argument- 'nuh uh!'

@drsatan9617

Жыл бұрын

​@@revimfadli4666 wtf is theistic evolution?

@peter9477

Жыл бұрын

@@drsatan9617 When two gods love each other very much they can kiss and have a baby god who is different from his parents.

If, as I believe, intelligent life exist in the universe, it still seems very unlikely that any sort of meaningful communication between different instances of that intelligence could ever take place... because of the distances combined with the maximum speed of exchanging information.

@sgtbilkothe3rd

Жыл бұрын

And the other variable being the time of the different civilizations existences. We might all miss each other by millions or billions of years.

@nicodesmidt4034

Жыл бұрын

We can’t even communicate properly with intelligent species on earth (octopuses, dolphins) let alone find a good strategy to have humanity survive. Tells you a lot about our evolution

@BronzeDragon133

Жыл бұрын

Plus, you know, the fact that humans are idiots.

@ericvulgate

Жыл бұрын

A rational perspective sadly.

@Imaboss8ball

Жыл бұрын

​@@nicodesmidt4034 is our survival threatened?

The most intriguing question that it raises is, how does it manage to start cooperate. This looks as a pre-programed reaction, as if it's done so before. That would not be how we look at evolution. Evolution wise you would expect one beneficial change as a rarity and that would be hard to pull of in a lab already, forget about a multitude of reactions like this. My answer: As yeast is very old, it has come in this situation before and already has this response in it's DNA, it simply applies known adaptation, we learned something about yeast, not about evolution.

@drsatan3231

Жыл бұрын

If it was the result of deactivated genes we'd be able to see them in the genome

Fascinating, thank you Anton

Damn, Anton has a brain on him. Ty for sharing, both the trials of life, and what you know. you rilly have enriched my life by what you share. TY.

The video title should have been "It's official, God is Dead"

@adrianthom2073

Жыл бұрын

Unfortunately we are probably far from proving Abiogenesis. But this research will help bring us closer. I like to see what James Tour will think of the research.

@JessTarn

Жыл бұрын

​@@adrianthom2073 Who would take such a statement seriously? Adrian Thom did.

@adrianthom2073

Жыл бұрын

@@JessTarn , how is one to know if your being sarcastic or not?

That's amazing. A process that we previously assumed to take millions of years was sped up to such a degree

@spiderplant

Жыл бұрын

It wasn't. Yeast evolved from other multicellular organisms and lost those features, which scientists just selectively bred back into activation

@tomf0olery

Жыл бұрын

@@spiderplant Well if it lost it and it was brought back it has still went through a massive change

@spiderplant

Жыл бұрын

@@tomf0olery Yes, but it didn't evolve it anew, just like if you go cleaning your closet and find an old childhood toy. You didn't just buy/make a new one, you uncovered the one that was sitting in your closet the whole time hidden and unused.

@tomf0olery

Жыл бұрын

@@spiderplant My previous comment still stands

This is somewhat deceptive. The yeast was a hardy variety, previously exposed to famine. Judging by its response to the nutrient bathe. Efficiency drove reproduction, but support structures. With the nutrient bathe, they WERE easy to separate. But, given the shock to the system (hypoxia), they evolved AGAIN. Thus, multicellular organism . I was surprised by your intitial statement that single celled organisms had the highest probability of survival. If an organism is extracting amino acids from soil, then suffers famine, it might unite with another that converts nitrogen into amino acids. Thus the multicellular organism is born. Better capable of surviving. This is evolution. The multicellular organism always has the higher probability, but perhaps the lowest population. Constructive criticism is meant to inform, not denigrate. Thank you, once again, for an amazing informative video!

_"...They would not get bigger than a few micrometers. And more importantly, they didn't actually have a very strong connection, and would be very easy to break."_ Hypothesis: the cells were weakly bound, so if a cluster got bigger than a few micrometers, it fell apart into a couple of smaller clusters. (Remember the Cube-Square law.) It's not that the clusters stopped growing, it's that they couldn't maintain large size. The tendency of the cells in the middle to starve to death might make this effect stronger. This is testable. If they stop growing at a few hundred cells, then at equilibrium there should be very few smaller clusters.

@pantherstealth1645

Жыл бұрын

EXACT. Even single cells have behavior set by some kind of initial parameters

Likely what was accomplished was discovering an inherent trait yeast has. How often has yeast been deprived of oxygen in nature over the eons. My guess, a lot.

Certain religious types are about to be very upset.

@BronzeDragon133

Жыл бұрын

They'll just hand wave it as, "YOU DIDN"T CREATE LIFE!" or ignore it, as always. No worries, they're just not that smart.

@ngcastronerd4791

Жыл бұрын

@@BronzeDragon133 perhaps but for others their god of the gaps just got even smaller.

@BronzeDragon133

Жыл бұрын

@@ngcastronerd4791 They'll always have abiogenesis! Until they don't. Which I suspect will be within the next twenty years, when it becomes, "You can't be a hundred percent sure that's what Earth's early atmosphere/ocean was like!" Yeah, whatever, fundie.

@pauldirc..

11 ай бұрын

How close scientists are to make first proto cell in lab ? If apologetic says there was not that kind of environment on earth you may say we have we don't need any soul or intelligence creator to make life

@tribouletr

Ай бұрын

They're always in the bliss of their own denial.

So cool, thanks for sharing!

Genuine wholesome person. Fantastic 😊

The theists are gonna so triggered 😂🤣😂🤣😂🤣😂🤣🥰🤣

@peter9477

Жыл бұрын

No kidding. This vid has more theist ranks in the comments than I've seen anywhere lately.

x to doubt. I'll look into it but these studies have been plagued with systemic problems for a long time.

@vesuvius115

Жыл бұрын

Ah yes, the scientists are the ones with problems here, despite working on this for over a decade.

@joearnold6881

Жыл бұрын

Be sure to get back to us once you’ve confirmed or refuted these findings for us. 🙄

@eafesaf6934

Жыл бұрын

​@@paroxysm6437 why so hostile man?

@inthefade

Жыл бұрын

They are right to be skeptical. You should be too. Stop thinking scientists are perfect human beings who can’t be corrupted or make mistakes.

@kingfisher1638

Жыл бұрын

@@vesuvius115 I am literally a scientist. Systemic problems being whitewashed away for 'funding bait' press releases is a massive problem in scientific publication. This field in particular has been egregious in this regard.

Thank you for the great videos.

i reckon looking at colonial organisms is a good start aswell like siphonophores. Yeast occurs naturally on many flowers, plants actually culture yeast. Collect elderflower in the spring/summer, you can make homemade champaign out of it, the yeast on the flowers is what does the fermenting!

Creation myths are practicaly dead at this point

@capitalismisdivisionofevil8322

Жыл бұрын

Evolution is a fraud.

Considering what took nature billions of years to do, took scientists 600 days to somewhat recreate, it's kind of impressive when you think about it.

@Anksh0usRacing

Жыл бұрын

And also raises questions that may not be so easily answered

@franklin519

Жыл бұрын

Hype paper.

@gregorysagegreene

Жыл бұрын

U m ... AI ... 😮

@scottdoesntmatter4409

Жыл бұрын

Then again, it's likely the conditions were PERFECT for doing so in the experiment. Nature doesn't have perfect conditions.

@5:47 theres an elf tele-tubby thing in the center of it controlling the mass. I'll take my Nobel prize, now.

The fact that multicellular organism's exist is proof in itself that there are benefits to that mode of life. Also, the complexity of "higher" multicellular organism's is really a function of the energy available to them, an oxygen rich atmosphere (thankyou Stromatolites everywhere) is essential, another key driving force for this was the symbiotic union of simple cells with Mitochondria, again, without this we wouldn't have the pathway to create ATP, and with it fuel the enormous complexity not only inside the cells but critically the communication between cells via a huge array of receptors, gates, channels, pumps, and many more and they all point to the idea that nature through the very exquisite avenue of carbon chemistry has many selective forces all conspiring together to create ever more complex and capable multicellular organism's..