Interesting watch by someone who is clearly very knowledgeable and not use to presenting to large crowds. Well done and thanks for sharing.

One of the more comprehensive discourses on the radio intelligence used during the battle for Midway. Interesting. Thank you.

This information should be taught at the secondary school level. The urge to glorify our history should be fought at every turn. Let the truth always be served. The men and women who broke the codes and provided Nimitz with the OB of his enemies, their objectives, and their general course of advance, should be considered heroes, and there should be memorials to them and their work. Operationally, they were just as important as the dive bomber squadron that was killed to the last man. They should be treated accordingly. Thanks for posting.

Thank you Joseph John Rochefort

This is great. I feel very bad for Rochefort who was the real hero behind battle of midway. I hope he can finally receive proper recognition for his great contribution.

@silentotto5099

3 жыл бұрын

I think Rochefort's role in breaking JN-25 has been well understood since at least the late 60s. He got screwed by the Navy, but historians recognized him for his accomplishments and, thankfully, that recognition came before he died in 1976.

@dennisweidner288

3 жыл бұрын

@ L Certainly one of the heroes Intel has no value unless brave men male use of it. And commanders correctly use it.

@EllieMaes-Grandad

2 жыл бұрын

The officer who decided WW1 would end at the eleventh hour (of the eleventh day of the eleventh month) instead of at some time in that afternoon, inspired though he was, was denied a war bounty of [allegedly] £100k [an immense sum at the time] because of that inspired initiative. 'Jobsworths' rule OK . . . !

This was a great presentation. Informative and entertaining. Thanks

@usnavalwarcollege

3 жыл бұрын

Our pleasure!

This photo to the left is from the door of a COMINT site (Army Security Agency) overlooking the east German border. I painted this back in 1972. The site on Mt. Meissner had been on top of the mountain since 1948. The base is gone now, torn down and under two-meters of dirt. One day someone is going to find artifacts and post a theory that once there was a castle there. Nope, just a couple of huts, more antennas than trees at times (we also had West German, British, and NATO sites nearby), and a base of about sixty men. The temperature inside the kerosene heated huts was always cold on the mountain. I usually walked around with my fatigues and a grey sweatshirt and a full length military parka. Hard to type with gloves.

Good detail and well-presented. Really laid out how complex the code system was and amazing that they were able to break it. And then it's as if the people asking questions were reading my mind.

Thank you Sir, a most excellent talk.

Almost half way through and haven't heard about Alva B Lasswell yet. He is a Hero! Finnegan was the other of the pair. Brilliant!

I always thought Joe Rochefort (spelling?) got credit for his work in the 1976 Battle of Midway movie.

The designators were not code words, but morse code designators. And in astonishment, AF was also our morse code designator foe Midway, which we immediately changed.

Most people look at the battle, the actual battle, giving little thought to the behind the seen. Lots of behind the seen stuff here, which made all the difference.

I like how the microphone gets all his grunts and heavy breathing. Very authentic. :-)

@F_Tim1961

Жыл бұрын

Next time he better have an understudy because he might have a coronary and punch out while lecturing which will annoy the listeners. If it is asthma I feel sorry for him, if from smoking then shame on him. You never can tell.

@parrot849

Жыл бұрын

I agree, I’m kinda ashamed to admit I had to stop listening about five minutes into the presentation; Couldn’t take the breathless panting, whizzing, and grunting…. My problem though, not the knowledgeable presenter.

Back in the day, I too, was an intercept operator. Vietnam era of course but little had changed. I understand that there's very little manual Morse in use nowadays but it was in heavy demand back in the early 60s. ASA all the way. In God we trust, all else gets monitored.

@rondav41

4 жыл бұрын

We were still doing manual morse intercept in the 80's, I was in the Marines in the 80's.

@stephenpratt6032

4 жыл бұрын

I was also an intercept operator, voice intercept, they would usually send out two ditty-boppers with one of us and throw in some analyst.

@829joliver

2 жыл бұрын

A Shemya survivor here. Spent 16 months, 4 days and 12 hours on "The Rock" back in the early 70s. ELINT 98J. ASA Lives!

@dennisspencer1113

2 жыл бұрын

@@829joliver In my day Shemya was a hardship tour, a year and outa' there. Did that change or did you extend for an early out? Heard stories about the winds of Shemya, true or not? Finish a can of beer and just throw it in the air and it went away?

@829joliver

2 жыл бұрын

@@dennisspencer1113 You are correct, Sir - As a "hardship tour", Shemya was only a year. And yes, I extended to qualify for an early ETS (Ironically, I had orders in hand for my next duty station - Sinop). Combined with the RIF for all first-term ASA enlistees, I got out 17 months early! This RIF didn't make my AFSS collogues happy as they were stuck with their original four year enlistments. In answer to your question, the winds on Shemya were fierce on many a day. I was there when the roof blew off one of the wings of the Composite Bldg directly above our third floor barracks rooms. The wind gust that evening was estimated to be 130 MPH...

A question never asked and thus never answered: How did the US Navy get its hands on the IJN code book? It's all well and good to break the intercepts, but all you get is a bunch of numbers. The numbers may be valid, but without the code book to match them up to, they're worthless. SO HOW DID WE GET OUR HANDS ON A JAPANESE CODE BOOK?

@EllieMaes-Grandad

2 жыл бұрын

Theft? Britain captured books from German U-boats and weather ships, but never let on . . .

It is my understanding that the faulty torpedo problem was greatly extended because of the incompetence of Admiral King. Now, we see Admiral King was on the wrong site again; that is, he did not stand up for the man who made the difference and helped us break the code. Admiral king was a career bureaucrat Navy man I was a part of the problem,… all through his career, in my opinion.

@EllieMaes-Grandad

2 жыл бұрын

King resisted the institution of convoys on the US east coast in early 1942; ships that had fought across the Atlantic were slaughtered. Caribbean tankers were badly hit too.

@williamfankboner4206

10 ай бұрын

Actually the problem was with the Bureau of Naval Ordinance. King was and is considered one of the better theater commanders of WW2 and an excellent CNO, the convoy blunder notwithstanding.

Does anyone know if Mr. Hatch is still with us and if so how to reach him? My grandfather was allegedly involved in naval counterintelligence traffic analysis in the war, and I would like to find any information Mr. Hatch might have about his activities.

Amazing!

An obvious and likely often asked question is: Have all the coded messages in JN-25 and versions thereof been translated, especially with the advent of modern super computers?

@stan.rarick8556

4 жыл бұрын

Why would you need a computer? I would think I that at least one code book survived to the end of the war. (Speculation, sure, but still......)

@F_Tim1961

Жыл бұрын

@@stan.rarick8556 You also need the one time additive pads which were allegedly completely random. If you wanted to automate it , all you could do is do non carry subtractions from the intercept 5 digit numbers based on an incremented five digit number number starting 11111 and see what Japanese word was extracted. There are some simplifications available based on the example we saw in the talk. TEF

I wonder if Nimitz, after he succeeded Adm King, took and adverse action against those who transferred Rochfort away from Hypo without Nimitz’s concurrence sometime after Midway.?

The problem with code-book based crypto is, distributing the latest copy of the code-book to all the units in the fleet.

@FreeloaderUK

2 жыл бұрын

Hence why Japan stopped updating its code books, since getting the books out to all its captured islands and surface units would have been a huge challenge. I wonder if the Japanese ever asked the question after Coral Sea & Midway - how did the American carriers show up in the right place to attack us at the right time?

Some Bosses!

The Native American languages were breakable but the Japanese tactical units so tasked were repeatedly destroyed breaking up the continuity needed to capture the entirety of the language

Whoa whoa wait a second...are you telling me that a couple of higher up Intel officers located in Washington DC, chose to ostracize and punish a smart, outsider patriot with an excellent gut instinct, because he didn’t “fit the part”? That sounds so familiar. 🤔 Can’t quite put my finger on it though 🇺🇸✌🏻♥️

@dans.5745

4 жыл бұрын

Good point. It happens with a great deal of repetition, doesn't it?

@roadtrip2943

3 жыл бұрын

And i thought the war of game show host executives against techs was a newer phenomenon

@dennisweidner288

3 жыл бұрын

@ Shandy Staggs Outsider was part of it, but the major issue was reporting directly to Nimitz rather than to his superiors in Washington.

@oceanhome2023

2 жыл бұрын

Same with the faulty torpedos

@OceanHedgehog

2 жыл бұрын

Yeah, Alexander Vindman. He did the right thing and was punished by your beloved Trump, you filthy, worthless Karen.

36:51 So *that's* how Midway knew to send the message...

@graemesydney38

4 жыл бұрын

....and the Japanese DIDN'T know about the un-sea cable.

He explains JN25....I look at my Sudoku and say, “F***********king hell”

Interesting that the Japanese thought that their language was too complex for Westerners to understand yet they never broke the Navajo code. Hubris?

@DavidFMayerPhD

4 жыл бұрын

It is NOT the complexity of the language, it was the total LACK of books on Navajo.

@rogerpattube

4 жыл бұрын

Yeah how are the two things related?

@DavidFMayerPhD

4 жыл бұрын

@@rogerpattube In order to "crack" a cypher, it must be translated into the original human language. This cannot be done without detailed knowledge of the language. There were absolutely no sources of information on the Navajo Language outside of the United States at the time. Our Japaneze code-breakers were all competent in Japanese. Otherwise, they could not possibly have succeeded.

@6handicap604

4 жыл бұрын

One reason being is the fact that there were never any Navajo code talkers in the Pacific. The Navajo code talkers were used only for local tactical messages where time to decode would take too long and never for over all command or strategic messages.

@dennisweidner288

3 жыл бұрын

@ Stan .Rarick Japanese is complex. The number of Americans who spoke Japanese was very small. Even today the number is not large.

I found this lecture interesting

"The Rising Sun" by John Toland is worth a watch but it takes a few days to get through and of course it was published in 1970 well before the revelations of the last 40+ years. Yes, Toland also makes a few mistakes but certainly not ruinous.

@mountainmanws

5 жыл бұрын

I was stationed on a mountaintop working for the NSA in the early 1970s; at least we had a great library. I read about every book I could get by Mr. Toland. The Rising Sun was the first which got me hooked. Thanks for resurrecting fond memories. Have a safe weekend.

@WJack97224

5 жыл бұрын

@@mountainmanws , Good on ya mate. Have you read Pearl Harbor: The REAL History - Mother Of All Conspiracies rense.com/general10/consp.htm ? What say you? Wayne Patterson has studied the Pearl Harbor history and has some disagreement with this information and he disagrees with Robert Stinnett in Day of Deceit. I tend to think that FDR did know what was happening and what was about to happen.

@robertewalt7789

4 жыл бұрын

The Army tried to teach me Japanese. 46 weeks, 6 hours a day, plus 4 hours of homework. I couldn’t read a newspaper, but some of my classmates could.

@glennburris9103

4 жыл бұрын

@@robertewalt7789 6

@EllieMaes-Grandad

2 жыл бұрын

@@mountainmanws Toland, a name which appears in Clancy's book, 'Red Storm Rising'. His other stories have similar 'coincidences' . . .

I believe his explanation of motivation for the attack on Midway is incorrect. The Japanese intended to seize and hold Midway in order to have a base for protecting the approaches to Japan. The attack on the Aleutians was intended to guard the north, but after the failure at Midway it was of no importance. Of course destroying the American carriers was always an objective, but the Midway operation did not depend on them showing up. The Japanese did not know where they were, but thought they could be defeated whenever and wherever they were found. The event is discussed in detail in a biography of Adm. Yamamoto by Hiroyuki Agaea, published by Kodansha.

@larrygoerke9081

5 жыл бұрын

I just found Agawa's 'The Reluctant Admiral' (Kodansha 1979) in a consignment shop (Nichi Bei Busan) in Japantown, San Jose, California. I look forward to checking this out! CHEERS

@f430ferrari5

4 жыл бұрын

GH1618 yes. Based on the alignment of forces by the IJN it would certainly indicate from one standpoint that from a chronological order the IJN was going to capture Midway first. Kondo’s invasion force was southwest of Midway and really not in a position to do anything else. This plan was flawed though. Wake Island should have shown the IJN that capturing an island doesn’t come all that easily. In addition, the IJN would have put themselves in a vulnerable position when performing an amphibious landing. From another perspective how the IJN placed their Main Force which was 300 miles from Midway it kind of shows Yamamoto wanted a US fleet to engage his Mobile Force to lure any carriers into battle in case they were there. The best approach is having your vessels in a position where it is flexible enough to handle either scenario. US carriers engage or they do not. Safer play is to assume they are there and the plan is to lure the carriers into battle first. It they so happen not to be there or don’t want to engage then attack and occupy Midway first. Had the IJN brought their battleships into the equation and used these vessels to shell Midway then they probably would have put themselves in a position to have their air fleet ready to hit any US carriers out there.

Nevertheless Nimitz got lucky at massive and at major potential turning points and it was a tight run thing in the end that could have gone so badly wrong.

@dennisweidner288

3 жыл бұрын

@ neil03152 Why was that luck?

@jd.3493

2 жыл бұрын

Neil just is angry that Britain didn’t win a major naval victory

Wow……"impressive!

David Hatch looks like Rip Torn.

@flattblackcopper4558

3 жыл бұрын

R.i.p. Rip

Clearly David Hatch is not a military historian, as his view of Midway does not reflect more recent scholarship on the subject (e.g."The Shattered Sword" by Parshall and Tully). This does not necessarily detract from the value of this lecture though.

@petersouthernboy6327

5 жыл бұрын

Brian Jones - the presenter’s history on the US Navy’s cryptology efforts before and during the Midway campaign are dead nuts on. During his introduction Mr. Hatch indeed states that he is not an expert on the Battle of Midway. He has much more information than Parshall and Tully on the specifics - which is natural given that Mr. Hatch works for NSA.

@amerigo88

4 жыл бұрын

Yamamoto had a fine strategic grasp of the Japanese dilemma - small, import dependent economy with a large population up against the world's single largest economy and a larger population than Japan's. However, Midway was an absolute train wreck of a plan. Everything was predicated on the element of surprise, as at Pearl Harbor six months earlier. Dispersing ships across five separated task forces approaching Midway, leaving the unscathed Zuikaku aircraft carrier behind, wasting two light carriers on the pointless Aleutians diversion, and then trying to control all the related ships and aircraft via coded radio traffic was an invitation to defeat in detail. To top it all, the Midway invasion talk force was spotted at 9am on 03JUN1942 and bombed by Midway based B-17s that afternoon. How could Yamamoto expect the carrier based air raid of 7am on 04JUN1942 to achieve surprise? Not one Japanese aircraft flew over Pearl Harbor during the weeks leading up to 03JUN1942, but it was assumed the American carriers would be there, just as they had been assumed to be there on 07DEC1941. Yamamoto was taking enormous risks again, as at Pearl Harbor and the Indian Ocean Raid of April 1942, and Nimitz turned out to be the superior poker player with Rochefort having worked out Yamamoto's "tells."

Intelligence did up by MAGIC ...

Ick, the Joseph Rochefort incident. Shame on Nimitz for not having the coconuts to stand up to brass and behind one of his men.

@dennisweidner288

3 жыл бұрын

@ Great Horned Owl Nimitz is one of my heroes. I have always wondered about that. He did keep Layton.

Michael Smith wrote "The Emperor's Codes," in which he claims it was the UK, not the US, that cracked JN25. Would love to ask Dr. Hatch about this.

@michaelsommers2356

6 жыл бұрын

If you believe that book, the British did everything and we did nothing. The British did work on JN-25, and did make some progress, but no more progress than we made. After the war started, we made much more progress.

@WJack97224

5 жыл бұрын

@Michael, Do you place any stock in Pearl Harbor: The REAL History - Mother Of All Conspiracies rense.com/general10/consp.htm

@GH-oi2jf

5 жыл бұрын

Rich Glenn - Commander Rochefort’s group, based in Hawaii, was the key. The matter is fully discussed in Adm. Layton’s memoire.

@gdkaiser

4 жыл бұрын

Michael Sommers the British only got were they where through the help of the Polish and their work with the Enigma machine.

@dennisweidner288

3 жыл бұрын

@ Rich Glenn The Americans and British were cooperating. The British did not have substantial naval forces in the theater that could use the Japanese decrypts.

ask Yamamoto - he knows it best...

@carolbarber9898

3 жыл бұрын

Yamamoto knew the US Navy was mentality was tougher than most of the Imperial Navy because he gambled with them.

A hundred thousand Japanese speakers? Try over one hundred million.

@RonJohn63

7 жыл бұрын

Easy slip of the tongue. Happens all the time on live TV.

@arthurtelf

5 жыл бұрын

In the United States...referring to how many Americans went over to learn Japanese as a Second Language.

love listening to these professors, talking about battles in World War II, Napoleonic, wars, etc. etc. they are extremely interesting but to what point I don’t understand; for example, the debacle in Korea Vietnam, the alleged war on terror. Nobody learns anything. The criminal stupidity, the Vietnam war the way was handled, particularly the air war; the same to be said, with our war in Iraq and Afghanistan, and then that disgraceful bugging out of Afghanistan by the Biden gang.I just said before the lectures are very interesting, but you’re led by the stupidity of these politicians.

Well... Japanese "spoken by 100,000"... How about several million?

@rogerpattube

4 жыл бұрын

There's probably more than 2,000 Native Americans too, which means he was referring to numbers in the military.

@jaybledsoe5285

3 жыл бұрын

@@rogerpattube exactly

Very good, but glossed over the real story of Rocheford. Adm. King's Comint boys in DC got heartburn over Rocheford making them (and therefore King) look bad with intel they didn't have. Petty jealousy.

Interesting perspective in how commentator states that most people think the Battle of Coral Sea was a tie because the losses were the same but he sees it as a US victory. First of all the losses were not equal. The losses were more heavy for the US. When we consider how the US supposedly knew of certain portions of this IJN plan also then it would seem this ended up quite disastrous at the end. To expose and lose the Lexington despite knowing what the IJN was planning doesn’t seem so great. Only sinking a small carrier plus damaging the Shokaku but in return losing a destroyer and Oiler and having the Yorktown also severely damaged plus having the Lexington sunk isn’t a good trade off. We have to realize this is May 1942. The US was not in a position to be losing carriers like this. The Yorktown seemed more damaged than the Shokaku also. Yorktown was scheduled to be out 3 months. The Shokaku was out for around 2 months. While code breaking helped it seems to be overemphasized mainly due to IJN shortcomings. Yamamoto’s Battle Plan for Midway was severely flawed. He doesn’t come off as “brilliant”.

@f430ferrari5

4 жыл бұрын

Ann Onymous but yet decrypts got bad again in Aug 1942 for the Battle of Savo Island? Come on. Let’s do batter.

@f430ferrari5

4 жыл бұрын

Ann Onymous dude. Listen to yourself. You don’t make any sense. So per you the US just happened to get everything right for Midway and they absolutely knew it but yet for everything else you have some excuse for it.

@f430ferrari5

4 жыл бұрын

Ann Onymous dude you don’t make any sense again. I just proved your code breaking doesn’t hold water. What happened at Savo Island was a fiasco. The US was not even prepared for night fighting. The only reason the US went on to win future battles because the number of vessels were already turning in their favor. Duh!!! The IJN were down 4 main carriers. The US brought over the Wasp and had the Saratoga plus Hornet and Enterprise. It’s now 4 to 2. The escort carriers the US had become more useful when you have 4 main carriers vs only 1 or 2. You seemed to be in the group that even if the IJN won at Midway it would not have mattered but yet you nor Parshall nor anybody can bring up a battle scenario in how the US was going to change the course of the war. None of you have any realistic imagination because you are all biases for the US. You and others think the battle of Midway needed to be a carrier vs carrier battle but when I introduce battleships you claim the US would have just ran away. 🤣😂 Funny how Parshall of Shattered Sword says the IJN battleships were too slow. 😂🤣 You never even envisioned the IJN capturing the Hornet and Enterprise. This easily could have happened. There is no way the US was going to run from the mere report of 2 battleships 6 cruisers and 10 destroyers heading east. Come on. They would have waited longer until they were done sightings of carriers. By this time the IJN planes would be attacking Midway and the IJN battleships are moving into position. And the funny part with your position of how the US was going to always run away then when exactly were they going to engage the powerful IJN force had they won at Midway. Well? Name the time and place. You can’t. Or are you going to say late 1944?

@f430ferrari5

4 жыл бұрын

Ann Onymous Shoho was not available after Midway. It wasn’t even at Midway. She was sunk at the Battle of Coral Sea. Only Zuikaku and Shokaku were fleet carriers. Over 60 plane capacity plus over 30 knots. 34.5 to be exact. All the rest of the carriers were small carriers which none could do 30 knots. They only become valuable as “compliments” to the rest of the Main carrier force. They proved how ineffective they were alone. You keep referring back to code breaking but in reality it was simply the stupidity of the IJN with their flawed battle plans and even communications. At least I laid out a very realistic plan as to how the IJN could have captured the Hornet and Enterprise. You can’t even devise a battle plan that would have turned things around for the US after a major IJN victory at Midway. Quit saying this unless you can provide a battle plan scenario.

@f430ferrari5

4 жыл бұрын

Ann Onymous never saw these weak responses from you. So in the end you agree Japan lost because of their stupidity. None of the other stuff like code breaking really mattered.

This guy does an interesting interview but dang, he sounds like he really needs to get out and get some exercise.

@puckthebear

4 жыл бұрын

He has as a major health problem, hypertension and some other issues.

I'm going catch some hate here but that makes one more reason for me to greatly dis-like Adm. King. History has always been my passion, when young I always considered we had the some best Navy commanders anywhere at that time, since I've discovered that is partially correct. Because of his own personal prejudiced hatred of anything British I pretty much hold him responsible for the sinking of app. 400/500 American merchant ships within a days sail from our coast by German U-Boats because he refused to do anything about them, or even setup convoys. I feel America won the Pacific War in spite of him instead of because of him.

@drcurv

6 жыл бұрын

He and 'Vinegar Joe' must have had the same parents!

@DroidWorthy

5 жыл бұрын

Yes, King wouldn't encourage a blackout on the east coast to avoid the German U-boats being able to see the profiles of the merchant ships and use there advanced (highly advanced over our early war torpedos) Long Line torpedos on these sitting duck merchant ships. He didn't want to panic the citizens of the east coast at the expense of the merchant marines of the times. We wouldn't want to ruin someones night out in New York just to protect a merchant mariner.

@xylomeat9913

5 жыл бұрын

I would agree. King's prejudice against anything British was very unfortunate. I think it defies logic to think that you know how to fight the U-boats better than the people who had been fighting them for 2 years.

@pakers2128

5 жыл бұрын

American torpedos- the first two years of the war the torpedos were mal-functioning. King knew about this but did not react. I read a story about a Naval aviator that wrote the CIC with his experience. He was Court Marshalled.

@robertmatch6550

3 жыл бұрын

I think you're being unfair to Adm King. The US was slow to resct to U Boats on coast that issue was above his oay grade. As to the incredible and damnable scandal re the Mark14 torpedo blame BuOrd (Bureau of Ordnance). Check out the Drachinifiel channel and look it up "Failure is like onions"

Doolittle raid forced Japan to recall air groups to defend the home islands.

Not completely true about the US Battleships. There were a series of designs that were more heavily armed and nearly as fast and more heavily armored than the Yamato which date back to 1919.

@dennisweidner288

3 жыл бұрын

@ janis317 By armed you seem to be referring to the guns. Armored is another issue. Japanese battleships were more battle cruisers.

If I had been present to ask a question or two, one would have been why Mr. Hatch thought Admiral Yamamoto was a "brilliant" naval strategist, when many consider him to have been a major liability for Japan, not least of which because the attack on Hawaii was obviously a strategic blunder; and (2) why he thought the Aleutian operation would have diverted the American fleet, when the logistics of this operation could not (and did not) make this even remotely achievable.

Has anything been done to give Rochefort the recognition he deserved? Surely President Biden would approve his Navy Cross now... they do it all the time for guys who did LESS.

@ppumpkin3282

11 ай бұрын

He did get some official recognition but not enough. There was a book out recently that gives credit for changing the World War, it wasn't just Midway, there were several other battles they changed. But the big thing is because Nimitz was able to manage the Pacific War with much fewer resources, it also allowed the allies to do better in Europe. Another thing Australia was virtually defenseless because it sent it's soldiers to help Britain and they fought in Europe and Africa. Most Austrailian soldier were gone before Japan started expanding its Empire in the Pacific.

He didn't bring up the *most dramatic* intelligence-caused victory of the war- the *mid-air murder* of Admiral Yamamoto.

@rogerpattube

4 жыл бұрын

He wasn't an enemy combatant in time of war?

@bobbowie5334

4 жыл бұрын

@@rogerpattube Revenge for Pear Harbor.

@danilorainone406

3 жыл бұрын

war ,,he/they started it with murder at pearl, llama moto murder schmurder

@danilorainone406

3 жыл бұрын

typical empty channel

@EllieMaes-Grandad

2 жыл бұрын

A rash act which risked compromise of Ultra/Magic. We got away with it . . .