How We Learned That Water Isn't An Element

Ғылым және технология

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For thousands of years, water was thought to be an element. That is, until some of the greatest chemists in the world managed to crack it open.
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
- Chemical element: is a species of atoms that have a given number of protons in their nuclei. Chemical elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical reaction.
- Atom: is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a chemical element.
- Molecule: is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds.
- Inflammable air: an old name for hydrogen.
- Hydrogen: is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe. Early chemists identified hydrogen gas because it was colorless, odorless and highly combustible. Hydrogen means "maker of water" in Greek.
- Dephlogisticated air: an old name for oxygen.
- Oxygen: is Earth's most abundant element. Early chemists identified oxygen gas because it was colorless, odorless and was essential for respiration and combustion.
- Diatomic molecules: are molecules composed of only two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements. At standard conditions, both hydrogen and oxygen are gasses of diatomic molecules (H2 and O2, respectively).
- Water: is an inorganic, transparent, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life. Its chemical formula, H2O, indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms.
- Combustion (or burning): is a chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidizing agent (like oxygen gas), that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke.
- Electrolysis: is a technique that uses direct electric current to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction.
- Avogadro's Law (sometimes referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis): is an experimental gas law that states that equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure, have the same number of molecules.
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CREDITS
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Ever Salazar | Co-writer, Narrator and Co-director
Cameron Duke | Co-writer and Co-director
Arcadi Garcia Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music
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REFERENCES
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Cavendish, H. (1784), XIII. Experiments on air. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 74:119-153. doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1784.0014
Watt, J. (1784), XXV. Thoughts on the constituent parts of water and of dephlogisticated air. Phil. Trans. R. Soc.74. 329-353. doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1784.0026
Lavoisier, A. (1789). Elements of Chemistry. Chapter VIII, p.87-102. www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30775
(Original: gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv...)
Dalton, J. (1808). A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Part II, Chapter V, Section 1, p.272-276 and p.561 (Plate 5). doi.org/10.5479/sil.324338.39...
Cannizzaro, S. (1858). Sketch of a Course of Chemical Philosophy. p.321. archive.org/details/sketchofc...
James Watt, and the Discovery of the Composition of Water. Nature 57:546-551 (1898). doi.org/10.1038/057546b0
West, J. B. (2014), Henry Cavendish (1731-1810): hydrogen, carbon dioxide, water, and weighing the world. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 307: L1-L6. doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00067...
Held, L. (2017). Avogadro's Hypothesis after 200 Years. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(10), 1718 - 1722. doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2017.05...
Katz, E. (2021), Electrochemical contributions: William Nicholson (1753-1815). Electrochem. Sci. Adv., 1: e2160003. doi.org/10.1002/elsa.202160003

Пікірлер: 733

  • @davidtagliaferri
    @davidtagliaferri Жыл бұрын

    It always suprised me my chamber's encyclopedia from the late 1800s had HO as the incorrect formula for water, but had the correct formula for benzene, C6H6.

  • @MinuteEarth

    @MinuteEarth

    Жыл бұрын

    Dalton's work was so influential that it took a long time to reach consensus about Avogadro's work. Chemists started to accept Avogadro's Law after 1860 (when Cannizzaro distributed very convincing arguments in favor of Avogadro's Law) - Ever

  • @chitwansingh

    @chitwansingh

    Жыл бұрын

    +

  • @bennyoc714

    @bennyoc714

    Жыл бұрын

    damn

  • @swwl5461

    @swwl5461

    Жыл бұрын

    and glucose C6 H12 O6

  • @tomaspabon2484

    @tomaspabon2484

    Жыл бұрын

    Damn thats a sweet rare book to own. What year is the edition?

  • @fqwgads
    @fqwgads Жыл бұрын

    This is where hydrogen gets its name. hydro = water gen = generate When combusted it literally generates water.

  • @kewlman5417

    @kewlman5417

    Жыл бұрын

    *genes is a greek root meaning forming

  • @Eic17H

    @Eic17H

    4 ай бұрын

    ​@@kewlman5417* gen- is the root, genes is a word containing that root

  • @nowonderboi1516

    @nowonderboi1516

    Ай бұрын

    ​@@Eic17H it comes from the PIE root gene Contracted "Gen" as done in latin. By so it's literal meaning is "to give birth", "to cause" or "to form" Its essentially causation & correlation. Hydrogen: "cause water/ related to water" (It is important to denote that a lot of word's roots are based on physical phenomenons or elements, due to their abstraction having not been developed up to that point)

  • @nowonderboi1516

    @nowonderboi1516

    Ай бұрын

    You can applicate the same logic to oxygen (Oxy [Greek for sharp] Gen [related causation]) As things oxidize they get an acid taste which Greeks described as "sharp". In the same way we address spicy food(an acid) as 'hot'. This makes oxygen "Related/causal for oxidization"

  • @asr2009

    @asr2009

    Ай бұрын

    interestingly, it is called waterstof in dutch

  • @ARVash
    @ARVash Жыл бұрын

    The early elements were close to the commonly found states of matter, (solid, liquid, gas, plasma). I think they just didn't figure out that it was an quality of matter at a given temperature and not a kind of matter.

  • @hackarma2072

    @hackarma2072

    Жыл бұрын

    Saying this is telling ourselves a fable, they couldn't figure it out because the two concepts are really different. It is as imaginary as saying our concept of atoms is akin to the one of ancient Greeks. Because a link can be made does not imply it really exist

  • @grimmcreole44

    @grimmcreole44

    Жыл бұрын

    I like that expression, "the commonly found states of matter"

  • @Mikee512

    @Mikee512

    Жыл бұрын

    Just FYI for other readers... Alan's comment doesn't really have anything to do with the video. It's more like a shower-thought :P

  • @deleted-something

    @deleted-something

    Жыл бұрын

    Uhhh

  • @kaitlyn__L

    @kaitlyn__L

    Жыл бұрын

    @@Mikee512 well, it’s related in that the video mentioned the classical 4/5 “elements” at the start

  • @BlahCraft1
    @BlahCraft1 Жыл бұрын

    inflammable air: aka hydrogen, named because objects in it wont burn, but it itself will burn. dephlogisticated air: aka oxygen, named because it was hypothesized that it was air deprived of "phlogiston", the hypothetical fiery principle thought to be one of the necessary constituent of combustion, and to be given up by them when burned.

  • @minerscale

    @minerscale

    Жыл бұрын

    Seems to me like pure oxygen would have more phlogiston in it rather than less. Or perhaps the air you put back into the environment has been dephlogistonated and you're left with pure phlogiston. Also doesn't inflammable just mean flammable?

  • @AnkhAnanku

    @AnkhAnanku

    Жыл бұрын

    @@minerscale yeah, I too was under the impression that dephlogisticated air was Air that would burn no more, and probably represented combustion products CO₂, H₂O, and probably a bunch of N₂. With the benefit of hindsight, it makes more sense to us that “phlogiston” would be the _fiery potential of air_ aka oxygen, but maybe they were thinking the other way around…

  • @minerscale

    @minerscale

    Жыл бұрын

    @@AnkhAnanku Oh wow just did some reading and they thought of it backwards. Air can only have so much phlogiston in it before it becomes fully saturated and combustion can no longer happen. Phlogiston is released by flammable things into the air. So air which has been dephlogistonated has had the phlogiston removed and so the air had the most ability to absorb phlogiston. What a whack and backwards theory. Also does that mean that a vacuum is pure phlogiston because things don't burn in a vacuum??

  • @BlahCraft1

    @BlahCraft1

    Жыл бұрын

    @@minerscale There's a good reason why the theory of a "phlogiston" was disproven.

  • @Connie_cpu

    @Connie_cpu

    Жыл бұрын

    @@minerscale yeah, inflammable = "easily set on fire"

  • @cloudyy3629
    @cloudyy3629Ай бұрын

    Why didnt they just google it

  • @bluecat5669

    @bluecat5669

    Ай бұрын

    I think the interent was too slow in the black and white times

  • @cloudyy3629

    @cloudyy3629

    Ай бұрын

    @@bluecat5669 ohh makes sense

  • @edopronk1303

    @edopronk1303

    Ай бұрын

    And mister Wikipedia from Wikipedia and sons did only update once a century.😢

  • @Stinkee1129
    @Stinkee1129 Жыл бұрын

    It’s so interesting how scientific knowledge develops and changes over the years. Sometimes I wish I could time travel and see which current theories stood the test of time, which theories have changed over the years, and what new theories exist.

  • @sijam2m59

    @sijam2m59

    Жыл бұрын

    Yes

  • @SusanHopkinson

    @SusanHopkinson

    Жыл бұрын

    Yes, and yet each stage along the way we are browbeaten to believe that it is the last word on the subject. We were told to follow the science for two years, but it turned out to be nonsense after all 😅

  • @cptnoname

    @cptnoname

    Жыл бұрын

    ​@@SusanHopkinson don't bring your covid conspiracy theories here. Open a book and learn something for once.

  • @solsystem1342

    @solsystem1342

    Жыл бұрын

    @@SusanHopkinson imagine changing recommendations as we get more data. Cleary that means that they were lying and not just refining our understanding of the universe as we always do with science.

  • @EdwardChan.999

    @EdwardChan.999

    Жыл бұрын

    Newton's Laws of Motion lasted quite well!

  • @swingardium706
    @swingardium706 Жыл бұрын

    It's absolutely amazing to me that Dalton's symbol for hydrogen looks exactly like a hydrogen atom! It was made LONG before we understand atomic structure, so it's just a fun coincidence

  • @RibusPQR

    @RibusPQR

    Жыл бұрын

    It looks like the Bohr model for Hydrogen, but it doesn't look like the electron cloud model, which is a more accurate representation of what physicists believe atoms look like.

  • @prateekjain506

    @prateekjain506

    Жыл бұрын

    And Oxygen looks like Well An 'O'

  • @user-zs5zd9os9g

    @user-zs5zd9os9g

    Жыл бұрын

    Was it because the sun has lots of it and they used the Greek/Roman symbol for the sun?

  • @Thunderwingisatakenalias

    @Thunderwingisatakenalias

    5 ай бұрын

    @@user-zs5zd9os9gI don‘t think so, I don‘t think they knew what the sun was made out of

  • @fgvcosmic6752

    @fgvcosmic6752

    5 ай бұрын

    ​@@RibusPQR I mean, it kinda looks like the electron cloud model. The s orbital DOES have a spherical shape after all, right?

  • @patrickdallaire5972
    @patrickdallaire5972 Жыл бұрын

    This is a wonderful example of how scientific theories change when new reproduceable observations are made.

  • @I-See-In-The-Dark

    @I-See-In-The-Dark

    2 ай бұрын

    Yes that’s what happens!

  • @haikalmiftah2529

    @haikalmiftah2529

    Ай бұрын

    Because just some theory is correct in certain observation, doesn't meant it always correct. Sometimes when theory didn't match with observation. Something must be wrong with the observation method or even the theory itself.

  • @Scrogan
    @Scrogan Жыл бұрын

    The origins of stoichiometry have always fascinated me. Especially with how these hints of order were used to find the patterns behind the periodic table. Must have been hard to figure out that hydrogen gas was two atoms and not one, I guess it had to be found by connecting it to something like ammonia. Also isn’t this more physics than earth?

  • @remusjohnlupin8484

    @remusjohnlupin8484

    Жыл бұрын

    New channel- MinuteChemistry

  • @johnnye87

    @johnnye87

    Жыл бұрын

    Well I learned a new word today

  • @kadlifal

    @kadlifal

    Жыл бұрын

    Yes, Infact it was thanks to avogadro that this became quite obvious Since 2 vols of hydrogen with 1 vol of oxygen gives 2 vol of water (What Dalton and other thoughts that element are made of atoms and compound made of molecules , this is what my book told me ) His law stated that at a constant Temp and pressure , gases will have same amount of entity If this were to be believed ( that they did after his death poor guy , But thanks ) them Hydrogen and oxygen would have to be made up of molecules Instead of just hydrogen atoms or Oxygen like those in Inert gases Otherwise 2 vol. of hydrogen should react with 1 vol of Oxygen only one vol. of water It to me hints towards 1. That H²O is the molecules for water not HO otherwise there should be hydrogen left 2. It doesn't match what really happen that is the production of 2 vol of water instead of one Though granted all this what i think would have happened and there might have been different event but My book didn't clear how did avogadro's law distinguished from molecules and atoms, it just said that it did , and didn't give a proper reason Just that it was accepted after Avogadro died that they considered his law is actually true And it's not explained why too ,like did they experimentally found it out or just believed this law Because if his law weren't to be followed then they still were good Like 2 vol of water react with 1 vol of oxygen which probably had same amount of "atoms" as in 2 vol of hydrogen gas which gives 2 vol of HO molecule water The only explaination would be that they found out water us made up of 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atoms lol thus Avogadro's law was needed

  • @roundhouse2616

    @roundhouse2616

    Жыл бұрын

    I mean it got discovered on earth

  • @BlackieSootfur
    @BlackieSootfur Жыл бұрын

    1:25 i didnt know undyne was a chemist! Good for her

  • @void1895

    @void1895

    2 ай бұрын

    Found the comment on it

  • @stray1239

    @stray1239

    Ай бұрын

    * Undyne suplexes a water molecule, in order to prove it can be split into simpler parts

  • @z-beeblebrox
    @z-beeblebrox Жыл бұрын

    I love these videos that show the way big scientific discoveries happened thanks to small contributions by many different people over many years. It combats the common misconception that progress only happens thanks to a singular smart individual having a stroke of inspiration, which is the exception not the rule.

  • @DrakiniteOfficial
    @DrakiniteOfficial Жыл бұрын

    I love learning how scientists in the past figured stuff out. It's very enlightening.

  • @getcaughtin4klol752
    @getcaughtin4klol752 Жыл бұрын

    ate a whole onion while watching this video

  • @br3ad_96

    @br3ad_96

    Ай бұрын

    that's wild

  • @crazyjack746

    @crazyjack746

    18 күн бұрын

    Raw onions are underrated

  • @eewag1
    @eewag1 Жыл бұрын

    The fact that we knew these things in the literal 18th century without using electron microscopes is simply mind-blowing.

  • @AttilaAsztalos

    @AttilaAsztalos

    5 ай бұрын

    Nowhere near as mindblowing as how we get to simply reject any of these facts by the modern logic of "my opinion is just as valid as yours (and I have a vested interest in refusing to believe )"

  • @TinyDeskEngineer
    @TinyDeskEngineer Жыл бұрын

    Ah yes, the 4 ways to break water apart into its components, Dropping a piano on it, a golden pickaxe, shooting a bullet bill at it, and just getting Undyne to hit it really hard.

  • @guplenamente
    @guplenamente Жыл бұрын

    I wonder how chemists established that water is H2O and not H4O2, H6O3 and so on

  • @MinuteEarth

    @MinuteEarth

    Жыл бұрын

    Because they were looking for the simplest ratio possible. And 6:3, 4:2, etc can be simplified to 2:1

  • @ikthion6402

    @ikthion6402

    Жыл бұрын

    So the higher ratios would just be the same thing?

  • @TiredOcto

    @TiredOcto

    Жыл бұрын

    @@ikthion6402 I’m pretty sure that they would be

  • @Nylspider

    @Nylspider

    Жыл бұрын

    @@ikthion6402 that is correct, yes

  • @vedgandhe

    @vedgandhe

    Жыл бұрын

    ​@@ikthion6402 they would be able to be split apart

  • @KnowArt
    @KnowArt Жыл бұрын

    awesome job! I'd love more of these history lessons/stories

  • @alluriman
    @alluriman Жыл бұрын

    I never thought about avogadro's law before. can you make a video explaining how he proved that equal volumes have equal molecules. it doesn't seem intuitive to me

  • @MinuteEarth

    @MinuteEarth

    Жыл бұрын

    Avogadro didn't really prove it, he proposed it because it made a lot of sense (it was known as Avogadro's Hypothesis for a long time). By the time chemists started to acknowledge his work, Avogadro had already died (as an unknown chemist). Have you read about Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes? I might take on this topic at some point. - Ever

  • @kaitlyn__L

    @kaitlyn__L

    Жыл бұрын

    It’s because the molecules in a gas will spread out to fill their volume equally, and the pressure inside a volume is determined by exactly how many molecules are inside that volume. That is why you have to pump more air into a car tyre if you want to increase the pressure of the tyre. So, as long as the pressure and temperature are equal (which was shown on screen but not in the voiceover), a given volume will always contain the same number of molecules. This is also why a litre of hydrogen at standard air pressure/temperature weighs much less than a litre of oxygen at the same temp and pressure.

  • @einfischnamenspanda3306

    @einfischnamenspanda3306

    Жыл бұрын

    @@kaitlyn__L My intuition would tell me, the pressure (and thus the number of molecule at a given pressure) also depends on how much the molecules repel each other - why is that not the case?

  • @kaitlyn__L

    @kaitlyn__L

    Жыл бұрын

    @@einfischnamenspanda3306 they all repel each other equally, via the electrons in their outer shells wanting to repel other molecules. (I just wrote up and then deleted ever-deeper justifications and symmetries, before realising they don’t really illuminate any further if you’re not already familiar with other aspects of the field.)

  • @themageman64

    @themageman64

    Жыл бұрын

    @@einfischnamenspanda3306 Because molecules in many gases under common conditions essentially do not interact with each other, or at least not often enough to matter much. This is actually the main property of an "ideal gas" - you may be familiar with the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, that relates pressure, volume, and temperature quite accurately for many gases.

  • @mathmusicandlooks
    @mathmusicandlooks Жыл бұрын

    Fun to see you work in the little tidbits of the phlogiston theory and the Hermetic alchemical influences on Dalton’s notation.

  • @andrewwmitchell
    @andrewwmitchell Жыл бұрын

    Fascinating! I remembered a little bit of that from high school chemistry (decades ago). I'd like to see another video in the same style but talking about how Avogadro found out about the numbers of molecules were equal.

  • @Gaarafan007
    @Gaarafan007 Жыл бұрын

    Glad to see Misty from Cerulean City finally getting recognition as one of the greatest chemists in the world.

  • @joshuakarr-BibleMan

    @joshuakarr-BibleMan

    Жыл бұрын

    It was Dalton. Dalton was a cooler, which is like the boss of all the bouncers.

  • @angelodc1652

    @angelodc1652

    Жыл бұрын

    I also saw Undyne

  • @MssIAMNOBODYSPECIAL
    @MssIAMNOBODYSPECIAL Жыл бұрын

    this video comes at the perfect time! I'm teaching chemistry and we're talking about elements and compounds and chemical reactions in the coming week the topic is the electrolysis. Definitely showing this video in class!

  • @monicarenee7949
    @monicarenee7949 Жыл бұрын

    I remember doing this experiment in high school chemistry to combine water and oxygen to make water. It was so simple, but was the first time chemistry really made sense that it was really a description of everything around us. I ended up going to college for chemical engineering thanks to that chemistry class

  • @Caaro99

    @Caaro99

    Жыл бұрын

    combining water and oxygen to make water lol.

  • @joegerkrep7727

    @joegerkrep7727

    Жыл бұрын

    How difficult was chemical engineering? Did it prevent you from going out while at college?

  • @matthewe3813

    @matthewe3813

    5 ай бұрын

    @@Caaro99It makes the water.. more... watery

  • @AR_Animates
    @AR_Animates Жыл бұрын

    1:27 undyne sighting!! :D

  • @Nylspider

    @Nylspider

    Жыл бұрын

    I love it when they include lil Easter eggs like that in their videos

  • @shnmang25

    @shnmang25

    5 ай бұрын

    Undyne in 17XX??!?!111?1!1?

  • @iamthechannel5885

    @iamthechannel5885

    Ай бұрын

    UNDYNE

  • @switchkidslol
    @switchkidslol Жыл бұрын

    Avatar watcher crying rn

  • @marcusm8009

    @marcusm8009

    Ай бұрын

    Then everything changed when the Bunsen burner attacked.

  • @christopherg2347
    @christopherg2347 Жыл бұрын

    How the neutron was discovered was also interesting. Basically they accidentally distilled heavy water. And for hydrogen - but only hydrogen - one neutron makes such difference, it was observable.

  • @serkanbutun8421
    @serkanbutun8421 Жыл бұрын

    How did they purify the H2 and O2 in the first place?

  • @MinuteEarth

    @MinuteEarth

    Жыл бұрын

    They used very clever devices and techniques. For example, if you run water vapor over heated iron filings, the iron oxidizes (taking oxygen from water) leaving hydrogen gas. The iron oxide is solid and any leftover water vapor can be condensed. If all of this happens in an airtight environment, you can get as much hydrogen gas as you want. In the references, you'll find Lavoisier's description of his method (or go to www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/30775/pg30775-images.html#Page_83) (p.83) - Ever

  • @avaarrow7478
    @avaarrow7478 Жыл бұрын

    Ah! Perfect timing! We are learning about atoms in science!

  • @malfeasantamalgam
    @malfeasantamalgam Жыл бұрын

    I wonder how this works in differing atmospheres, places where o3 build up and the hydrogen gets binded to other organic structures.

  • @TheJOVVA
    @TheJOVVA Жыл бұрын

    Very well explained, thnx!

  • @mk_rexx
    @mk_rexx Жыл бұрын

    Just appreciating Ever being busy answering inquiries in the comments

  • @lncomus
    @lncomus Жыл бұрын

    Nice, I want more of videos about how our knowledge evolved over time

  • @OddlyAnimated1203
    @OddlyAnimated1203 Жыл бұрын

    Crazy stuff. Really impressive how far we've come.

  • @enriquemontanez445
    @enriquemontanez445 Жыл бұрын

    Are you telling me Avatar The last Airbender is a Lie

  • @JamezSquared
    @JamezSquared Жыл бұрын

    How did they figure out same volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules?

  • @MinuteEarth

    @MinuteEarth

    Жыл бұрын

    It was what made the most sense to bring together several experimental observations (Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes, the mass/volume of gasses, etc). However, it was a hypothesis. It was known as Avogadro's Hypothesis for a long time. - Ever

  • @arandomredpixel5061
    @arandomredpixel5061 Жыл бұрын

    I mean, this just comes to prove the point that, at some point in history, things that we consider common knowledge were actually very novel concepts that were hard to grasp. Another very good example of this is the wheel. Like, the wheel is such a quintessential thing in our day to day life, but at some point in the far back of history, the thought of putting a wheel on a cart to expedite things was a new fangled invention

  • @andreinaf
    @andreinaf4 ай бұрын

    Thank you for satisfying my boredom, expected a decent but slow paced 20minute video, but instead i found a straight to the point 5m video

  • @alphaapple1375
    @alphaapple1375 Жыл бұрын

    Indeed, water is one of the fundamental sources of life! As I was browsing on the origin of water along with other elements and chemical compounds, I finally came to interpret it. Hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) are both diatomic molecules, meaning they are molecules with two atoms bound together. There can be homonuclear molecules, which are two or more of the same molecules like H2 or O2; or heteronuclear molecules, which have two or more different molecules bound together like water (H2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2).

  • @sooty9879

    @sooty9879

    3 ай бұрын

    Who comments like this???

  • @bhaiya.jakhwal
    @bhaiya.jakhwal Жыл бұрын

    Interestingly, it was Kanada who first realized the idea that "anu" (atom) was an indestructible particle of matter. सदकारणवन्नित्यम् He called this indivisible matter, "anu” which literally means atom. He founded the Vaisheshika School of philosophy where he taught his ideas and the nature of the universe. He authored the text "Vaiseshika Sutras" or aphorisms, pioneering the atomic theory, describing dimension, motion and chemical reactions of atoms.

  • @jaybingham3711

    @jaybingham3711

    Жыл бұрын

    India has contributed much in many different ways. It's true the country/region doesn't get enough recognition. Of course, having a large population contributes immensely toward increasing the odds for high-level insights and discoveries. Still, impressive nonetheless. Think I'll get in a quick game of chess now and then call it a day.

  • @soheil527

    @soheil527

    Жыл бұрын

    The ancient atomic theory was proposed in the 5th century BCE by the Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus and was revived in the 1st century BCE by the Roman philosopher and poet Lucretius. The modern atomic theory, which has undergone continuous refinement, began to flourish at the beginning of the 19th century with the work of the English chemist John Dalton

  • @fruitbouquet5479
    @fruitbouquet5479 Жыл бұрын

    Best example of science. Way better than some old book that still might think water is an element.

  • @blazer9547

    @blazer9547

    5 ай бұрын

    Water is an element in hindu scriptures too. They weren't smart either ❤

  • @randylahey3534
    @randylahey3534 Жыл бұрын

    Neat video, I like the animation style. Brand new subscriber here :)

  • @sullivanbell2397
    @sullivanbell2397 Жыл бұрын

    Now I wonder how they discovered all the other classical elements were not real elements. We need to make a video on this! Edit: spelling

  • @JupiterBoy100

    @JupiterBoy100

    Жыл бұрын

    I'm particularly curious about earth, since it refers to a lot of different things and not a single substance.

  • @EebstertheGreat

    @EebstertheGreat

    Жыл бұрын

    @@JupiterBoy100 In the late 18th century, oxides were called "earths" and it was known that they were made of a metal and a gas. I think the belief in three to five traditional elements as being literally real had already begun to wane by the late 17th century, although many alchemists did still use them, often with additional elements like mercury and later phlogiston. In the 18th century, a lot of work was done on analyzing chemical compounds, and the atomic theory took on new force, with many chemists believing there were dozens of elements. The first somewhat modern list of elements is from Lavoisier in 1789, with 33 elements, 23 of which are still considered elements today. This is not in itself a proof of anything, since it was possible that the numerous so-called elements were in fact compounds of more fundamental elements (and indeed many were, such as the "boracic radical," which is actually 3,7-dioxido-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3,5,7-tetraborabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane). It's not clear what could ever qualify as a complete proof that an element is fundamental. In the late 19th century, the discovery of radiation by Curie and eventually the electron by Thomson showed that in fact, atoms were not fundamental but were built out of subatomic particles. The later discovery of the neutron eventually proved that there were at some level three "elements," the proton, electron, and neutron, though these have none of the properties ascribed to the traditional elements. The standard model of physics currently has about 37 distinct particles (if antiparticles are considered distinct), unless there are additional Higgs bosons, but there may well be more. Or there could be fewer, if for instance the quarks turn out to be composite particles. Analysis in this sense may never be complete. As for whether it makes sense to call earth, air, or fire "elements," well, it was easy to show that these were composed of multiple different substances. It is at least a proof that any element you call "air" for instance can't literally be the same thing that we commonly call air, and thus the name is at best misleading. But that was also known long before this model was abandoned, so take it for what you will. Even in ancient Greece, most people claimed that there were no pure substances in nature, and that every substance you encountered was actually a mixture of the different elements, even if one predominated.

  • @allanrichardson9081
    @allanrichardson9081 Жыл бұрын

    It is worth noting that Avogadro’s Law as stated is dependent on temperature and pressure. That is, Avogadro’s number applies at 0 degrees Celsius and one standard atmosphe of pressure.

  • @oresteszoupanos
    @oresteszoupanos Жыл бұрын

    You got my thumbs up for the "H2-wow" line ^_^

  • @RedBlaze45
    @RedBlaze45 Жыл бұрын

    1:28 UNDYNE! LESSGOOOOOOO!

  • @Nenkos
    @Nenkos Жыл бұрын

    How did Avogadro determine that gases with the same volume have the same number of particles?

  • @STF505
    @STF5055 ай бұрын

    0:42 this is what ember means by “elements don’t mix”

  • @l4ndst4nder
    @l4ndst4nder28 күн бұрын

    3:39 Cute sketch of Misty there

  • @kamikazijunebug9546
    @kamikazijunebug9546 Жыл бұрын

    1:27 I see you Undyne.

  • @timmylau1637
    @timmylau1637 Жыл бұрын

    1:29 Bullet Bill and Undyne!

  • @techfreack8397
    @techfreack8397 Жыл бұрын

    With this I further understand some Mistry's of chemistry

  • @abhilashmridha420
    @abhilashmridha42028 күн бұрын

    2:23 It's fascinating to me how just hearing this I found it absurd, as it's common knowledge to me that equal volumes of a gas has equal number of "Moles" at same temp and pressure. It took me a while to realize that "Mole concept" wasn't always known.

  • @cheeks3976
    @cheeks3976 Жыл бұрын

    If anyone wants to know Avogadro discovered the Avogadro number which is 6,02 *10^23 and it means how much molecules or atoms there is per 1 mol of gas and 1 mol of gas is always 22,4 dm3 or 22,4 liters

  • @gritcrit4385
    @gritcrit4385Ай бұрын

    I'm impressed by the fact that they figured out the atoms (elements) before we could observe them.

  • @piggy8761
    @piggy8761 Жыл бұрын

    Really humans have come so far all the credit goes to those who worked with so much less that found out the basics back then

  • @dya408laura
    @dya408laura Жыл бұрын

    This might be a case of Pratchett-overdose, but is the little red-haired blue person at 1:27 a Feegle? In any case, loved the video, great explanations and illustrations!

  • @sofiacunha6119

    @sofiacunha6119

    Жыл бұрын

    I think it’s Undyne from Undertale

  • @Titanic-wo6bq
    @Titanic-wo6bq Жыл бұрын

    Instantly got all the references at 1:27, I'll list them here really quickly from top to bottom: The piano falling is a reference to the Piano Drop trope, where a piano is dropped upon someone's head. The stick figure using a pickaxe is Steve from Minecraft; notice the haircut with matches Steve's haircut in game. A Bullet Bill from Mario. Undyne from the 2015 indie game Undertale, holding one of her magical spears.

  • @scottappleton842
    @scottappleton842 Жыл бұрын

    1:27 bottom-middle of the screen, UNDYNE REFERENCE!!!!! NGAAAAAAHH!!!!!!

  • @crtlaltoption
    @crtlaltoption Жыл бұрын

    Science history is the best!

  • @snugpig
    @snugpig Жыл бұрын

    1:27 wasn't expecting an undertale reference lol

  • @spindash64
    @spindash643 ай бұрын

    I get the feeling that if you approached a 1700s chemist with modern chemistry knowledge, they wouldn't be particularly shocked. Surprised by some things, but not shocker

  • @saftheartist6137
    @saftheartist6137 Жыл бұрын

    Thank you

  • @viniciusfernandes2303
    @viniciusfernandes2303 Жыл бұрын

    Thanks!

  • @electronresonator8882
    @electronresonator8882 Жыл бұрын

    2:05 I don't blame Dalton, in reality what happened is the other way around, what people can't accept that is scientist have flaws, because they're as human as any of us...what makes them absolutely crazy that they state that anything else beyond what they declared as a law is IMPOSSIBLE !!!...condemning people who know more than them as failures and must be secluded from society

  • @Gandhi_Physique

    @Gandhi_Physique

    Жыл бұрын

    Well those people have to prove they know more than the other scientists.

  • @RandomDucc-sj8pd
    @RandomDucc-sj8pd Жыл бұрын

    3:00 the molecules on the left be looking kinda sus 🤨📸📸📸📸

  • @kentoscocos5238
    @kentoscocos5238 Жыл бұрын

    the benefit of minuteEarth video: you learn something new, or update your information bank(brain), and get yourself some pun

  • @b33thr33kay
    @b33thr33kay Жыл бұрын

    I love how you stay in the comments to answer questions. :)

  • @zacido_games
    @zacido_games Жыл бұрын

    About the elements, I always understood them as representations of the simplest states of matter found in nature (solid, gas, liquid and plasma). Does it have any relationship?

  • @TacticusPrime

    @TacticusPrime

    Жыл бұрын

    The Classical Elements have more to do with culture than anything else. Look at the Chinese Elements which are Water, Fire, Earth, *Wood*, and *Metal*.

  • @thany3

    @thany3

    Жыл бұрын

    @@TacticusPrime Or look at any harvesting/building/sim game.

  • @solsystem1342

    @solsystem1342

    Жыл бұрын

    Those are states of matter. Which are categories different models apply to. For example, you wouldn't use models for fluid flow to describe ice. Or, try and analyze the crystalline structure of a gas. That just wouldn't make any sense. What Element an atom is, is just a measure of how many protons an atom has. In non-plasma matter the amount of protons is the numbet of electrons. The number of electrons is what determine how atoms interact (by and large) so categorizing atoms by element can tell us a lot about their properties. Both useful but very different from eachother.

  • @secretunknown2782

    @secretunknown2782

    Жыл бұрын

    They are very different

  • @347Jimmy

    @347Jimmy

    Жыл бұрын

    @@TacticusPrime indeed, the Chinese elements are traditionally tied to states of matter or action much more so than the Western ones Water representing all liquids, and the action of flowing, etc

  • @davidl.e5203
    @davidl.e5203Ай бұрын

    3:40 Misty is one of those scientist

  • @overlord-of-the-live-nature
    @overlord-of-the-live-nature Жыл бұрын

    3:03 this looks very sus😅

  • @TheWorldsLargestOven

    @TheWorldsLargestOven

    5 ай бұрын

    You just have a dirty mind.

  • @TheWorldsLargestOven

    @TheWorldsLargestOven

    5 ай бұрын

    It took me a while to realize what you were talking about.

  • @alto7183
    @alto7183 Жыл бұрын

    Buen video, el próximo paso es crear agua metálica como en el interior de la tierra, para múltiples aplicaciones de este metal junto con manipular el agua con sonido y otras tecnologías para también aplicaciones de ingeniería hidráulica saludos.

  • @tetrik6499
    @tetrik6499 Жыл бұрын

    You're now officially my favorite channel for adding an undertale reference

  • @bunfun.
    @bunfun. Жыл бұрын

    Can one day we do restart that it’s about the whole periodic table and all of the elements

  • @lonelyPorterCH
    @lonelyPorterCH Жыл бұрын

    Well they are kinda right, h2O really is a building block in almost everything, its just very splittable^^

  • @thany3

    @thany3

    Жыл бұрын

    Well, not *very*, just moderately. It's not like it explodes as easily as explosives, it actually needs a LOT of energy to do so. Pretty much the same energy that the combustion of hydrogen liberates :)

  • @bunsenn5064
    @bunsenn50645 ай бұрын

    One way to prove that water isn’t an element is adding sodium metal. It reacts giving off hydrogen gas and forming sodium hydroxide. This allows us to deduce that water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.

  • @luizfellipe3291
    @luizfellipe3291 Жыл бұрын

    I love the art!!!!

  • @MinuteEarth

    @MinuteEarth

    Жыл бұрын

    Arcadi made the beautiful illustrations on this one. I loved them too! - Ever

  • @yashmeetsharma2627
    @yashmeetsharma2627 Жыл бұрын

    The neq vid style is epic

  • @Kris_with_Banana
    @Kris_with_Banana Жыл бұрын

    Undyne has equivalent strength to: A piano A miner And a Bullet Bill

  • @domi-no1826
    @domi-no18265 ай бұрын

    1:30 Battle against a true water

  • @Hasmo_
    @Hasmo_ Жыл бұрын

    I love avogadros constant

  • @MaxTheYoutuber
    @MaxTheYoutuber Жыл бұрын

    Holy fuck Undyne... UNDYNE!??!?!?!?

  • @dovelyn_manalili3105

    @dovelyn_manalili3105

    Жыл бұрын

    IK

  • @osiohanu8166
    @osiohanu8166 Жыл бұрын

    You forgot to say that avagadros law only applies if both volumes are at the same pressure and temp

  • @BrentLikesBasicallyEverything
    @BrentLikesBasicallyEverything3 ай бұрын

    Only the avatar, master of all 3 elements can save the world. Zhao:HAHAHA IT WORKED!

  • @Mis7erSeven

    @Mis7erSeven

    Ай бұрын

    Aang: "I'm the avatar, master of all four elements!" Mendelejew: "And I'm the master of 118 elements. *WHOOSH* That was polonium bending. You probably don't feel anything right now but soon the symptoms of severe radioactive poisoning will start to take place."

  • @BrentLikesBasicallyEverything

    @BrentLikesBasicallyEverything

    Ай бұрын

    @@Mis7erSeven No way that the guy who INVENTED the elements is here.(what if he is God in the atla universe??)

  • @scribblessketchpad1367
    @scribblessketchpad1367 Жыл бұрын

    Good video

  • @syedmoheelraza4161
    @syedmoheelraza4161 Жыл бұрын

    If Only my chemistry teachers had a tenth of the passion as you, I wouldn't have grown with a disdain for chemistry!

  • @luckytrinh333
    @luckytrinh333 Жыл бұрын

    Minute Earth's puns in the end >>>>

  • @IceBro
    @IceBro Жыл бұрын

    Interesting.

  • @V2isreal
    @V2isrealАй бұрын

    1:27 is that Undyne

  • @SnubbsStudio

    @SnubbsStudio

    Ай бұрын

    yes

  • @mikesinclair2472
    @mikesinclair24725 ай бұрын

    I want to know how these guys were getting pure hydrogen and oxygen back in the 18th century

  • @TazzyWorld1
    @TazzyWorld15 ай бұрын

    1:27 undyne is there

  • @CronFizzle
    @CronFizzle5 ай бұрын

    Was hoping it would go one level deeper into explanation

  • @reinefantastique
    @reinefantastique3 ай бұрын

    Hello my dear friend! thank you for the cool video! keep filming! I'll wait for new videos

  • @tech-wondo4273
    @tech-wondo4273 Жыл бұрын

    How can the volume of Gas be constant when it can be compressed?

  • @queeny5613
    @queeny5613 Жыл бұрын

    Awesome

  • @eliscerebralrecyclingbin7812
    @eliscerebralrecyclingbin7812 Жыл бұрын

    Cool!

  • @santoast24
    @santoast24 Жыл бұрын

    I kinda like the old symbols better, ya know? Kinda cute

  • @seantheimp
    @seantheimp5 ай бұрын

    I like Misty chilling in the corner there.

  • @thesilentone4024
    @thesilentone4024 Жыл бұрын

    I wonder how are citys and all its lights effect the plants/trees in them and outside the city. How do these plants respond are they stressed what is the 24/7 light doing. In the wild whats the lights doing to the plants/trees when a car drives by then its dark again 5 minutes later a car then dark again how do these plants/trees respond to this.

  • @askemervigbahnson333
    @askemervigbahnson333 Жыл бұрын

    When the two gasses combined to form water, how did they know that water was composite, and the gasses were fundamental, and not the other way around? If I had been a scientist back then, knowing different types of air exist, but assuming water to be fundamental, I would just assume one of the ingoing gasses was a type of air containing water.

  • @askemervigbahnson333

    @askemervigbahnson333

    Жыл бұрын

    And that the water was always there, but was released from the water-containing gas during the reaction

  • @aaronfield7899
    @aaronfield7899 Жыл бұрын

    You would face the wrath of the orb of tornami if you said that to Omi.

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