How PCR Changed Science Forever

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/ backpackbiology
We've been hearing the word PCR test a lot lately, yet not many people know that the invention of PCR changed the course of science. It allowed us to accomplish amazing feats unattainable before, and it was all thanks to an eccentric scientist, LSD, and a crusty little bacteria in the side of a Yellowstone hot spring. Join me today in learning how PCR changed human kind and how the hell it actually works!
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Sources:
www.google.com/books/edition/...
www.nationalgeographic.com/sc...
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Chapters:
0:00 Intro
0:33 What is PCR
1:49 Pre PCR Era
2:53 Dr. Kary Mullis
3:50 What is DNA
4:32 DNA Replication
5:21 How PCR Works
7:10 Problem with PCR
8:00 Yellowstone
9:38 Taq Polymerase
10:30 New Science
11:24 Closing Thoughts
12:58 Thanks!

Пікірлер: 212

  • @rosalina2773
    @rosalina2773 Жыл бұрын

    I highly recommend Kary Mullis’ biography. It is quite short but fascinating. I read it during my first year of studying chemistry at university. As a bit of a social outcast, I felt very isolated from my peers in classes, and when attempting to mimic behavior to fit in (yes I’m autistic, apparently). Kary really resounded with me as being someone who was unabashedly open to sharing both his genius and insanity. He wasn’t a perfect person by far, but he was genuine in his thoughts with no apology or care (not always a good thing in excess, but still something I wish I saw more). Had he been born a century prior, I genuinely think he would be revered among the likes of Einstein and Tesla. The corporatism and corruption of science buried this man. Even when earnestly asking about him to my professors recently when using PCR testing in lab, most laugh about him and act as though he was crazy… I guess you could argue he was, but “crazy” is often a common descriptor among those who are able to produce an idea this revolutionary.

  • @pookiecatblue

    @pookiecatblue

    Жыл бұрын

    I've read his book "Dancing Naked in the Mind Field. Great book. He was definitely an interesting character. Too bad he's not still with us. I think they did away with him.

  • @rosalina2773

    @rosalina2773

    Жыл бұрын

    @@pookiecatblue I wondered the same thing. The timing of his death was just… very odd.

  • @denofpigs2575

    @denofpigs2575

    4 ай бұрын

    @@rosalina2773 He challenged Fauci and was not someone they could just ignore.

  • @starfy20291
    @starfy20291 Жыл бұрын

    This video is ridiculously good. It's science explained through storytelling filled with heart. As a microbiology major, watching this gave me the inspiration to learn and explore new aspects that nature has to offer for scientific research. To look beyond what's already known and to think bigger. I'm so glad I found this channel through the bonsai video - so so good. Beautifully written well done. I hope more and more subscribers come your way

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    wow, you're so kind! Thanks so much and I'll definitely keep going! I'm glad you were able to appreciate it too! I think it's a pretty dense video, maybe a little too confusing for the general public. Good luck in your studies

  • @swmplvr

    @swmplvr

    Жыл бұрын

    it's actually misleading as Kary Mullis made it clear that PCR is NOT to be used for testing!!!

  • @lilyc8173

    @lilyc8173

    5 ай бұрын

    It is fraud

  • @lilyc8173

    @lilyc8173

    5 ай бұрын

    @@TheBackpackingBiologistyou are a fraud and liar

  • @edwardyue5884
    @edwardyue5884 Жыл бұрын

    I was in a bioengineering lab before, and it was so good to see things in a different way, it is great that you have done so much work on explaining the great PCR. shout out to backpacking biologist

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thank you so much, and I'm glad you appreciated the video! cheers!

  • @brewin7992
    @brewin7992 Жыл бұрын

    I'm blown away by how well made this is, I love all the interviews and all the great effort you give this.

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Hey! Thanks :) I really appreciate it and I’m glad you liked it!

  • @mohammedaffan594
    @mohammedaffan594 Жыл бұрын

    I have learned about pcr in my pharmacy school but never seems this interesting it's more like exploring around the way you went through every step it's embedded deep into roots of my brain which I'll never gonna forget in my life this how exactly teaching should be🖤

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks so much man! That’s exactly what I want to accomplish for people. Thanks for watching!

  • @swmplvr

    @swmplvr

    Жыл бұрын

    it's actually misleading as Kary Mullis made it clear that PCR id NOT to be used for testing!!!

  • @smilefjesemoji
    @smilefjesemoji Жыл бұрын

    Such a great video, I'm so happy I discovered your channel! Thank you for putting your time and effort into them, it really shows :)

  • @JaKeV46

    @JaKeV46

    Жыл бұрын

    ^

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks a lot! I love making these videos and I'm glad there are people there that enjoy watching them :)

  • @thebigcheese5606

    @thebigcheese5606

    Жыл бұрын

    @@TheBackpackingBiologist you are absolutely pushing false information and you know it. You have no real facts. No real peer reviews and knowing that NO 'virus' has been ever isolated. You are parroting arbitrary and false information.

  • @swmplvr

    @swmplvr

    Жыл бұрын

    it's actually misleading as Kary Mullis made it clear that PCR is NOT to be used for testing!!!

  • @AnarchistN8iv

    @AnarchistN8iv

    10 ай бұрын

    ​@@swmplvrYes and Yes!! 🙌🏼🙌🏼🙌🏼

  • @vdubs4life1964
    @vdubs4life1964 Жыл бұрын

    Kary said it himself that PCR isn't designed to detect viruses. And its not a test.

  • @h.gonyaulax2190

    @h.gonyaulax2190

    Жыл бұрын

    Mullis made this statement in a video that is about 25 years old. PCR tests did not exist at that time. The tests use PCR, but they are a separate method. Today they are everyday biochemistry. Since viruses contain nucleic acids, they can of course be detected by PCR based Tests. His statement is completely outdated.

  • @vdubs4life1964

    @vdubs4life1964

    Жыл бұрын

    @@h.gonyaulax2190 but he died in 2019 and he never retracted what he said in that interview 25 years ago.

  • @h.gonyaulax2190

    @h.gonyaulax2190

    Жыл бұрын

    @@vdubs4life1964 Maybe no one asked him anymore later? PCR, his brainstorm under LSD, won him the Nobel Prize, but unlike other laureates, he was no longer taken scientifically seriously because of his curious views later.

  • @thebigcheese5606

    @thebigcheese5606

    Жыл бұрын

    @@vdubs4life1964 correct. He also stated that it can detect everything that you would look for. I'm paraphrasing of course. Put pretty much on point.

  • @thebigcheese5606

    @thebigcheese5606

    Жыл бұрын

    @@vdubs4life1964 and he also knew that the hiv/aids "virus" was a scam.

  • @gibygiby2677
    @gibygiby2677 Жыл бұрын

    I loved the mix of scientist interviews and on location filming. Amazing video as always!

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks so much!

  • @venomfall
    @venomfall Жыл бұрын

    Another great video! The quality of content you're producing is far, far above what most channels your size are at. Keep up the good work, I hope to see your audience growing in the future!!

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks so much! I appreciate you and I’m glad you like the content 🙏🏾

  • @indayche5285
    @indayche5285 Жыл бұрын

    Impressive. You obviously put a lot of time into this video. Thank you for new information.

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thank you!!

  • @elim4605
    @elim4605 Жыл бұрын

    Fascinating! These explanations are so clear. Love what you're doing production-wise too. Using magnets, interviewing friends in the field, filming on-site? It's top notch, dude. 🤓🤠

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks a lot Eli! I really appreciate it!

  • @harambesrevenge1169
    @harambesrevenge1169 Жыл бұрын

    Such an awesome video, I’ve learned so much from your channel! Thank you!

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks for always watching!

  • @TheMef311
    @TheMef311 Жыл бұрын

    Wow! This was amazing! Can’t wait to share!

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks!

  • @danny3619
    @danny3619 Жыл бұрын

    Super cool and informative video!

  • @joshvarghese3439
    @joshvarghese3439 Жыл бұрын

    I learned a lot about PCR, this was a really informative video. You put a lot of time and effort into these videos, good job

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks a lot dude, I’m glad you liked it!

  • @EtherealOblivion
    @EtherealOblivion Жыл бұрын

    Great video!! I always learn something new when I visit this channel. Stay awesome! 😊

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks a lot! I appreciate it and take care!

  • @ChavinMedina
    @ChavinMedina Жыл бұрын

    another great video!! you always impress me with the quality and effort put into these!

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thank you so much!

  • @wangxunan1409
    @wangxunan1409 Жыл бұрын

    Thanks for making this video! It’s amazing!

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks for watching!

  • @earthlingsixbillionsomethi2486
    @earthlingsixbillionsomethi2486 Жыл бұрын

    Really helped me understand how PCR works man. High quality video. Your haircut had me staring lol.

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Haha thanks! I appreciate it :)

  • @carolyngrace2765
    @carolyngrace276511 ай бұрын

    This video is so informative about something I didn't know I didn't know anything about, and is such high quality - really impressive.

  • @dataexpunged2779
    @dataexpunged2779 Жыл бұрын

    Great job, keep it going!

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks! Will do!

  • @jameshung9625
    @jameshung9625 Жыл бұрын

    This is a lovely video! Keep it up fam!

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thank you!

  • @kingpin1118
    @kingpin1118 Жыл бұрын

    You are a solid teacher. I really understand this concept! Edit: just noticed you are a tiny channel. I am excited to be an early subscriber to this empire you've started!

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    I really appreciate the kind words! And welcome!

  • @xueyelin3293
    @xueyelin3293 Жыл бұрын

    First time commenting ever any where. The quality of this video and the editing is just amazing. I have no doubt you'll hit it big on KZread soon.

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    This comment means so much, thank you so much! I’m glad you liked the video!

  • @gr5565
    @gr5565 Жыл бұрын

    Very nice video! Good job 👍🏼

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thank you!

  • @Siphyr
    @Siphyr11 ай бұрын

    Love your vidoes so much man, the love and care you put tinto them really shines through ^_^

  • @DrBrunoRecipes
    @DrBrunoRecipes Жыл бұрын

    Excellent job!

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thank you!

  • @Asoukes
    @Asoukes Жыл бұрын

    Great video! And good digestibility for someone (such as myself) with little knowledge on the subject area.

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    That's what I like to hear!

  • @elainelouve
    @elainelouve Жыл бұрын

    Just found your channel and subscribed. You make fantastic videos!:)

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thank you for subbing and watching! Glad you liked it :)

  • @dasmensch2317
    @dasmensch231710 ай бұрын

    Amazing video, keep it up 👍🏾

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    10 ай бұрын

    Thank you! Will do!

  • @danny3619
    @danny3619 Жыл бұрын

    Loved the video :)

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    thanks Danny! :)

  • @marioeuribecruz7965
    @marioeuribecruz7965 Жыл бұрын

    Thanks for the video 🎉 never stop researching 😊

  • @liljoe23la
    @liljoe23la Жыл бұрын

    Wow learned something new! PCR ftw! Looking forward to more backpacking vids 🙏

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks! Next one is a backpacking video in the Channel Islands off the coast of California :). Take care!

  • @IamRainbowthecat
    @IamRainbowthecat Жыл бұрын

    I am here for the first time and your channel blew my mind.

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    I'm glad you found it! Thanks for watching :)

  • @maxlohrberg5317
    @maxlohrberg5317 Жыл бұрын

    As a beginning biology student I can say that your channel is exactly what I was missing xD. Keep up the great work!

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks so much! Good luck with school!

  • @swmplvr

    @swmplvr

    Жыл бұрын

    it's actually misleading as Kary Mullis made it clear that PCR id NOT to be used for testing!!!

  • @ny.motivation
    @ny.motivation7 ай бұрын

    this is a real "video explanation of something" should be, love it. thanks. love you

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    5 ай бұрын

    haha thank you!

  • @chanterelle483
    @chanterelle48311 ай бұрын

    Great message, thank you

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    11 ай бұрын

    Thanks for watching, and I’m glad you liked it!

  • @bierdrinkenmetjeoog
    @bierdrinkenmetjeoog Жыл бұрын

    Great video my g

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks Kasper! ❤️❤️

  • @yagvar
    @yagvar Жыл бұрын

    so interesting!!

  • @TheVcasf
    @TheVcasf Жыл бұрын

    Ok, I appreciate anything keeping Kary Mullis in the zeitgeist. While still shocked you didn't insist on his main fights. What about his accusations directed on Fauci and his gang.

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks! I wanted my video to focus on the science, not on the controversy. Ideally this video would be played for classrooms, so cutting the fat was key, and to me, all that junk was fat.

  • @lucasalvalai2805
    @lucasalvalai28052 ай бұрын

    I'm an italian teacher, thank you so much for this amazing video, it will be very helpfull for my high school students!

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    2 ай бұрын

    Glad it was helpful!

  • @Nanorooms
    @Nanorooms Жыл бұрын

    This needs more views

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks! I feel the same way 😂

  • @andrewdelrusso4951
    @andrewdelrusso4951 Жыл бұрын

    another great video

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks! :)

  • @cloversclo
    @cloversclo Жыл бұрын

    Kary Mullis was my second cousin, his father "Banks" was a great man as well. I think he got his rebellious ways from his great grandmother.

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Wow, that's super cool!

  • @SooperToober
    @SooperToober Жыл бұрын

    Thanks again for all that you’re creating- you’re a pedagogue extraordinaire- love how you “clap back” primary research and its funding to protecting our environment and endangered species! Brilliant! Eloquent erudite and enchanting as always

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Not gonna lie, I had to look up 70% of the words you used 😂 Thank you!

  • @mohamedhadi5633
    @mohamedhadi563311 ай бұрын

    You have great videos very informative thank you soo mucg

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    11 ай бұрын

    Glad you like them! Cheers!

  • @globalhealth6341
    @globalhealth6341 Жыл бұрын

    Great video

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks!

  • @westwoodoralsurgerydentalgroup
    @westwoodoralsurgerydentalgroup Жыл бұрын

    Amazing!

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thank you!

  • @Hands2HealNow
    @Hands2HealNow Жыл бұрын

    Well done.

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thank you!

  • @tilo4548
    @tilo45489 ай бұрын

    Amazing video, kary is actually my grandfather.

  • @timh2859
    @timh28597 ай бұрын

    great vid

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    5 ай бұрын

    Thank you!

  • @stephanieramos8398
    @stephanieramos8398 Жыл бұрын

    the “dead” actor was my favorite part of the video for sure😌

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Get that woman an Oscar

  • @tatoverde9312
    @tatoverde9312 Жыл бұрын

    Now the question is how a virus is isolated? Once we could purified a virus then we could be certain tha a particular genome correspond to a particular virus.

  • @carlorobotti5572
    @carlorobotti5572Ай бұрын

    After a second reload of this link all the negative comments and discussions disappeared and only positive with 1 answer appear. Very PCR !!!!

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Ай бұрын

    What do you mean? Every comment is still here, nothing has been deleted

  • @Ricardo-gv1zq
    @Ricardo-gv1zq Жыл бұрын

    How has this only had 4.4k views?????

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thank you! Hopefully it’ll get more in the future :)

  • @Amy23m
    @Amy23m2 ай бұрын

    Me encanto el video, excelente manera de explicar como funciona y para que el PCR

  • @Rémy-130
    @Rémy-130 Жыл бұрын

    Thermophiles love watching The Backpacking Biologist🔥🔥🔥

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Yeee! Thanks Chris! You still got the same number?

  • @Rémy-130

    @Rémy-130

    Жыл бұрын

    @@TheBackpackingBiologist I think so? I'll send it to you on FB

  • @johnnyrane117
    @johnnyrane117 Жыл бұрын

    Lol, gravity.... Still just a theory.

  • @avprogrammering809
    @avprogrammering80921 күн бұрын

    Hi all, Please study Mark Bailey's paper A Farewell to Virology from 2022. Cheers from Stockholm, Sweden

  • @ordsmedensmening9702
    @ordsmedensmening9702 Жыл бұрын

    What is the death of him anything peculiar?

  • @chlordk
    @chlordk3 ай бұрын

    The number cycles you run PCR is the key. Kary said only run it 20 cycles maybe up to 25 but don't use to determine anything, only for supporting other investigations. Since March 2020 PCR was used to determine COVID-19 by running it 37 cycles. It is totally wrong and Kary warned about it.

  • @h.gonyaulax2190

    @h.gonyaulax2190

    2 ай бұрын

    In the almost 30-year-old video clip, Karry Mullis was unable to comment on PCR tests, as they did not even exist at the time. He "only" invented PCR, he had nothing to do with the later tests. People simply don't understand that PCR (as a pure copying machine for DNA) and PCR tests are completely different things.

  • @carlorobotti5572

    @carlorobotti5572

    Ай бұрын

    .....and ..an instant death occured....

  • @isaT
    @isaT Жыл бұрын

    So he drove while high on LSD? I guess genius and crazy are close together 😈😅

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Often times one in the same 😅

  • @navlex67
    @navlex67 Жыл бұрын

    Wait so he was driving on lsd 😂 legend

  • @georgeflitzer7160
    @georgeflitzer71604 ай бұрын

    Resident Evil?

  • @timelessadventurer
    @timelessadventurer Жыл бұрын

    A slightly misleading title. I thought there would be more about LSD’s effects on the brain. It was a very informative video, but I did hope to learn about LSD on the brain..

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks for the feedback! I've been trying different titles and thumbnails, I'll give it another go! cheers!

  • @BlackJeepConvertible
    @BlackJeepConvertible Жыл бұрын

    PCR test can say anyone has Covid at any time

  • @georgeflitzer7160
    @georgeflitzer71604 ай бұрын

    Can you grow me new teeth? Lol

  • @nickygreenfingers
    @nickygreenfingers Жыл бұрын

    Amazing science, a true scientist

  • @cherigray6121
    @cherigray61219 ай бұрын

    What DNA problem was there? Science thinks they have to rewrite DNA?

  • @boriskaragiannis
    @boriskaragiannis11 күн бұрын

    sure but somehow the inventor him self Kary Mullis disagrees on how it is used died a few days before the "pandemic" and you totally spiked to talk about it...somehow

  • @jitaftwt
    @jitaftwt Жыл бұрын

    Lies

  • @LittlebuddahWellness
    @LittlebuddahWellness Жыл бұрын

    Lol.the pcr test is a scam. He said it himself and then they killed him off

  • @pookiecatblue

    @pookiecatblue

    Жыл бұрын

    Yep. I thought the same thing.

  • @michaelyoung5707
    @michaelyoung5707 Жыл бұрын

    You can never see the reaction and process happening in real time. You only can imagine it happening.

  • @Akwizard47
    @Akwizard47 Жыл бұрын

    So is this basically cloning?

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    In a way, yes!

  • @michaelyoung5707
    @michaelyoung5707 Жыл бұрын

    I hope that one day I get to analyze your digital output, I would tell you that you have cancer. DNA data is not regulated. I can give you any call I want to plus, it can easily be manipulated just like PCR.

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    Жыл бұрын

    Analyze my digital output? You better me out to dinner first! 🥵

  • @AmruMagdy
    @AmruMagdy4 ай бұрын

    Impressive. You obviously put a lot of time into this video. Thank you for new information.

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    4 ай бұрын

    Thank for noticing and leaving the kind comment!

  • @tilo4548
    @tilo45489 ай бұрын

    Amazing video, kary is actually my grandfather.

  • @TheBackpackingBiologist

    @TheBackpackingBiologist

    9 ай бұрын

    No way, that's so cool!

  • @avprogrammering809
    @avprogrammering80921 күн бұрын

    Hi all, Please study Mark Bailey's paper A Farewell to Virology from 2022. Cheers from Stockholm, Sweden