How We Take Spacecraft Out of Orbit

Ғылым және технология

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How do we get spacecraft out of orbit? Neil deGrasse Tyson and Chuck Nice break down everything you need to know about deorbiting spacecraft and safely reentering our atmosphere. How are we going to get the ISS out of orbit?
Learn about terminal velocity, escape velocity, and how aerobraking heat shields save fuel. We discuss issues with uncontrolled orbits and crashing into the Pacific Ocean. Plus, why did we let Casini burn up in Saturn’s atmosphere? How are we going to get the ISS out of orbit? Neil also shares his ideas about the new space race and China’s space station.
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About StarTalk:
Science meets pop culture on StarTalk! Astrophysicist & Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities & scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. Keep Looking Up!
#StarTalk #neildegrassetyson
00:00 - Introduction: Deorbiting
00:30 - Breaking Down Reentry
3:11 - Getting to Terminal Velocity
4:35 - Aerobraking with Heat Shields
7:41 - Deorbiting Casini
8:32 - Deorbiting the ISS & China’s Space Station
10:02 - The New Space Race
11:30 - Closing Thoughts

Пікірлер: 671

  • @StarTalk
    @StarTalkАй бұрын

    What did you learn from this Explainer?

  • @homerodysseus4203

    @homerodysseus4203

    Ай бұрын

    That the ISS isn't going to be tearing into some unfortunate poor peoples' houses when we retire it. China on the other hand....

  • @benjamindemontgomery6317

    @benjamindemontgomery6317

    Ай бұрын

    Why don't they recycle the space station when we build the next one? ready available materials.

  • @ChristopherCurtis

    @ChristopherCurtis

    Ай бұрын

    6:00 headwinds in the troposphere are insane!

  • @ShonMardani

    @ShonMardani

    Ай бұрын

    Only racist and fakers call their competition an adversary.

  • @stix2you

    @stix2you

    Ай бұрын

    @@benjamindemontgomery6317 Yes, this! I was going to ask the same question. If it's so hard to get mass up into orbit, doesn't it seem useful to use the material that is there and repurpose it? Must come down to money, I'm guessing, like everything. :P

  • @DarriusGreene-Lewis
    @DarriusGreene-LewisАй бұрын

    The frustration on Neil's face when he said "42" 😂😂

  • @KageraEdward

    @KageraEdward

    Ай бұрын

    😂😂😂 he almost cried

  • @petersage5157

    @petersage5157

    Ай бұрын

    Yes, that was so clearly *not* scripted. :|

  • @a.j.infowars7582

    @a.j.infowars7582

    Ай бұрын

    Or when he mentioned “China”!!!

  • @adamdejesus4017

    @adamdejesus4017

    Ай бұрын

    Chuck thought he asked about life, the universe, and everything.

  • @benjamindemontgomery6317

    @benjamindemontgomery6317

    Ай бұрын

    42 IS THE UNIVERSAL ANSWER TO EVERYTHING

  • @peakingmantis5331
    @peakingmantis5331Ай бұрын

    When Chuck said 42, I felt that.

  • @CineSoar

    @CineSoar

    Ай бұрын

    As someone who hated rote memorization, the multiplication table is 'fuzzy' around the mid 6's and 7's. So, I actually came to the correct answer at about the same moment Chuck did. I do think he missed a comedic opportunity to echo Neil's frustration, when Neil says "49 is twice 25."

  • @boigeorge1149

    @boigeorge1149

    Ай бұрын

    I hesitate to add another thumbs up to this, it's too good.

  • @maitlinjoyner107

    @maitlinjoyner107

    Ай бұрын

    36 😃

  • @Nova2Yung

    @Nova2Yung

    Ай бұрын

    Lmfao literally me

  • @rude_people_die_young

    @rude_people_die_young

    Ай бұрын

    HHGTTG

  • @huwmenear
    @huwmenearАй бұрын

    Neil's recovery when Chuck finally says '49' 😂

  • @nextuplevelup4119

    @nextuplevelup4119

    Ай бұрын

    🤣🤣🔥

  • @Life_42
    @Life_42Ай бұрын

    2:45 Thanks for the shoutout Chuck, 42!

  • @cyprax_o28
    @cyprax_o28Ай бұрын

    Who else understands concepts better with Neil than at School? >>>>>>

  • @user-zt8sm2uc5z

    @user-zt8sm2uc5z

    Ай бұрын

    💯

  • @johnsmith1474

    @johnsmith1474

    Ай бұрын

    Try studying & teaching yourself.

  • @gulfy09

    @gulfy09

    Ай бұрын

    Neil is a failed comedian.

  • @dynamitedingo8183

    @dynamitedingo8183

    Ай бұрын

    he is also a Astrophysicist with a PhD@@gulfy09

  • @drink15

    @drink15

    Ай бұрын

    I mean, you’re an adult now so lots of things are easier to understand. But i get what you are saying.

  • @lebac
    @lebacАй бұрын

    Chuck knows the anwer to the ultimate question of Life, the Universe, and Everything!

  • @randomkindness1470
    @randomkindness1470Ай бұрын

    I too also said 42 in my head ...then I saw the pain... the level of love that have for the two of you is ....

  • @akwinoz
    @akwinozАй бұрын

    Always great to see Neil using his office, at the Hayden Planitarium as a set . So many interesting books and artifacts just out of focus. Would be great if when filming from his office that Neil shares some info on the books on his shelves. Ideally, one title every time he post a video from his office, but even a Book of the Month would be great. Books are awesome, they don't need batteries and totally impervious to solar storms and any other forms of electromagnetic interference. Please share !👍👍👍

  • @olaseniprince5758

    @olaseniprince5758

    Ай бұрын

    Great idea

  • @sherylbegby

    @sherylbegby

    Ай бұрын

    Great idea.

  • @chrisblack9851
    @chrisblack9851Ай бұрын

    We need a 3 Body Problem analysis video Dr. Neil, that show was so awesome

  • @CrzyGazara

    @CrzyGazara

    Ай бұрын

    the chinise version was so much better.

  • @kylewallis31

    @kylewallis31

    Ай бұрын

    It was mid

  • @chrisblack9851

    @chrisblack9851

    Ай бұрын

    @@kylewallis31 Nah u trippin

  • @chrisblack9851

    @chrisblack9851

    Ай бұрын

    @@CrzyGazara Nah u trippin too

  • @jensyrodriguez7828
    @jensyrodriguez7828Ай бұрын

    when chuck said 7^2 square = 42 💀🤯 Neil is hilarious 2:27

  • @walter6574
    @walter6574Ай бұрын

    I'm on your team Chuck. I got as check up from the neck up and found great meds to get me through life. My wife and kids suffered for too many years with my depression. Anyone who meets me now sees a happy me.

  • @jenisemcintyre3839

    @jenisemcintyre3839

    Ай бұрын

    I'm glad that you can fully enjoy your family. Thanks for sharing!

  • @joanhall3718
    @joanhall3718Ай бұрын

    E=MC2 is not the first equation learned in school. It was probably 1 + 1 = 2

  • @GabrielMbokaOFFICIAL

    @GabrielMbokaOFFICIAL

    Ай бұрын

    I thought so too, but for now let's just leave the smart people talk 😊

  • @princejbc2003

    @princejbc2003

    Ай бұрын

    I think that was just a Tyson style joke 😅

  • @Nivola1953
    @Nivola1953Ай бұрын

    Chuck Mistake was just a showman slip, because “The Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything is 42”, from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.

  • @CMDRGhostNappa
    @CMDRGhostNappaАй бұрын

    @StarTalk , im glad and appreciative of Chuck touching upon a subject that almost no one talks about. I understand this is the primary channel , but I do believe having a podcast about mental health in general would be a great subject for your secondary channel Startalk +. It's not everyday that astrophysicists come out and openly talk about their mental health. Chuck I appreciate you.

  • @richardtutor8331
    @richardtutor8331Ай бұрын

    It's nice to listen in on you guys. Love all the information I get . Thank you.

  • @xvars9640
    @xvars9640Ай бұрын

    Beautiful, just beautiful conversation.

  • @petersage5157
    @petersage5157Ай бұрын

    Don't know about Chuck and Neil, but I think most of us learn "two and two make four" even before we learn that E = mc^2. Fight me on this one.

  • @mikeuk666

    @mikeuk666

    Ай бұрын

    😂 yes

  • @vanshamb

    @vanshamb

    Ай бұрын

    I learnt KE = 1/2 MV² much before E=MC² Idk why Neil didn't use kinetic energy to explain it, am i wrong thinking this way?

  • @yessopie

    @yessopie

    Ай бұрын

    @@vanshamb If you actually study physics, you learn that K=1/2 mv² much earlier, but people who haven't studied physics have never heard of K=1/2 mv², they've only heard of E=mc², even if they never really understand what it means. Abstractly, though, both equations say the same thing about energy: that it has _dimensions_ of mass times velocity squared.

  • @y4playiny4self

    @y4playiny4self

    Ай бұрын

    @@yessopie Isnt K=1/2 mv`2 a tiny part of the full E=MC`2 equation?

  • @petersage5157

    @petersage5157

    Ай бұрын

    @@vanshamb ur not wrong; I think Neil was just going for the low hanging fruit that the common undereducated American would know, even if their understanding of it is closer to E = MC Hammer. The kinetic energy formula is precisely what engineers use for spacecraft kinetics. The kinetic energy formula is part of General Relativity, and in non-relativistic cases GR reduces to KE. The mass energy equivalency is what Special Relativity reduces to for speeds that are not a significant fraction of the speed of light. They're both parabolic equations that fall out of hyperbolic equations.

  • @bhishankhatiwoda7537
    @bhishankhatiwoda7537Ай бұрын

    @12:04 that's what i thought and wanted to hear and he spoke....whatever happens, it happens for good !!!

  • @jeffreybaker5179
    @jeffreybaker5179Ай бұрын

    He would have liked to die when my boy said 42. Lol

  • @ooichiewlean548
    @ooichiewlean548Ай бұрын

    I'm glad Chuck is now feeling better, I can actually see you were putting up fake smiles previously and I can see that you actually feeling real down at the time.

  • @travelinman70
    @travelinman70Ай бұрын

    When chuck talked about mental health. You got me as a fan!

  • @silvercloud1641

    @silvercloud1641

    Ай бұрын

    For sure. It takes guts to be open about that and show that anyone can suffer from mental issues.

  • @Nicola_Harvey
    @Nicola_HarveyАй бұрын

    Love you guys 💓 I listen most nights....so relaxing and yes I have a smoke lol 😁

  • @broke2bentleys
    @broke2bentleysАй бұрын

    I listen to these every night when I go to sleep! Absolutely love you guys, keep it up!

  • @GlobeEarthMike
    @GlobeEarthMikeАй бұрын

    I love Chuck's reactions!

  • @duy5907
    @duy5907Ай бұрын

    It's so good for me to found this guy now I can listening to amazing things while I'm on bus to school

  • @Lamjed
    @LamjedАй бұрын

    LOL 7^2 42, Neil's REaction is priceless!

  • @mishunkage1480
    @mishunkage1480Ай бұрын

    I appreciate the therapy advice. It's really important and good for everyone to understand ❤

  • @joshuabates7424
    @joshuabates7424Ай бұрын

    Thank you for your message Chuck. I would like to hear more about that.

  • @anthonycamilleri7297
    @anthonycamilleri7297Ай бұрын

    thank you so much dr neill

  • @kumarraj2012
    @kumarraj2012Ай бұрын

    42..! Yes, that’s the answer to everything in the universe..! ❤😊

  • @GammaFields
    @GammaFieldsАй бұрын

    Thank you Chuck, that really resonated with me and gave me solace.

  • @danielchandi8198
    @danielchandi8198Ай бұрын

    As always these explainers are really good

  • @dawnhansen7886
    @dawnhansen7886Ай бұрын

    I Love these guys ! I Love StarTalk ❤ Educational Entertainment to the MAX ❕️

  • @bMonsterPro
    @bMonsterProАй бұрын

    You guys make learning so entertaining

  • @bdr420i
    @bdr420iАй бұрын

    This ad is so brave 🎉 thank you and thanks to the graphics team it's amazing

  • @chrism3784
    @chrism3784Ай бұрын

    I love you two, always keeping me entertained, and my fix for space

  • @Bella-yl9zm
    @Bella-yl9zmАй бұрын

    Chuck’s note about depression resonated beautifully ❤

  • @MichioKaku-in9yb
    @MichioKaku-in9ybАй бұрын

    What is this, chemical thing in the brain? What causes it? The chemical reaction i mean.

  • @stefanosygus8762

    @stefanosygus8762

    Ай бұрын

    Is it coded through our dna?

  • @AK_14564

    @AK_14564

    Ай бұрын

    They have a video about depression where they discuss it more with Dr Heather Berlin

  • @thesege

    @thesege

    Ай бұрын

    Asking the same here

  • @MichioKaku-in9yb

    @MichioKaku-in9yb

    Ай бұрын

    """"Is it coded through our dna?"""""" The cause, or the effect? It's science, so it must have both the cause and or the effect, besides the coding?

  • @ARandomInternetUser08

    @ARandomInternetUser08

    Ай бұрын

    @@MichioKaku-in9yb 🤦‍♂🤦‍♂

  • @Ughandi
    @UghandiАй бұрын

    The editor is having fun with these. Keep it up!

  • @TuxedoMaskMusic
    @TuxedoMaskMusicАй бұрын

    Lord Chuck At The Cosmic Crib. I'd go to see that stand up show in a heart beat!

  • @carguybikeguy
    @carguybikeguyАй бұрын

    I appreciate you guys. Well done.

  • @ernesto-dev
    @ernesto-devАй бұрын

    Chuck was right with 42. It’s the answer to life, the universe, and *everything*.

  • @stevekirkby6570
    @stevekirkby6570Ай бұрын

    Considering the cost of getting all that material up there (that could be re-purposed / re-used) is de-orbiting the best solution though?

  • @Kim_Miller
    @Kim_MillerАй бұрын

    Chuck got it right, 42 is the answer to everything. Neil just didn't get the joke.

  • @T-800__
    @T-800__Ай бұрын

    nice office, very nice ... can you do a guided tour around it some time in the future?

  • @a24396
    @a24396Ай бұрын

    This video is why I don't do math in public... And kinda' not cool to both put Chuck on the spot like that and then shame him rather than just say something like "Not quite, I think it's 49" (or something similar) Lastly, Chuck, thanks for being so willing to share your struggle with depression - that's a very difficult thing to talk about, and, as you said: often a source of shame. I'm glad you found the help you needed and what worked for you!

  • @stevenqirkle

    @stevenqirkle

    Ай бұрын

    I disagree. Unless you have a severe learning disability, I think it’s kind of shameful to not know your multiplication tables as an adult. I agree it’s not cool to shame people with disabilities, but in Chuck’s case I suspect it’s probably not a disability, but rather he just didn’t do his math homework in 3rd grade.

  • @a24396

    @a24396

    Ай бұрын

    @@stevenqirkle I don't agree. Not everyone can recite multiplication tables for a variety of reasons, many having nothing to do with severe disability. Just like some people have bad spelling. That's not a moral failing either, however much you may want to judge people for that.

  • @stevenqirkle

    @stevenqirkle

    Ай бұрын

    @@a24396 in a 10x10 multiplication table, there are 55 unique combinations to remember. Anyone can do it. It’s nowhere near as difficult as spelling, which has a much larger vocabulary as well as many homophones and irregularities. What other reasons are there besides not putting in the effort and/or learning disability?

  • @a24396

    @a24396

    Ай бұрын

    @@stevenqirkle Incredulity is not an argument. Just because you can't imagine this doesn't mean it's not a real problem for people who are both not lazy and not profoundly disabled. I recommend you go to google and search for 'reasons people don't remember multiplication tables.' You might discover that human brains aren't just biological equivalents of calculators/computers and not everyone is 'wired' the same. In the same way that some people 'get' spelling and others don't, some people 'get' mathematics and others don't. Or... Continue to disbelieve anything you don't understand or for which you haven't figured out an answer... Whatever makes you happy!

  • @CheekyCommodoreGamer
    @CheekyCommodoreGamerАй бұрын

    A fantastic synergy, I've been watching for a while now and will be watching all the back catalogue. Thankyou for being teachers, entertainers and ultimately - humbling me enough to want to learn 😇🕹👌 Stay retro

  • @cspahn3221
    @cspahn3221Ай бұрын

    2:50 Neil went through all the stages of Grief here lmao

  • @Mrleahey
    @MrleaheyАй бұрын

    Really enjoyed this one

  • @Reasononemedia
    @ReasononemediaАй бұрын

    you guys should've talked about starship flight 3 with the amazing video views we got of this exact thing with the heat shield, and the plasma starting to heat up!! =)

  • @kenkahre9262
    @kenkahre9262Ай бұрын

    Chuck - I'm glad you're feeling better.

  • @renardmiller733
    @renardmiller733Ай бұрын

    this was amazing!!!!!!

  • @h.e.x.
    @h.e.x.Ай бұрын

    The editing in this video is hilarious. The 42 and E thing both were awesome. I'm not even 5 minutes in. 😂

  • @BLOXKAFELLARECORDS
    @BLOXKAFELLARECORDSАй бұрын

    I love it. 🔥

  • @RythmGkwd
    @RythmGkwd14 күн бұрын

    The intros, the animation and the set are fantastic ❤

  • @Jane-yj1to
    @Jane-yj1toАй бұрын

    Good times!!

  • @TranceXZero
    @TranceXZeroАй бұрын

    Haha omg that frustration from Neil haha I was like no chuck noooooo 😂

  • @donnierice9509
    @donnierice950916 күн бұрын

    How do you get to substitute other velocity values into the E=MC^2 equation to calculate energy when C (speed of light) is a constant?

  • @BenjySparky
    @BenjySparkyАй бұрын

    Neil and Chuck, y'all rock! ❤Peace 🤘 💥 ✌️

  • @yaelbj
    @yaelbj26 күн бұрын

    A helpful analogy for visualizing an object entering Earth's atmosphere is to envision yourself in a speeding boat, seated at the edge, with your hands skimming the water. The sensation of the turbulent fluid rushing past your hands, potentially causing harm, mirrors the experience of an object encountering Earth's atmosphere.

  • @dadofsteel
    @dadofsteelАй бұрын

    I think that it would be very interesting to see a Startalk review&analysis episode of science presented in The Three-Body Problem(the Netflix tv series, the book or both). Maybe Chuck thought Neil asked him what is the meaning of life, the universe, and everything.

  • @missjayspeechley9213
    @missjayspeechley9213Ай бұрын

    When it's time to replace the International Space Station, how feasible would a "take a new module up, bring an old module down" system be? Maybe not for every module, but the opportunity to study what 25+ years of exposure to space has done to the craft

  • @jamespettit1792
    @jamespettit1792Ай бұрын

    Love the Black Hole lunchbox on the shelf. I saw that movie with my grandpa.

  • @user-zw1qe2ju1l
    @user-zw1qe2ju1lАй бұрын

    Hi love the show... Any news on the latest observered supernova?

  • @fsj197811
    @fsj197811Ай бұрын

    Speaking of Endeavor, it's now vertical on a full launch stack while the new display facility is built around it.

  • @michaelespinosa145
    @michaelespinosa145Ай бұрын

    Could you explain the black hole stars?

  • @solo-ion3633
    @solo-ion36338 күн бұрын

    Their conversation about E=mc² illustrates most people's gap between knowing something and understanding something.

  • @user-bk1um4mp7h
    @user-bk1um4mp7hАй бұрын

    Love you Chuck.

  • @kirandeepchakraborty7921
    @kirandeepchakraborty7921Ай бұрын

    Beautiful

  • @RockPowerUSA
    @RockPowerUSAАй бұрын

    You guys are great all the time. Gets me to remember to watch Stanton Friedman. I think you would both love to have him on asking some really fun questions because watch this whole summary show of his. It's on UMMN TV on Y.. JUST PUT OUT AN HOUR AGO. I think it's awesome🎉 You guys will be great together, for at least 2 hours or MORE If you can get together.

  • @MzeeMoja1
    @MzeeMoja1Ай бұрын

    Neil looked genuinely hurt by that 42, the man looks distraught 😩 the way it hit him I thought oh no 🙆🏾‍♂️😟 then the music and visual editing was spot on 👌🏿

  • @outdoorsy01
    @outdoorsy01Ай бұрын

    Star talk radio on Alexa 👍 Star talk on KZread 👍 Neil Degrasse Tyson and Sir Chuck 👍👍 That is all

  • @aleksandarstevanovic5854
    @aleksandarstevanovic585427 күн бұрын

    Neils stories + Kerbal Space Program, what more do you need? one more interesting thing, why do they land in ocean but not on the hill or a mountain? killed a few Kerbals to figure it out :)

  • @JoseHernandez-bh8ix
    @JoseHernandez-bh8ixАй бұрын

    that 42 had me going too 😂

  • @CanadianPrimate
    @CanadianPrimate28 күн бұрын

    Agreed the ol space adversary very astute.

  • @KwazyBoba
    @KwazyBobaАй бұрын

    We all know that 42 is the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything". Chuck you were right, my man.

  • @bradheath4200
    @bradheath4200Ай бұрын

    Sir Chuck, I was drawing a blank on seven squared myself. Some days I shine. Some days I'm prone catching on fire. Lol

  • @danielmadar9938
    @danielmadar9938Ай бұрын

    Thanks

  • @sketchtheparadigmyork1217
    @sketchtheparadigmyork1217Ай бұрын

    2:50 OMG THE EDITING LOL they never do meme edits

  • @ArtsyFartsyLovers
    @ArtsyFartsyLoversАй бұрын

    Nice 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥

  • @JamesSims
    @JamesSimsАй бұрын

    Thanks Chuck for the beautiful picture of depression and mental health!

  • @ashoksafaya5397
    @ashoksafaya5397Ай бұрын

    Just a question of being static or dynamic, my forgotten Lamis theorem.

  • @mariahbrown4830
    @mariahbrown4830Ай бұрын

    Chuck’s advertisement about his mental heath journey is great! BUT, I sometimes wonder if he gets tired of playing dumb. I BELIEVE this man to have vast intellect. It is obvious due to his quick witedness.

  • @williamcourtland5945
    @williamcourtland5945Ай бұрын

    When are we making the ISS lunar 1?

  • @ejmtv3
    @ejmtv3Ай бұрын

    I saw the Tiangong Space Station pass by once. I identified it using the Stellarium app and I knew it wasn't the ISS cause the light appeared smaller in the sky.

  • @Oceans305
    @Oceans305Ай бұрын

    Cosmic Crib sounds cool

  • @cosmickitteh
    @cosmickittehАй бұрын

    2:40 I'm crying

  • @michaelccopelandsr7120
    @michaelccopelandsr7120Ай бұрын

    Neil and Chuck for 2024!

  • @PocketBrain
    @PocketBrainАй бұрын

    _Space Adversaries_ was my favorite 1980s video game.

  • @PianoUniverse
    @PianoUniverseАй бұрын

    I wonder if its possible to have a cable up to a satellite at 22,500 miles (geostationary point.) And have spaceships crawl up and down? At around 200 miles you could disconnect and fly without all the energy needed to get in orbit and slow gravity to de-orbit down the cable to the ground.

  • @mikeswartspapa
    @mikeswartspapaАй бұрын

    @Startalk I pay for No ads. That should include your ads too.

  • @vhbata4220
    @vhbata4220Ай бұрын

    I absolutely love the editing in this explanation.😂😂😂😂😂chuck

  • @Loganl1980
    @Loganl1980Ай бұрын

    If energy is velocity squared, does energy have a directional component? Or is it actually just speed squared?

  • @brentmiller969
    @brentmiller969Ай бұрын

    Great information and discussion. Please stop the sound effect with every image brought onto the screen for the love of every molecule in the universe. Thank you.

  • @kimberlymonsini2604
    @kimberlymonsini2604Ай бұрын

    4:34 teaching at its finest! From on educator to another...well, done.

  • @user-rk6fz2hz2o
    @user-rk6fz2hz2oАй бұрын

    I have a question about black holes.. given that black holes take in mass and light cannot escape, would it not be reasonable to say that what happens in a black hole is mass and light being converted into energy? And then once a black hole reaches its limit to contain that energy, it expels matter and light…. And would that then be considered a white hole?

  • @manticactivities7872
    @manticactivities7872Ай бұрын

    True, true.

  • @Xabi_MM
    @Xabi_MMАй бұрын

    great editing! was fun to watch

  • @RevolutionX42
    @RevolutionX42Ай бұрын

    we need a funny sound or a counter every time they clash hands pleeeeeaaaaseeee

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