This one was requested by quite a few of you. I hope it answers all your questions (it definitely doesn't). The sponsor is Skillshare. The first 500 people to use this link will get 2 free months of Premium Membership: skl.sh/stevemould10

@kirom4265

3 жыл бұрын

Please make a video on voltage and current

@Reth_Hard

3 жыл бұрын

OK... But why?

@anathaetownsend1894

3 жыл бұрын

You say "sugar" and you show table sugar, like what you buy in the store, and then you say "glugose", but table sugar is most often sucrose. The chirality still applies though.

@blindmunky

3 жыл бұрын

I really like your representation of an enzymes because in a way its pretty realistic biology even molecular biology is messy.

@martineyles

3 жыл бұрын

You say it's hard to make sugar of the opposite chirality. How about making an equal mix of each chirality? After all, if it tasts more like sugar than other sweetners, doesn't have bad effects on the body, but only has half the bio-available-calories it would still be a great sweetner.

The real question here is, "does left handed sugar taste different from right handed sugar, and do Twix ™ bars use the correspondingly chiral sugar in their left vs right campaign?"

@Henry-fu2hc

3 жыл бұрын

These are the real questions which we need to find out

@EMTDawg

3 жыл бұрын

Yeah, if it tastes similar, your body wouldn't be able to process the wrong hand, thus possible "artificial" sweetener as long as it isn't harmful

@russelltom2087

3 жыл бұрын

@@EMTDawg this was my thought, is artificial sugar left handed and is that why it doesn't affect insulin. He just answered as I was typing.

@RWBHere

3 жыл бұрын

The real, and potentially worrisome, question is, 'What damage do molecules with the 'wrong' handedness do when entering the body?' Steve Mould gave a couple of pointers with nasal decongestants and with thalidomide. Supposing a wrong-handed form of an essential chemical was ingested, for instance, and it broke down cell membranes, or caused a cancerous mutation, instead of helping to construct cells. That would be lethal. Conspiracy theory time: Maybe an almost undetectable 'poison' form of an everyday molecule could be used to murder people. Such molecules, in the wrong hands, would open the gates for biological warfare on a mass scale. Imagine buying foods from a country which has a hidden agenda. Your FDA passes it as safe, and a large number of your population start dying of incurable diseases a few months or years later. But your medics don't know why. It might have already happened, for all we know. It will certainly have been researched. We can hope that the cost of manufacturing large enough quantities of such pathogens proves to be way too expensive for even the military of a country to consider producing them. But when a single missile or aircraft can cost many millions to produce, and few worry about the cost, our hope is unlikely to be fulfilled.

@miinziiiiiii

3 жыл бұрын

@@RWBHere delete this before a government official sees!

1:07 made me fall of seat laughing. Imagine buying a bag of sugar and opening just to be like "Awe damn... I got the single molecule again.."

@tatotiteta

3 жыл бұрын

And then you dropped it and broke it into some glucose.

@xostler

2 жыл бұрын

@@tatotiteta damn that’s high brow

@reallyWyrd

2 жыл бұрын

Lol

@Green24152

2 жыл бұрын

Don't forget the enzyme bit.

@SpydersByte

2 жыл бұрын

yea I laughed out loud at 1:08 at the "da fu....?" :'D

The homochirality of sugar is actually a question I asked at university and just got a shrug and "that's how it is" as an answer, which has bothered me for years. I guess the answer remains the same: it's arbitrary all the way down. But having an idea of why it is arbitrary is somehow extremely reassuring, even if I have long since moved on from those lectures. Thank you.

@blackfootedferret

2 жыл бұрын

I guess its because of the laws of physics thats the way it had to be made

@Nevir202

Жыл бұрын

The thing I wanted to know is if you wanted to engineer something to make the ideal artificial sweetener he mentioned, would you need to go all the way down, and engineer DNA with the opposite twist?

@ModelLights

Жыл бұрын

@@Nevir202 'would you need to go all the way down, and engineer DNA with the opposite twist?' No. First, realize DNA is not 'all the way down', it is one level up, in the other direction. Like he was saying in the video, RNA is the single strand working hardware of the cell, that makes most everything. DNA is taking the active working RNA, and adding the other side to the RNA to lock it up, so it is less active and much harder to get damaged. DNA is a security storage state, it is 'one level back up on the non-working side, for long term storage integrity of the data', not the 'lowest, working level of the genetically coded information and cellular hardware'. You would only need 'opposite sugar making hardware' to make the opposite sugar. But there's no point in making the whole opposite sugar molecule. Since it wouldn't work anyway and you don't even want the rest of 'sugar', there is no point in making much beyond 'the sweet tasting end of the sugar molecule'. You only need to make that, and basically have the rest be 'an inert holder to hold the sweet end'. Sugar stores energy. There's no point in putting the energy in to make the rest of the whole opposite sugar, you only want the small part that interacts with taste receptors, then 'something else inert to keep it all together and not provide energy'. Likely most of the artificial sweeteners are just that, 'something close to the sweet end, then a junk 'other molecule' part that doesn't really do anything'.

@rehoboth_farm

Жыл бұрын

can you make sugar in a lab without biologically created enzymes?

@ravinraven6913

Жыл бұрын

If someone told me that, I would have said if you don't know just say you don't know, if you answer it like that, that doesn't inspire passion. Keep things mysterious and Ill try to solve it myself.

I'm left-handed and learnt to cut with right-handed scissors as well. At primary school I was really good at cutting elaborate shapes in paper because I used my good, left hand to move the paper, instead of moving the scissors to form the shapes, like most people instinctively do.

@_loxymore_

Жыл бұрын

Hmm I need to try using my left hand to hold the scissors then

@rigdigwus

10 ай бұрын

imagine bragging on the internet about how good you are at cutting paper

@ernestgary6812

10 ай бұрын

Ahh... we got an expert here guys.... HEY.. GUYS EXPERT CUTTER OVER HERE!! 😅😂

@fluffysheepfallingasleep609

10 ай бұрын

I'm right handed, but i have always moved the paper when cutting it, not the scissors

@EricPalmer_DaddyOh

9 ай бұрын

I'm ambidextrous but use scissors with my left hand. I find it frustrating.

Us: Why do you suck at using scissors? Steve Mould: Well... it all begins with the Big Bang...

@anthonyrusso8038

3 жыл бұрын

I have to remember that one.👍

@acerbicatheist2893

3 жыл бұрын

But... but...it DID all start with the Big Bang! I don't see the problem here. Am I missing something? Is there an answer to the handedness questions lying in the thermodynamic properties of, say, a left-handed polypeptide versus the right-handed one? I guess not, because this question must have been asked long ago... so pop goes the extension to DNA... unless... no, no, the enzymatic activity is surely responsible today, but originally? I'm going to ask around because I'm quite out of date, and there may have been progress! I'll let you know what turns up...if anything. 🤔🧐👍 ➕💲♓ℹ️✝️ 🌵🌵♣️🍸 Have an extra-dry martini 🍸 at the Cactus Club! 🌵🌵♣️🍸😋👍🤔🍸🍸😋😋🍸🍸🥴👍 ⚡⚡⚡✨😈👍🍸

@Rawabibat

3 жыл бұрын

@@acerbicatheist2893 is this gonna comes up to r/whoooos

@Rawabibat

3 жыл бұрын

Oh wait its woooosh

@Shaileshartsms

Жыл бұрын

🤣🤣

I‘m gonna be real with you, I‘m left handed too and I never once realized scissors could show exactly where they were cutting, I just thought you had to kind of hope for the best

@joanapas640

3 жыл бұрын

Hi

@wilton999

3 жыл бұрын

Lol. So sad. I knew that as a kid. When I came across a left handed scissors and wandered why on earth the scissors stopped working! Then, the teacher explained. I used it on my left hand and it worked. But gave up cos, I had the option, sooo...

@someguy5766

3 жыл бұрын

I'm right handed and never noticed that

@bimbumbamdolievori

3 жыл бұрын

How can you cut otherwise?.. jk

@francisbacon4363

3 жыл бұрын

I can cut with both hands, us left handed people suffer too much

It’s not just the visibility with scissors-the mechanism is designed for right hands, too. When used with the correct hand, the mechanics of our hands force the blades together (laterally) in the process of closing them, so they make a clean cut. When used with the other hand, our hand mechanics will naturally push the blades apart laterally, and with all but the very best scissors this will cause the blades to gap and not quite touch, so they’ll tear the paper or fabric or whatever, or just not cut. Depending on the scissors, you might be able to overcome this through conscious adjustment of your grip and how you squeeze them, but with many scissors, especially kids’ scissors (which tend to be less sharp and less sturdy), it’s never going to work well.

@ere4t4t4rrrrr4

Жыл бұрын

oh my god, this explains so much things (about scissors in my hands). I never ever thought about using scissors with right hands. I thought it was just about the shape of the handler

@EllipticGeometry

Жыл бұрын

Exactly. This has been annoying when trimming my nails. I can see what I’m doing well enough and I’m not so right-handed as to be useless cutting with the left, but the actual mechanics are horrible. It’s awkward and straining to keep the blades together. I do have higher-quality nail scissors now. If it’s still a problem, I don’t really notice because I have to compensate far less.

@amnesite3573

Жыл бұрын

While I had half-noticed the bit about being able to see where you were cutting on onr side, I always bypassed the gapping issue by prying the blades laterally with my fingers in such a way as to force the blades together at the opposite end. Works great for worn joints. Last ditch effort was/is to ever-so-slowly draw the scissors backwards while cutting, to keep a cleaner edge in iffy scenarios.

@conlanhinkel2022

Жыл бұрын

As someone who is left handed and regularly cuts suture, it's something right handed people never have to think about. Left handed surgical instrumention makes me so happy when I come across it.

@Secret_Takodachi

11 ай бұрын

I only noticed this as a kid when I would try to use crappy "worn out" scissors with my left hand, fail to cut the paper. Swap hands & get the cut right away. The hinge that joins them flexes laterally as well as vertically, so dull scissors don't just cut worse when used with your left hand. THEY WONT CUT AT ALL lol

I also remember something about a "shadow biosphere" where the opposite handedness does exist, but in low quantities of microscopic life. It doesn't interact much with our regular biosphere and so is very hard to study.

@Squeph

Жыл бұрын

It's hard to study because we haven't got any proof it exists yet. It's still hypothetical.

@Blueshirt38

10 ай бұрын

​@@Squeph But that just makes it even more enticing, doesn't it?

Plot twist: He made the entire video to cover up the fact that he searched "meth nasal spray"...

@halflucan

3 жыл бұрын

It was err... research

@lyokianhitchhiker

3 жыл бұрын

For all you know, he searched it to make this video.

@maggiejensen1838

3 жыл бұрын

I recently googled this myself! It's Benzedrine and it used to be available over the counter and was used like a cup of coffee in the morning or for weight loss or as a cold remedy.

@jeramiet154

3 жыл бұрын

😂

@rbr1170

3 жыл бұрын

After watching this video, now I don't have to search for it because google is now recommending it to me.

Dude. In my kindergarten in Germany, about 15 years ago we had left-handed and right-handed scissors

@OneGrahamOfWrath

3 жыл бұрын

Lucky. Never had access to left-handed scissors here in the US.

@caelestigladii

3 жыл бұрын

I didn't even know there are left and right handed scissors until I read your comment. Never had any difficulty using scissors with either hand.

@BenTvHowman

3 жыл бұрын

We did also in Australia. I just use right handed scissors with my left hand

@TheCrackFox

3 жыл бұрын

I grew up in the US and we had left handed scissors when I was a kid as well. I'm right handed but I prefer to use left handed scissors because I feel I have more control over whatever I'm cutting.

@corruptedproductions5024

3 жыл бұрын

Hail hi-... probably shouldn't finish that

Just realized it’s sometimes called “dextrose” because that means “right sugar”, but that means L-glucose (left handed) should be called “sinistrose”, which just sounds evil.

@mariusg8824

Ай бұрын

The Word Sinister stems from ancient belief that left handedness was evil, so they called the left hand the evil hand

@leeroyjenkins7915

24 күн бұрын

The "L" stands here for laevus, also "left" in latin. Which brings us to your proposed left-handed sugar, which would then properly called "laevulose". And guess what? Laevulose is actually the historical name for fructose, and, you can guess it, is a left-handed sugar (but is not the l-version of glucose).

Aviation snips (tin snips) come in 3 main flavors: left cut, right cut, and straight cut. Red, green, and yellow handles, in that order. You need all 3 types to do tin work. The left and right are mirror images of each other. The reason you need both left and right cut is so you can cut left or right curves. You can't cut a counterclockwise ("left") circle/curve with a right-cut snips, and vice versa. Right-handed people typically use the left-cut (red) snips most, but both left and right snips are in constant use.

@solarsynapse

Жыл бұрын

My awesome U.S. made Midwest 90 degree red handle snips are marked "right" for right-handed use to cut left. They also cut fine for straight.

@Secret_Takodachi

11 ай бұрын

Being a lefty means you've either "always got fresh tin snips you can use" or "you gotta make do with the beat-up righties" Goddamn feast or famine with everything in life as a lefty. A little consistency sure would be nice lol

@NoNameAtAll2

7 ай бұрын

what stops you from flipping it over? don't you cut flat sheets that are flip-symmetrical?

@trequor

5 ай бұрын

​@@NoNameAtAll2Messes with the cut. Metal is rigid and cutting it permanently bends the metal around the cut. You want to curve the metal the right way and leave a proper edge on your finished piece

I love when physics, chemistry and biology are all intertwined and connected in your video. It brings a fresh perspective to the viewers and that all science disciplines are connected.

@eideticex

3 жыл бұрын

Chemistry and biology is physics, specific subsets of physics that are well suited to their applications. Physics is just the toolbox they are reaching into.

@Gakulon

3 жыл бұрын

@@eideticex This is true but a little reductive because there's so much knowledge in these fields that you can't transfer around that it's basically useless to describe fields in this way. You can't use physics to do the work of a historian, but you can link history all the way back to physics in this same way.

@CellRus

3 жыл бұрын

@@eideticex I am well aware of this yes. As a cell biologist myself, we use various chemical and physical tools to study biology. It just fascinates me about using concepts of other disciplines that seem unrelated and apply that to biology. Of course everything is physics because we are living in a physical world, but certain concepts are really far apart that usual people wouldn't know they are actually connected, and very few videos I've seen connecting them together. So I absolutely love it when you can start bringing knowledge you know from physics and chemistry and maths and apply that to biology.

@RalphDratman

3 жыл бұрын

​@@Gakulon To say chemistry or biology is physics does not imply that those fields are without content or that a standard-issue physicist would automatically know chemistry or biology. It is just pointing out that the scientific foundations of chemistry and biology, at the micro level, are within the purview of physics. Chemistry is closely bound to physics, while biology encompasses quite a bit more such as populations, mutations, behavior and so forth, which in a sense are founded in physics, but really have little or nothing to do with theories or calculations done by physicists..

@VyvienneEaux

3 жыл бұрын

I'm surprised by your comment, because I think physics, chemistry, and biology are just different perspectives on the same thing. And I think it doesn't give people enough credit to say most scientists don't know it. The overlap between physics and chemistry is almost complete. So much so that you can accurately model any chemical process using Newtonian mechanics for non-reacting conditions and quantum mechanics for chemical reactions. To oversimplify, biology is a super zoomed out view of chemistry which is a super zoomed out view of quantum mechanics. But really, there's so much overlap that there is no difference, except for the things we choose to focus on. Just one random example: a doctor reading an EKGs with telemetry. The telemetery reciever is an eye and the EKG is using exactly the same phenomenon as the heart to function. Chemistry is also deeply concerned with electromagnetic radiation and electrical potential. I'd be here all day writing a book no one wanted to read if I were to fully describe how the disciplines are all windows looking at exactly the same thing. I think that most scientists have realized this, just as you and I have. For me, I first made the realization in high school that there was overlap, but during the final semester of my biochem-chem degree when I took a quantum chemistry class called "advanced physical organic chemistry" and read portions of the proscribed Ansyln & Dougherty text (which cited mostly biological examples despite being a physical organic chemistry textbook), I realized the physics/chemistry/biology distinction is truly illusory. I think biology is more accurately "the physics and chemistry specific to life," though I will concede that life's stochastic provenance and chaotically determined outcomes have made biology less a fundamental description of phenomena and more a taxonomy of extant living processes at the macro level.

A small correction: 9:30 - the ribosome is not made up entirely of RNA - the "active" component of the ribosome is RNA, but the ribosome as a whole is a so called riboprotein - a complex of RNA and protein.

@nihaal7750

3 жыл бұрын

This comment ought to given more likes else Steve's mistake isnt gonna be noticed and people are gonna end up learning the wrong thing!

@dragoncurveenthusiast

3 жыл бұрын

You are both right! Pushing it up for Steve to notice...

@davidwright7193

3 жыл бұрын

However it is very important for the acceptance of the RNA world hypothesis that the formation of the peptide bond is catalysed by RNA not protein as that function has to become fixed before protein enzymes are a thing and can’t be easily replaced because it is critical for the functionality of everything else. The most likely first function of a polypeptide is to help RNA replicate.

@Jobobn1998

3 жыл бұрын

Beat me to it, xBris. As a molecular biologist, I had a brief moment of terror that I was wrong about something so fundamental before the rest of my brain came online verified that, nope, my life has not been a lie :P

@davidwright7193

3 жыл бұрын

Bosstown Dynamics no it wouldn’t. The problem isn’t biochemical it is evolutionary. Protein based ribosomes could be more efficient than the RNA based ones but they couldn’t evolve because the first enzymes to do this would be less efficient than the existing RNA based ones and would be out competed by them. Remember DNA never replaced RNA it only provides a template for RNA synthesis. The core of cellular machinery and control is RNA. DNA acts as a high fidelity, corruption resistant store of information for making RNA. Evolution has to go forwards, every step has to be more effective than the current one, evolution can’t go backwards to go forwards.

Just noticed, wouldn't that also mean, that ones immune system would fail in a mirror dimensions since every bacteria and viri would be incompatible to our antibodies?

@samidans6815

Жыл бұрын

we would also be incompatible for them so we won't get sick in the first place, we have nothing they can use

@ennothedishonorable5530

Жыл бұрын

@@samidans6815 Let's hope so. Imagine someone comming from a mirror world, bringing mirrored COVID and we have to give everyone mirrored vaccines again.

@captainsmolletkermit8986

Жыл бұрын

@chu Harry but they're extremely specific in what they bind to

@eralp.celebi

Жыл бұрын

@@captainsmolletkermit8986 damn I didn't know that

@ravinraven6913

Жыл бұрын

the proteins wouldn't be able to fit so I don't think you could get a virus

9:29 just to clarify: The ribosome consists of both, proteins and RNA, whereby the catalytic site is made from RNA; so, strictly speaking, it’s not only tangled-up RNA.

soo many "wow" / "holy sh!t" moments from so many different science fields regarding "only" a single term: Chiral Amazing content and delivery!! Thank you!!

@surikatga

3 жыл бұрын

Get used to it. Author of this channel does it all the time.. Lately I can't get rid of very interesting topics explained in very simple way.

@mrfranksan

3 жыл бұрын

Steve is really exceptional for his multitude of talents!

@ichbinein123

3 жыл бұрын

I had no idea Ribosomes were mostly made of RNA. That in and of itself, is mind blowing, and really lends credence to how life originated.

@sasdagreat8052

3 жыл бұрын

@@surikatga I can't get enough of his style of explanations. Other people like Tom Scott have their own charismatic way of explaining random topics, but there's just a charm in Steve's videos for me.

@shoam2103

3 жыл бұрын

@@sasdagreat8052 almost everyone strives to explain things simply on KZread. That's what's common. What's different is most other people explain quirky, mildly interesting but simple topics. Whereas Steve goes in depth to explain complex topics that we would really be curious about. He considers our perspective..

In some mirror universe, Matt Parker replaces the head of Steve Mould in a picture with Captain Kirk

@rebmcr

3 жыл бұрын

No, the video clearly states that in the mirror universe, Matt dies from malnourishment.

@pitri_hub

3 жыл бұрын

@@rebmcr Not if it's also mirror matt. The malnourishment only happens if your and the universe's chirality doesn't match up.

@rebmcr

3 жыл бұрын

@@pitri_hub Parker Glucose

@SamTahbou

3 жыл бұрын

Fun conclusion to a movie where the mc ends up in a parallel universe, starves in short order.

@josephburchanowski4636

3 жыл бұрын

​@@SamTahbou How about a movie where you meet a 4-dimensional being, and when they return you to your world, they accidentally had you flipped the wrong direction. Kind of how if 2-dimension beings exist, we could accidentally flip them and change their handedness. . When you return, you realize everything is flipped from left to right from how you remember, and you panic realizing what has happened and that you are going to starve unless something is done.

My primary school in the UK had left-handed scissors available for all classes. They were identifiable from the 'normal' scissors as they had one yellow and one green plastic handle on each pair, where the RH ones were all red or all blue.

@MichaelClark-uw7ex

10 ай бұрын

Ours had them in the USA too but just like the left handed desks, the right handed aholes took them because they thought it was cool and a bit of bullying.

@Bayonet1809

5 ай бұрын

Mine in New Zealand had them too, but while the school had the correct total number, they had the wrong ratio for my class, and I was always slow at grabbing them, which meant that I had to use left handed scissors despite being right handed.

A couple things: 1) molecules in your title card/video image are not enantiomers, 2) re 3:16 there are plenty of molecules produced in nature that are enantiomers, albeit not necessarily in the same organism. One example: spearmint oil (smells like spearmint) and caraway oil (smells like caraway, and is the characteristic scent in rye bread). They are enantiomers of one another and processed by our olfactory sensors as different scents/flavors.

@ericrawson2909

10 ай бұрын

Thanks, saved me writing., The thumbnail reflection is not a mirror image!

One of factoids of the mass effect series is that life evolved on the worlds of the quarians and turians with opposite chirality. This means they have to have their own food products because the food of other species won’t provide nutrients or at worse cause really bad reactions.

@SpydersByte

2 жыл бұрын

oh wow never picked that up, ME is one of my all time favorite game series so I obviously knew about Quarians and Turians needing different foods but I didn't know it was because of chirality. I just remember them mentioning amino acids at some point.

@Dreadtheday

Жыл бұрын

Death Strandings entire world is based on chirality.

@adamb89

Жыл бұрын

Really it's just protein. They specifically stated that it's dextro amino acids, which means their digestive system would contain enzymes that can only break down dextro proteins into dextro amino acids, which their body could then use to build new dextro proteins. Their biology is largely similar to everyone else's, except for those dextro amino acids. So every other nutrient that isn't protein would still be levo, and perfectly digestible to them. So they probably could eat simple low or zero-protein levo foods, because carbohydrates, water, salt, etc. would still be digestible. Case in point, Turians and Quarians can drink alcohol. Ethanol iteslf is non-chiral, and can be synthesized from regular carbohydrates.

@actuallyasriel

Жыл бұрын

@@adamb89 That's interesting in and of itself though, because alcoholic beverages aren't 100% ethanol. So you'd imagine that they'd still have issues with, for example, beer or wine, but less trouble with hard spirits like vodka. (God, I love Mass Effect.)

@adamb89

Жыл бұрын

@@actuallyasriel True but none of those extras (tannins from natural brewing/distillation, artificial colors and flavors from whatever the hell sorority girls drink) are proteins. Maybe if you got a cordial like Rumchata or something that contained dairy, the milk protein (casein) is in fact chiral and would be something to watch out for.

Actually one of the chiral things that DOES exist in nature that I find hilariously interesting, is Limonene! The chemical that gives lemons their distinctive scent... Is actually the chiral mirror-image of the molecule that gives LIMES their unique scent! And we can detect the difference between the two!

@GameShaft

3 жыл бұрын

Terp

@shawn5809

3 жыл бұрын

Its actually between lemons and oranges, not lemons and limes

@sieltan5618

3 жыл бұрын

I think d limonene is found in citrus peels and l limonene in mint oils, actually

@brusicor02

3 жыл бұрын

It’s not : limes, orange and lemons contain the same enantiomer : (R)-limonene. (S)-limonene can be found in plants, like mint and eucalyptus. And for the odor difference between the two... it’s not obvious, most of commercials samples contains impurities and can affect the final odor. Citation from Mans H. Boelens, Harrie Boelens and Leo J. van Gemert, "Sensory Properties of Optical Isomers", Perfumer&Flavorist, Nov. 1993 : « Very pure (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-) -limonene both have a harsh, terpene-like odor, however the (R)-(+)-enantiomer has a fresh, slightly citrusy note and the (S)-(-)-enantiomer a turpentine-like note. Randebrock investigated the threshold values in air of the enantiomers of limonene [...]. No significant difference was found between the two enantiomers. »

@kennethbransford820

3 жыл бұрын

@@brusicor02 This too is also by design. Evolution = Self Assembling Atoms =Impossible

Genius communication! Thank you for all your wonderful work Steve. You are doing the world a great service!

This is probably one of the most intriguing and inspiring videos on KZread

That was the best low-budget visualization of an enzyme I've ever seen!

@elizahhoward3923

2 жыл бұрын

That a hard working ass enzyme bruh

Typical Steve Mould video: Here's a small detail I noticed about sugar. Yeah, but how did life begin?

Really nice video. However, both L- and D-limonene are naturally occurring. Fun fact, because of genetic reasons, some people can tell them appart, others don't.

@seponkiuas

Жыл бұрын

Exactly, some bacteria can also produce both L-lactate and D-lactate

@devforfun5618

Жыл бұрын

how can people tell them apart ? by taste or color edit: saw in another comment, it is smell

@xavierjust8681

Жыл бұрын

@@devforfun5618 don't know about smell, but some can tell them apart by taste. We did actually test it in class.

@SwordOfApollo

Жыл бұрын

Also carvone. (-)-carvone is the main smell of spearmint, (+)-carvone is the main smell of caraway.

The video that precedes this made me remember my organic chemistry classes from undergrad, but I was upset you never used the word "chiral" or talked about why sugar (and other molecules) made in nature have particular handedness preferences. This video is a great follow up to that one, though! Thanks for making this one!

“Grand cutter of things!” Beautiful.

@GammaDigamma

3 жыл бұрын

CRISPR CAS9 reference I think

@TrainString

3 жыл бұрын

Get on with it

@mrfranksan

3 жыл бұрын

See SmarterEveryDay’s video on riding an inverse steering bicycle. He spends eight months training his coordination to ride a mirror steering bike. Steve could train himself on left-handed scissors with great effort.

Steve may be absent for a while as the IAEA investigates his unauthorised knowledge of so many nuclear bases.😁

@kristyanne719

3 жыл бұрын

Good one!

@pizzataster

3 жыл бұрын

*Nucleotides ffs

@robnorris4770

3 жыл бұрын

Use Skillshare, go to jail.

This video was AMAZING! I knew a lot about this topic and yet you managed to answer questions I didn't even knew I had about it. Thank you for making it!

Limonene + and - have the same molecular makeup, but the atom groups are arranged differently in the structure, generating either a lemon smell or an orange smell. Fascinating. The receptors in the nose are partly designed to respond to left or right handed molecules, so they smell differently.

I love the thought of you in the shop looking for some pasta that twists the other way

How to irritate a biologist: just say "RNA is the single strand version of DNA"

@CaveyMoth

3 жыл бұрын

URGH! What about Uracil?!

@wierdalien1

3 жыл бұрын

@@CaveyMoth WHAT ABOUT THAT HONKING GREAT SECOND OXYGEN?!

@jacksonpercy8044

3 жыл бұрын

I've never heard of what makes them different, so as far as I know it's true.

@wierdalien1

3 жыл бұрын

@@jacksonpercy8044 RNA has a second Oxygen, hence why DNA is DEOXYribonucleic acid

@jacksonpercy8044

3 жыл бұрын

​@@wierdalien1 I see, thank you.

Finding out about these sort of things makes the fact of life so much more amazing, and also how time travel and space travel is way harder

Hi Steve, this is the best video I ever watched in the entire KZread, ever. We all learn about chiral molecules in chemistry, never think this far. Amazing.

Fun fact: dinner knives are chiral. If you think I'm joking, go and check one - the serrated edge is on the outside for a right-handed user, which helps in cutting together with a natural pushing-out motion which happens when using it in conjunction with a fork.

@BarbarianGod

3 жыл бұрын

They seem to be on the left side if you're holding it in your right hand over here in Slovenia for whatever reason

@andymcl92

3 жыл бұрын

I'm left handed, but I use a knife and fork the "normal" way. To be honest, I think that's better. Right handed people using just a fork use it in their right hand, but when using both, they guide food to their mouth with their non-dominant hand! Meanwhile, I (and a lot of other lefties) always have the fork in my left hand. The thing that switches is a knife. K&F, the knife is doing rough cutting/sawing so doesn't need precision. Chopping veg or buttering something, the knife is in my left hand for more delicate work. Makes sense to me!

@Deddily

3 жыл бұрын

@@andymcl92 I eat the "wrong" way - knife in my left hand, and I have always struggled to cut things like meat. When I discovered that knives are right-handed, everything suddenly made sense

@matthewm3

3 жыл бұрын

Go to anythinglefthanded. co .uk they have a video about left handed things they offer including knives. (It’s the website he said in the video)

@davidioanhedges

3 жыл бұрын

Steak knives are chiral, knives in general are not .. Swords can be chiral as well

I enjoyed the guy in the background's "get on with it!"

I am so happy to have found you. I will be watching all of your videos. Excellent work.

Years ago I saw a video on left handed sugar and what a revolution it would be in the food/diet industry. Been wondering why it hadn't come to market. That is why I watched your video and it was very interesting. If the cost of making left handed sugar could be brought down to commercial viability; your explanations of the very different, and sometimes very harmful, effects of mirror molecules would still need lots of testing. I remember the Thalidomide debacle decades ago.

@imnotlettingyouseemyname

Жыл бұрын

They also did a study and found that when giving 24 grams of left-glucose for colonoscopy prep, 80% of colons were rated as excellent or good. A can of soda has 39g of HFCS, which is 1.5x sweeter than glucose. The good news is that preparing for a colonoscopy would be much easier.

@Kanbei11

Жыл бұрын

You also have to make sure that the body doesn't change one enantiomer to the other in Vivo. See your example about thalidomide

@omarb2653

Жыл бұрын

This is the basic concept of calorie free sweeteners: make something shaped enough like fructose or sucrose to bind to your taste buds and taste sweet, but also design it so that your body cannot metabolize it was energy. That’s what Splenda and aspartame essentially do

@rehoboth_farm

Жыл бұрын

can you make sugar in a lab without biologically created enzymes?

@omarb2653

Жыл бұрын

@@rehoboth_farm Absolutely you can. There are plenty of reactions that are stereoselective (selective for left or right handed). However, generally speaking sugar synthesis can be difficult because there are many identical or near-identical locations on a sugar molecule. This makes it difficult to preferentially modify one location over the other. So yields might be low unless you can figure out a reliable synthetic route to make the sugar you want that has high yielding reactions. There are some workarounds for this, like using fancy protecting groups to block certain locations you do NOT want to react with until you are done, then you can deprotect those locations. Hope that makes sense, lmk if you have any other questions.

left handed screws are used quite a lot in machinery that turns, such as motor drills, because you don't want the machine to loosen it's own screws.

@TtttTt-ub5xb

Жыл бұрын

Yeah that's right

@steveunderhill5935

Жыл бұрын

Propane and propane accessories- Hank hill

@Quon

Жыл бұрын

imagine having screws and screwing on another machine, they're kinda doing surgery

fun story- this video is how I learned that when we go looking for life on other planets we bring sweets, and even make an effort to get the type you might like.

@EQRuges

3 жыл бұрын

Come here little alien, want some candy?

@abrasmage

3 жыл бұрын

@@EQRuges Now get in the alien van!

@Shrooblord

3 жыл бұрын

Awwww >w

Another dificulty with scissors is that since theyre designed for right-handed use, the forces needed to cut are oriented for that hand. As a left-handed myself, i need to "press" the sides of the scissors in a certain way thay would mimic the forces applied by a right hand, otherwise it wobt cut properly. Doesnt happen if the scissors are tight, but becomes noticeable when the rivet loosens

Wow, this is amazing video Steve! Something that I completely was not aware, but such an amazing knowledge to acquire :)

Kind of surprised I didn't see any comments about the Mass Effect Trilogy. The Turians and Quarians are stated to have the opposite chirality relative to humans and can't eat our food because of it. There's even a nice little bit you can overhear in one of the games where a guy is trying to buy both kinds of spices in order to give his food more of a pop and the merchant says "You don't want to mix chirality with your spices".

@vblaas246

2 жыл бұрын

That is cool, didn't know. I missed that game and now it looks kinda old and don't really have the time.

@mikecrapse5285

Жыл бұрын

@@vblaas246 it has some remaster

@XDarkGreyX

Жыл бұрын

​@@vblaas246 "looks kinda old" .....

@theneoreformationist

9 ай бұрын

You're kind of old

I'm starting to think Matt Parker might be in danger...

@davidbergmann8948

3 жыл бұрын

Who? 🍄

@PopeGoliath

3 жыл бұрын

@@davidbergmann8948 That Square guy, I think. 🌚

@alexandreboth1001

3 жыл бұрын

@@PopeGoliath Isn't that Steve from Minecraft?

@yashvangala

3 жыл бұрын

@@PopeGoliath the Parker Square guy?

@PopeGoliath

3 жыл бұрын

@@yashvangala that's the one.

this was one of the most mind blowing videos I‘ve ever seen. I‘m so sorry for all the people at parties who will have to listen to me rambling on about left handed sugar

This is one of my favourite videos of yours. Holy crap. So great.

This has been the most interesting youtube video that I have seen on youtube in a long time. You are a great explainer with a great dry sense of humour.

@echoybyte42

3 жыл бұрын

Lol "trogdor". Forgot about that haha

@hexzyle

3 жыл бұрын

He was referrencing Richard Feynman's breakdown of the question "why"

@_Leouch

3 жыл бұрын

There are multiple good quality channels like this one. just sayin :p

The "why this chirality" question reminds me of the "why matter and not antimatter" question from cosmology. One can imagine 3 mirror universes, identical in every way, but with opposite matter, opposite chirality, or both!

@carultch

Жыл бұрын

4 mirror universes. 1 with matter and left-handed chirality 1 with antimatter and left-handed chirality 1 with matter and right-handed chirality 1 with antimatter and right-handed chirality

@Oturan20

Жыл бұрын

Although if we were in a Universe Made of Antimatter we would call that Matter, and the other Antimatter.

@solitare4602

Жыл бұрын

@@carultch OP is assuming Our World and 3 Mirror Universes. That would be 4 worlds total.

@TheOmegaXicor

Жыл бұрын

All four asking why this way and not the other

@steveunderhill5935

Жыл бұрын

If all visible universe had once been shot out of one of the pole astrophysical jet of a spinning super massive black hole, would all matter on one pole not be homochiral? (Evidence being visible universe has a LH preference)

1:09 You don’t buy glucose from the stores. That’s sucrose which is a disaccharide containing glucose but also has a fructose attached to it. This doesn’t matter too much with this example because both are chiral.

2:06 underrated enzyme visualization. Why isn't this used everywhere??

Shaking hands?!? Oh, that's so much 2019!

@alexnoman1498

3 жыл бұрын

"so very" fits better, here

@leomadero562

3 жыл бұрын

Just "so" is better here

@LeonaPrime

3 жыл бұрын

The hands knew what was next; they were afraid.

@pedrexsevenz1856

3 жыл бұрын

Wusses over a fake staged plandemic.

@kaaiplayspiano7200

3 жыл бұрын

@@pedrexsevenz1856 can you like not ok thanks bye

i love how you ask the question for us and answer it because the teachers be like T:...so plants always make right sugar. Me: wait but wh... T:yeah sorry no questions we out of time

@Lebenspiel

3 жыл бұрын

It's kinda sad when the internet gives you more answers than the whole education system.

@holyroyaler8592

3 жыл бұрын

​@@Lebenspiel That's what you should expect to happen when the government is in control of something.

@ZunderCraft

3 жыл бұрын

@@holyroyaler8592 totally agree, they are also writing their own version of history. Cool world we live in

@gunblad3

3 жыл бұрын

And all this within 20minutes. But of course he took weeks/months to prepare properly for this video we see

@jasonpatterson8091

3 жыл бұрын

Sorry you have poor teachers.

This is one of those things where everything just falls into place when you understand how evolution works. Fun fact: there are probably planets where life evolved, taking a different path, and the entire ecosystem is wholly incompatible with ours because of it.

@jonny-dp2qr

Жыл бұрын

Evolution is a theory

@matheusalvarenga7820

Жыл бұрын

​@@jonny-dp2qr I don't think you know what "theory" means in the scientific community

@jonny-dp2qr

Жыл бұрын

@@matheusalvarenga7820 I don’t think you do

@Freur-00

Жыл бұрын

@@jonny-dp2qr I don't rlly think it's theory when we already have so much evidence for it and have also witnessed evolution first-hand by observing certain insects over a few decades.

@jayb5596

Жыл бұрын

@@Freur-00 Evolution describes how genetic material changes over time more or less. It doesn't describe how this universe was created or come into existence. The Big bang doesn't either it only describes what the universe did after it came into existence. Sorta the evolution of material before life evolved. Abiogenesis is much the same thing none of these systems describe how the universe exist. God could have said let their be light and then we have a big bang and abiognesis brings us to evolution. So it's assinine to literally pretend that the evidence we have supports the universe just coming into existence. Or to pretend that any of our current science has any evidence at all regarding cause. Lets say for example our universe is a computer simulation all we would be describing with all of our scientific theories is what the system has been up to since it was turned on. Science has lots of crazy speculative theories on how the big bang transpired. Two universes might have collided resulting in the big bang and creation of our universe but that is nothing more than speculation. Considering that we have the power of perception and we are able to take indirect measurements of the universe much like we indirectly measure consciousness. We live in a universe where 69% of the energy responsible for the expansion of the universe and 27% of the material responsible for mass and gravitational fields is only indirectly measureable. The other 5% which makes up all the material we can directly measure accounts for all the planets, stars and gasses that we can directly observe. Knowing that 95% of the universe and energy driving it forward in time is outside of our perception and only measureable indirectly tells me we don't know much about nothing and we have a lot to learn that science may never be able to answer through direct observations and measurements. I'd be weary of scientist who are Atheist or scientist who are religious seek scientist who are honest and hold an agnostic position because the rest practice science with bias. If you do just be sure their beliefs don't intervene in their research but again if they are honest I don't know how they can hold a position of faith. The only position that doesn't require faith currently is agnostic and that is simply because that belief hasn't formed a conclusion prior to actually reaching one.

It’s not every day I stumble upon a video about a subject I haven’t even heard of, especially in science and biochemistry… two things I’m very interested in! This is an amazing starting point for me to learn so much more about chiral molecular objects!

Awesome in depth explanation. That Mars sugar experiment, I realized they probably sent two containers with the left and right handed sugars separated, so they could tell if one of them was being depleted at a different rate than the other, to distinguish between forms of decomposition that would affect both equally and therefore not indicate presence of life.

@nati0598

Жыл бұрын

I think that separating them would be pointless, it's much easier to tell the chirality of the compound after part of it is consumed than separating it in the first place.

I love the peeling of Feynman’s onion. We got to the “we don’t know” layer later than I was expecting as there was a lot to absorb at each stage. Well done.

Well, that certainly covered a lot of ground! Great explanations. Top job 😎

3:17 The sad part is, reverse-thread screws and bolts do exist, and it actually is annoying when you actually find them by accident. Luckily they do usually label them as reverse-thread or something similar, but sometimes they don't, and it's annoying.

@QuantumLeclerc

Жыл бұрын

I work in mechanical engineering and left-handed threads are surprisingly common, especially for applications where a component spins clockwise and you don't want it to unscrew itself or loosen from vibration. The issue we have is when we can't find a tap that's right hand...

Imagine having to make an entire 18 minute video because you accidentally googled "meth nasal spray" and realised fbi gonna fuck u up

L-Glucose, the perfect sweetener, is around 100 USD/g.

@YourMJK

3 жыл бұрын

Once someone creates a genetically modified left handed plant we'll be one step closer to Utopia. Looking at Americans, I think we desperately need more research in this area.

@Parmigiano1

3 жыл бұрын

@@tbird81It's possible. Some molecules can have the same effect, some different. For example D‑penicillamine is used as a drug, but L‑penicillamine is toxic. Some can have different smell/taste e.g. L-aspartame is used as a sweetener, but D-aspartame is tasteless.

@vlogerhood

3 жыл бұрын

We already have the perfect sweetener. R-Glucose.

@vlogerhood

3 жыл бұрын

@@YourMJK You only think that because you don't know what you are talking about and believe false nutritional propaganda.

@YourMJK

3 жыл бұрын

vlogerhood "Nutritional propaganda"?

This extends the end of one of those goosebumps stories that actually haunted me for a long time. When the kid got tricked into swapping with his mirror image, and his mirror image got to live in the real world. That dude died. Couldn't digest a thing.

This one really is an answer that brings more questions than it started with it was quite entertaining to watch and an interesting topic

"Get'on wi it!" busted a gut lmao

@kantpredict

3 жыл бұрын

Bit of Monty Python there 👏

@Derpy1969

3 жыл бұрын

kzread.info/dash/bejne/pYx5mq6diN3LeLA.html

This is how _all_ education should be, ask a question, answer it but have another question and answer it and repeat it until you have answered everything. School kinda already does this, but not enough. Keep making great videos Steve! I learn more for you than 'most anywhere else.

This is a wonderful explanation of many aspects.

I learnt a lot about nucleobases today, thanks Steve!

1:07 I laughed way too long at this bit. What a great edit.

I've been thinking about this video a bit lately, in relation to a 4th dimension phenomenon. I saw a video that explained that a 4th dimensional being would be able to "flip" a 3 dimensional object, much like we can turn a piece of paper, leaving the object mirrored. Sadly, I cannot remember what it was called or what channel it was on. The implications of that are pretty significant to life , if you take into account the concepts covered in this video. A 4th dimensional being could flip you over, and pretty much make you die very quickly, if your molecules were incompatible with the ones you need to survive.

@vblaas246

2 жыл бұрын

A 4th dimensional being could have a 4th dimensional mirror image, that is more impressive imho. Also thinking about Matt Parkers hypercube unfoldings recently.

@ColonelFredPuntridge

Жыл бұрын

Probably something based on the novel *Flatland* by *Edwin Abbott* or maybe the sequel (by a different author) which is called *Sphereland.*

@cheeseburgermonkey7104

10 ай бұрын

CodeParade's 4D Golf devlogs, perhaps?

@malcanth3481

9 ай бұрын

That is absolutely horrifying to think about. When you flip a piece of paper, you are essentially swapping the sides along a single axis. Imagine having this done to your body in the 4th dimension. You feel a firm shove on your back, and your body is shoved through itself. You are facing the opposite direction. You look the same, but your body was mirrored. You struggle to see as your brain tries to comprehend having your eyeballs swap places. You look to the left, but your eyes move right. You look to the right, but your eyes move left. Your head is starting to hurt. You raise your right hand to grab your head, but the arm on the left side of your body moves instead. You know for sure that you are controlling your right arm, but the one on the left is moving. Now you are getting dizzy. Nothing is making sense. All you felt was a shove, and now your body isn't working. You start to fall over and reach out to catch yourself, but the wrong arm moves again, so you fall face first into the floor. The left side of your face smacks the floor, but you feel the pain on the right side of your face. How does this make sense? The side of your face that hit the ground feels fine, but the unharmed side is what feels the pain? The 4th dimension is terrifying. And a 4th dimensional being would probably be equally terrified of a 5th dimensional being. Just adding access to a single extra spacial dimension would truly give one the power of a god.

Fantastic quality on these videos. Entertaining stuff

Arthur C. Clarke wrote a short story back in 1950 called 'The Reversed Man' later re-titled to 'Technical Error' in which this very phenomenon was a crucial part of the plot.

Minor clarification: A particular biological pathway produces only one enantiomer (left or right), but it IS possible for different biological pathways to produce each enantiomer separately. A good example is carvone, the molecule responsible for the flavors of caraway (R-(-)-carvone) and spearmint (S-(+)-carvone). Each plant produces one version of the molecule, but both versions are able to be made.

@Martijm

3 жыл бұрын

According to wikipedia it's the other way around! Still super interesting, I didn't know this.

@jpdemer5

2 жыл бұрын

@@Martijm Our odor detectors are proteins, which are chiral molecules, and therefore they (and we) can distinguish between the enantiomers of most chiral molecules.

Alright. I've adored so many of your recent videos, but that, "The fu-?" At 1:06 just killed me. You've earned my sub!

this is phd level stuff yo, ngl. loved how you broke it down and worked at it.

so you are telling me we brought candy to mars to see if the martians would come out

@KILLRXNOEVIRUS

3 жыл бұрын

👁👄👁 b r u h

@divyangana123

3 жыл бұрын

😂😂😂😂😂😂

@pyrogue3785

3 жыл бұрын

Remember martins never accept candy from a white lan(der)

0:45 No, in biology, "right handed" doesn't deal with the direction of rotation of light, it has to do with the bonding arrangement of the atoms in a molecule, such as those bonded to an asymmetrical carbon atom. Some right handed molecules rotate light to the left, and vice versa. For example, as a rule all the chiral amino acids in biology are left handed, or L-amino acids; but many of them rotate light to the right. "Of course, the L and D designation of an amino acid does not indicate its ability to rotate the plane of polarized light. Many L-amino acids are dextrorotary." Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level: Fourth Edition, Donald Voet, Judith Voet, and Charlotte Pratt, John Wiley & Sons, 2013 , p86

@Shrooblord

3 жыл бұрын

Thanks! And with a reference, too. Good stuff

@lostspace5811

3 жыл бұрын

Just referring to amino acids doe?

@Virtuous_Rogue

3 жыл бұрын

@@lostspace5811 If I'm recalling correctly, the D and L for a group of molecules is based on the reference molecule. So probably glucose monomers rotate light to the right and then all sugar monomers produced biologically are just declared D-____ose. Alanine or Glycine would make the most sense as a reference amino acid and one of them rotates light to the left so now all amino acids of biological origin are L.

@lostspace5811

3 жыл бұрын

@@Virtuous_Rogue is that an accurate generalization they make or is it absolutist and lazy for teaching purposes?

@Virtuous_Rogue

3 жыл бұрын

​@@lostspace5811 I pulled out the Voet and Voet book to review this because I wanted to be certain about what I said. Turns out the D-L system (the Fischer convention) has a single reference molecule, glyceraldehyde. Amino acids and monosaccharides are called D or L based on reacting the chiral center carbon into glyceraldehyde one group at a time and at the end, seeing what form of glyceraldehyde you have. The chiral center of interest on an amino acid is the same for all of them so D and L are useful for comparing which amino acid form you have based on which direction the R-group is pointing relative to the other three groups. So D and L are descriptors of structure rather than optical activity of amino acids. Sugars are more complex because there are multiple chiral carbons and multiple chain lengths. Because all monosaccharides have a carbonyl group (the carbonyl group is required to switch between linear and cyclic forms), the chiral center of interest is defined as the chiral carbon farthest away from the carbonyl group in the monosaccharide. Differences in other chiral carbons get defined with completely different monosaccharide names. Generally, the D form of monosaccharides are seen in biology but Voet and Voet note that some L-form monosaccharides do show up. Source: Biochemistry, 4th Ed. Voet and Voet, pages 73-78 and 359-363. If you want a more detailed description, google Voet and Voet biochemistry PDF and it should be pretty easy to find. I also find wikipedia to be pretty accurate and clear when it comes to science and math pages.

a 50/50 mix of levomethorphan sounds pretty fire ngl

I just finished my uni courses on organic chemistry and cell biology/general biology and this video was fascinating! My initial thought for why nature chooses one way or another was the first hypothesis you mentioned, but I didn't know about the RNA world theory thing. Man science is so cool.

the photograph scissors subplot ought to be deeply unsettling, but Patrick Stewart has just such a lovable face that I can't help feel satisfied by the ending.

Love the cgi.. Cloth generated imagery. Priceless.. Great explanation from what we can comprehend with out left/right handed brains

This was an excellent explanatory video.

I didn't know I needed to know this. Thanks! 👍

“Get on with it” I need one of those people in my life

This is one of the most interesting videos I've seen on your channel but also anywhere. The concept of chirality is completely mind-blowing! Thanks for sharing it with us/me.

One of the most interesting videos I've ever watched, thanks.

Ned Flanders had a left-handed shop, the Leftorium. BTW, Left-handed scissors are important because scissors use opposing lateral forces of thumb and finger to push the blades together (laterally), as they cut, which doesn't work in the wrong hand, unless you have very good, very tight blades. In the wrong hand, you actually force the blades apart (laterally).

2:43 Not entirely true. You have stuff like carvone where L-carvone gives spearmint its flavour and D-carvone gives caraway its flavour. Two enantiomeres that exist in nature, though admittedly not in the same organism. 5:55 Arthur C. Clarke explored the concept of someone going through a space anomaly and being mirrored in the story "Technical Error"

@PhilBoswell

3 жыл бұрын

As I learned from QI, limonene is likewise different depending upon chirality: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limonene

@JimC

3 жыл бұрын

A similar duplicate of Spock was created in the first Star Trek novel, "Spock Must Die!" by James Blish. The duplicate barricaded himself in sick bay so he had the time and resources to make food with mirror-image molecules.

@transkryption

3 жыл бұрын

and there are fingi that make prions according to Wikipedia.

@Skaos87

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you for the Arthur comment. Cost me a good 6 hours of my life. For a good reason!

@tesmith47

3 жыл бұрын

@@transkryption damn

"Nucleotides ffs." :D This was very well made, I always hate it when an answer raises another question which isn't answered afterward. And you just kept on going, answering all the emerging questions!

@nubnubbud

3 жыл бұрын

you just keep going... till you run out of cake?

This happens with all drugs that have a chiral carbon in their structure. The medicines we take usually have a 50/50 mix of the active drug and an inactive drug (only 1 version fits into the receptor). The current trend in pharmaceuticals is to separate out the inactive version and market the active version as a new drug. In my experience they don’t seem to be all that useful but they sure generate revenue for pharma.

@5:30 regarding handshakes. I'm right handed, and always shake with my left. Sometimes just to mess with people.

10:08 I love the "ffs" there. Steve mould is my spirit animal

This might be the most interesting video about chirality I've seen on KZread.

Great video! I think the concept of homochirality was explained very well. However, there are a few mistakes that I would like to address. 1) If we tried to make sugars in the lab (or other chiral molecules), we would not always end up making a 50/50 mixture of enantiomers. This might have been an intended simplification, but I think it is good to mention the truth for clarity. A lot of reactions do indeed produce a 50/50 mixture of enantiomers, but there are many examples of reactions where a 100% pure enantiomer is made. There are also some ways to bias the enantioselectivity of the reaction one way or the other, but it's too complicated to describe in a comment. Also, what's actually more common in organic chemistry is to be concerned with the changes in the chirality of individual stereocentres found in a single molecule. A stereocentre is essentially a carbon atom that has its own handedness, and a single molecule can have multiple of these 'handedness' centres. If two molecules have most of their stereocentres being identical, but some of these stereocentres differ, these molecules are referred to as diastereoisomers. It's actually a lot more common that reactions only change the stereochemistry of one or a couple of stereocentres in a molecule rather than all of them at once. In some reactions, we end up making a 50/50 mixture of diastereoisomers, while in some cases we make 100% of a single diastereoisomer (so-called stereospecific reactions). There are also other cases where we selectively make a biased ratio of stereoisomers - something like a 90:10 mixture (so-called stereoselective reactions). 2) Not all DNA is right-handed. Of course, this might have also been intended, but I think it is good to mention that in some rare cases we could have left-handed DNA, and that can actually happen in living systems. This is a pretty good article, if anyone is interested: www.the-scientist.com/features/left-handed-dna-has-a-biological-role-within-a-dynamic-genetic-code-67558. 3) In chemistry, there are also some pretty ingenious ways to purify mixtures of enantiomers that do not involve the complex use of enzymes or anything like that. For that, we could use the properties of stereoisomers that I have mentioned earlier - diastereoisomers. While enantiomers have identical chemical and physical properties, most diastereoisomers actually have different properties, such as their boiling point or solubility in various solvents. If we take a mixture of enantiomers and react it with a different molecule that is 100% enantiomerically pure, we would get a mixture of diastereoisomers corresponding to our starting materials. We could then take that mixture of diastereoisomers, purify it using their unique properties, and get 100% (or nearly 100%) pure diastereoisomer. By using a reverse reaction of what we did at the start, we could then turn that diastereoisomer back into the starting material, giving a 100% (or nearly 100%) pure enantiomer.

How do you decide if something is left-handed or right-handed? i get the idea that one molecule looks like the mirror image of another one, but which one of those is right or left?

@dankdungeon5104

Жыл бұрын

They make it up

@theodorthorsen8047

Жыл бұрын

the reason it isnt symmetrical is because the molecules have different spacious structures. this happens because one of the carbon atoms have 4 different molecules/atoms bonded to the carbon. that way it can’t be mirrored. the different molecules/atoms have different chemical priorities when it comes to naming them. You give 3 of the molecules\atoms a number based on how their prioritized. 1 for the lowest prioritized and so on. if the numbers rise when you count them clockwise, it’s a R form. Counterclockwise it’s a S form. so it’s based on which way the asymmetrical carbons bindings are prioritized and how you count them

@michaelhart7569

Жыл бұрын

Steven, it is really just a matter of definition. In the past, molecules such as sugars and amino acids were simply named after which way they caused polarised light to turn, left or right. Over time chemical nomenclature developed to describe chiral molecules based on specific chemical structural rules.

@user-vs9cz9pm1n

Жыл бұрын

Yeah, probably the greatest and also the most boring achievement of IUPAC is the nomenclature that can be used for EVERY organic compound, aleven those that aren't discovered yet. A system to name more than 30 millions compounds, and the rules can fit into a couple of pages...

@mrgreatbigmoose

Жыл бұрын

It depends on it being called D- and L- or R- and S-. R- and S- are based off of alphabetical rules. Well, no that's a bit of an oversimplification but it's a system of rules based on assigning priorities, where you start counting and in which direction you go - clockwise or not.

3:45 You should have used Parker's Scissors here...

@prajwolshrestha5573

3 жыл бұрын

Just flipping the scissors can do the job, I use my right hand more though

@derradfahrer5029

3 жыл бұрын

I had to laugh so hard, watching Steve cut off Matts head.

@Nate9273

3 жыл бұрын

Friendship ended with Parker...

@dexio85

3 жыл бұрын

@@Nate9273 How so? A KZread drama ? :D

@Nate9273

3 жыл бұрын

@@dexio85 don't you see his photo? Now Jean-Luc is his new best friend...

I'm left handed as well, and for years of my life I never knew the full advantage of left handed scissors; not only can you see the cut, but the gripping motion of your hand pulls the blades together giving a better cut! My ergonomics teacher in college taught me that. And I never realized when I was using right handed scissors with my left hand I was making extra effort to pull the blades together with an awkward movement. And I thought it was just the handles that were uncomfortable =/

@TerenceA72

3 жыл бұрын

My son is left-handed, when he was child I went to the Early Learning Center (mostly educational store in the UK, no idea where you're from obvs) to buy left-handed sissors, I hand a crazy argument with the staff as they all refused to believe that left-handed sissors existed, wound me up to be honest lol.

I know I'm coming to this a bit late, but I was intrigued by your comment about left/right handed scissors. I'd never considered your explanation and always thought it was down to how the pressure was applied to the cutting surface. I'm left handed too and I also can't use left handed scissors, but I've always used right handed scissors with my left hand and got used to the discomfort you sometimes get if the handles have been contoured. I'd be interested to hear your thoughts. Big fan of the show, by the way

Because of you sir, I was able to answer one of the hardest question in my chemistry unit 4 of a levels. it was about chirality and why lactic acid from body muscles rotate plane polarized light and lab made ones do not.