How Fast Is It - 05 - General Relativity II - Tests (4k)

4:25 Error in the metric spacetime interval in polar coordinates. Should be sin(theta) instead of cos(theta).
text - howfarawayisit.com/wp-content...
Credits - howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/...
In this segment of the “How Fast Is It” video book, we cover the effects of general relativity and how they differ from what Newton’s gravity predicts. Our first effect is the orbit of Mercury that precesses more than Newtonian gravity predicts. To understand the non-Euclidian space that Mercury orbits in, we introduce the Schwarzschild metric and compare it to the Minkowski metric for flat space-time. We illustrate the positive curvature around the Sun using concentric circles with shrinking circumferences. We then show how this slight difference in curvature produces additional movement in the precessing perihelion of Mercury’s orbit that exactly fits the measured number. Our next effect is the bending of light. We cover Arthur Eddington’s famous measurement during a total eclipse of the Sun and show how the amount of starlight bending matched Einstein’s calculations better than Newton’s. We extend this bending effect to show how Einstein Rings and gravitational lensing work. And we show how this effect tips over light cones and changes world-lines. Our third effect is gravitational time dilation. We show how it works and cover how our GPS uses it. We also cover the Pound-Rebka experiment used the Mossbauer Effect to showed how this time dilation impacts gravitational redshift. We also illustrate how this effect resolves the Twin Paradox we introduced in the Special Relativity segment.
Music
@01:17 Mozart - Flute Concerto No. 2 in D Major: Kurt Berger, Vienna Mozart Ens; from the album “50 Must-Have Adagios Masterpieces” 2013
@12:03 Grieg - Holberg Suite, Sarabande (Andante): Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra; from the album “For the Hopeless Romantic” 2005
@19:47 Korsakov - Capriccio Espagnol: Royal Philharmonic Orchestra; from the album “Rimsky-Korsakov: Scheherazade” 2009

Пікірлер: 94

  • @vladcimpeanu
    @vladcimpeanu Жыл бұрын

    I love seeing these format updates to the original videos, I remember watching them over and over, or listening to them, I can't express how much I appreciate your work. To me, it is almost as valuable as Feynman's lectures that we still have, as well as Susskind's few presentations on entanglement related subjects. Thank you for all the time and energy you commit to this channel, I hope it will continue to be an interesting project for you in the years to come.

  • @Job.Well.Done_01
    @Job.Well.Done_01 Жыл бұрын

    Glad to see another video, David!

  • @fishtailfuture
    @fishtailfuture Жыл бұрын

    Man, I love it when I see a new DB upload and its like 30+ minutes 🥰 I'll be looking forward to watching this tonight.

  • @jimc.goodfellas226
    @jimc.goodfellas226 Жыл бұрын

    Theres nothing better than a new 30+ minutes long video from Mr Butler

  • @tk423b
    @tk423b Жыл бұрын

    What a gift this channel is. Thank you.

  • @kirbymarchbarcena
    @kirbymarchbarcena Жыл бұрын

    I am never good in physics let alone the numerous equations but I'm glad Dave adds illustrations to make some theories and equations much simpler for us to understand.

  • @FarukHalis
    @FarukHalis Жыл бұрын

    Hello Mr David, you made my day. This going to be the best time of the week for sure. Thank you for efforts. I live in San Diego and I really want to meet you one day. Sincerely Faruk.

  • @Paconovia
    @Paconovia Жыл бұрын

    Glad to see you good and well Mr Butler

  • @satanofficial3902
    @satanofficial3902 Жыл бұрын

    A gold star for you for PROPERLY pronouncing "Uranus". Not everyone does.

  • @keybutnolock
    @keybutnolock Жыл бұрын

    I liked the "twins paradox" googley (curve ball). Thanks for sharing.

  • @frankelkjr8041
    @frankelkjr8041 Жыл бұрын

    Outstanding presentation!

  • @RandomJ2023
    @RandomJ2023 Жыл бұрын

    This is FASCINATING sir. Thank you. The fact they were able to calculate and discover this in the early 1800s is amazing.

  • @handwrittenjello

    @handwrittenjello

    Жыл бұрын

    I wonder what they will say about is in 200 years

  • @RandomJ2023

    @RandomJ2023

    Жыл бұрын

    @@handwrittenjello right! This is chump change compared to the year 2200 🙌

  • @theGoogol

    @theGoogol

    Жыл бұрын

    You might also like the channel Parallax Nick 👍🏽👍🏽

  • @RandomJ2023

    @RandomJ2023

    Жыл бұрын

    @@theGoogol Thank you Googol. Will check it out!

  • @captaincaveman3827
    @captaincaveman3827 Жыл бұрын

    Another fantastic informative clip from David Butler keep it up sir

  • @y5mgisi
    @y5mgisi Жыл бұрын

    These videos are so beautifully done.

  • @unclebustard5328
    @unclebustard5328 Жыл бұрын

    David Butler the goat!!! Love this channel

  • @nathanwhitechurch3769
    @nathanwhitechurch3769 Жыл бұрын

    Glad you're making more videos, this stuff is well beyond my comprehension but still amazing to hear

  • @Anthony-ym6iz
    @Anthony-ym6iz Жыл бұрын

    David, thank you as always. You are an exceptional educator and I adore your choice of music to accompany your philanthropic presentations. Thank you again.

  • @Ninjahat
    @Ninjahat Жыл бұрын

    Your content is the best... no contest! 🎉💪🏻

  • @dennistafeltennis1190
    @dennistafeltennis1190 Жыл бұрын

    Ahh there he is :)

  • @redjonuk1059
    @redjonuk1059 Жыл бұрын

    Thank you David, I’ve been looking forward to this update ☺️

  • @Metaldetectiontubeworldwide
    @Metaldetectiontubeworldwide Жыл бұрын

    Thank you David ☆☆☆☆☆ , if i had you in high school as a teacher , i would had the motivation to study physics at the university .

  • @gaylord4851
    @gaylord4851 Жыл бұрын

    Very interesting and informative posts which I always enjoy and appreciate the hard work and dedication you put into them. Thanks again. 🙏🏻

  • @deepakkamthe3746
    @deepakkamthe3746 Жыл бұрын

    Thanks sir david..... A am watching your videos daily at night and then i am going to sleep well..... love from India 🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳🇮🇳

  • @TranNguyenVungLay
    @TranNguyenVungLay Жыл бұрын

    I always loved your video ever I don't understand much of it but I tried to absorb it if I can. I wish that you had a good health and healthy minds to share more science lessons. Thanks

  • @Erick-ev5zt
    @Erick-ev5zt Жыл бұрын

    Super thank you, David for this very easy explanation. I have watched a lot of videos in KZread tackling this subject matter, but none of them can be compared to the way you presented it. One good example is the mercury orbit. You went above and beyond explaining it, while on others they don't go that far. It's like they skip it probably because they don"t know how to explain it in lay mans terms the way you explain it.

  • @deevog
    @deevog Жыл бұрын

    Nice quality educational channel

  • @Epoch11
    @Epoch11 Жыл бұрын

    I'd love to see you do more videos these are so informative and so well done, appreciate the update but would love to see something new

  • @cursive6412
    @cursive6412 Жыл бұрын

    Looking great, David!

  • @fanofhumidity
    @fanofhumidity Жыл бұрын

    Thanks, David!

  • @fietef.4854
    @fietef.4854 Жыл бұрын

    yes, thank you david!

  • @marcocambray7725

    @marcocambray7725

    Жыл бұрын

    His calmness is contagious

  • @eonasjohn
    @eonasjohn Жыл бұрын

    Thank you very much.

  • @666LonesomeSailor
    @666LonesomeSailor5 ай бұрын

    Thank you very much for your videos. They are so informative and well structured, that even a guy like me get the feeling to understand a bit of this physik-stuff. Bu there is one thing, that triggers me a bit, maybe a bit more. As a german speaker, the guy you call Schwarzs_CHILD---- would be pronounced Schwarz_SCHILD buy schild meaning shield and not child... it´s not the child of Schwarz it´s a black shield. Thanks for all your work to educate us about physik, you´re doing marvelous.

  • @defunkd90
    @defunkd90 Жыл бұрын

    Nice one big Dave

  • @endsinvention1390
    @endsinvention1390 Жыл бұрын

    You are awesome. Thanks

  • @fredcloud9668
    @fredcloud9668 Жыл бұрын

    Fascinating.

  • @kaliyoagho4590
    @kaliyoagho45908 ай бұрын

    Thank you Sir🎉

  • @book3100
    @book3100 Жыл бұрын

  • @spinalobifida
    @spinalobifida Жыл бұрын

    Nice music choice when talking about Vulcan.

  • @anirudhadhote
    @anirudhadhote9 ай бұрын

    ❤ Very good 👍🏼

  • @michaelccopelandsr7120
    @michaelccopelandsr7120 Жыл бұрын

    My idea so I get to name it! Voyager 1 is now in interstellar time or "Mikey's Time." "V-ger's" message is sped up now that it's outside our suns time bubble or "Terran Time." It will be faster still when "V-ger" sends a message from beyond the Milky Way's time bubble. (That name is still up for grabs.) Then there's Outside the Local Group time bubble, so on and so on until we get to the, "True Interstellar Time Standard." Now that "V-ger" is in interstellar space, it's also in the Milky Way's STANDARD, faster moving, interstellar time or "Mikey's Time." This can be proven by turning off everything except its clock and transmitter. Have "V-ger" read time for as long as possible. They WILL show the flow of time speeds up the further away you get from any celestial bodies. Until you reach the time standard. •Our sun's time bubble: "Terran Time" we know and have measured. •Milky Way's time bubble or "Mikey's Time." The rate/flow of TIME outside any influence but within the Milky Way: We just got there and are still figuring. Wild guess I'd say time will increase in speed, now and until V-ger is outside the Ort cloud .007-.07% faster, maybe. Just for reference. •Local Group's time bubble or the rate/flow of time outside of any influence but within the Local Group: Name still open and unknown. Wild guess .08% to a couple seconds faster, maybe. Used just for reference. •Outside any influence in the, "True Interstellar Time Standard," or...;-P Name NOT up for grabs BUT just begging to be measured. The rate/flow of time is fastest here. (Time flows fastest here so it's best to have your motor boat.) ;-P A minute is a minute in all. It's the rate/flow I'm talking about. The Milky Way's Interstellar Time Standard will be known as, "Mikey's Time." Pass it on, please and thank you.

  • @robmorefield6540
    @robmorefield6540 Жыл бұрын

    I ❤ this guy.

  • @Carnrat
    @Carnrat Жыл бұрын

    Yay!

  • @kinglog4528
    @kinglog4528 Жыл бұрын

    Does the twins paradox work the same at slower speeds? Meaning if a set of twins were born a half hour apart, and once the two became working adults, the younger twin took a desk job where they remain until retirement, while the older twin became a jet airline pilot and also worked that job until retirement. Given that the older twin spent much of their life accelerated at high speeds for reasonably long distances, by the time both twins reach retirement, would the younger twin technically have experienced more time overall than the older twin? Since time for the older accelerated twin was often passing more slowly than it was for the younger stationary twin. Or am I misunderstanding how it works?

  • @howfarawayisit

    @howfarawayisit

    Жыл бұрын

    I think you have it right. One of the twins would be a few seconds older than the other.

  • @cesarjom
    @cesarjom Жыл бұрын

    4:25 Error in the metric spacetime interval in polar coordinates. Should be sin(theta) instead of cos(theta). This is because that is the projection of radius r onto the xy plane, contributing to the side of the infinitesimal surface area (of sphere at r) along the phi (vector) direction.

  • @howfarawayisit

    @howfarawayisit

    Жыл бұрын

    Thank you very much for spotting this error. I'll fix it in the 'Classroom Aid' and add a pointer to it at the 4:25 mark.

  • @tk423b
    @tk423b Жыл бұрын

    What if there is so much mass beyond the visible universe that it could explain the Hubble redshift?

  • @rollomartins6224
    @rollomartins6224 Жыл бұрын

    Btw. Schwarzschild was German. His name means literally black shield. And would be pronounced shwurz shield, not shwurz child. Dunno if he called him this way in his time, though. Btw I adore your explanations. I recommend them wherever I can.

  • @haistapaska20
    @haistapaska20 Жыл бұрын

    What is a whirl line?

  • @user-qy2wp8iz9l
    @user-qy2wp8iz9l2 ай бұрын

    Mr. Butler , is there a thing called ( relativistic p parallax?

  • @howfarawayisit

    @howfarawayisit

    2 ай бұрын

    Yes. It uses general relativity equations to adjust the normal parallax computations. It's only important when we are talking about reaching accuracies around 1 micro-arcsecond on the sky.

  • @chadbaptiste4227
    @chadbaptiste4227 Жыл бұрын

    Mr. Butler, of every educational channel on this platform, yours is the most concise and clearly illustrated, but this is blowing my mind in a profoundly stupid way: just exactly how is the energetic properties of the emitter's gamma ray affected by gravitational red shifting? Having the iron atoms embedded in a crystal to mitigate the action/reaction properties of the gamma ray emission makes perfect sense, what is actually happening inside of that 22.6 m spacetime that causes the GR frequency to change before arriving at the receiver? Where did that energy go/come from?

  • @howfarawayisit

    @howfarawayisit

    Жыл бұрын

    Energy flows between the energy of the photon and the gravitational potential energy of the field.

  • @chadbaptiste4227

    @chadbaptiste4227

    Жыл бұрын

    ​@@howfarawayisit So despite the photon being massless , it is to some extent "physically" interacting/being affected by with the warped spacetime? Like sticking a twig into an open faucet, that downward flow is the gravitational potential field energy that's manipulating the photon's own energy?

  • @howfarawayisit

    @howfarawayisit

    Жыл бұрын

    @@chadbaptiste4227 Why do you bring up the fact that the photon has no mass. The issue at hand is that it has energy, and energy is conserved in a closed system.

  • @chadbaptiste4227

    @chadbaptiste4227

    Жыл бұрын

    @@howfarawayisit Fair point, that's right. Many thanks for taking the time to respond, Mr. Butler!

  • @HebaruSan
    @HebaruSan Жыл бұрын

    3:36 - Did you really find a royalty-free recording of the theme from Star Trek: The Next Generation?

  • @geroellheimer

    @geroellheimer

    Жыл бұрын

    🤫

  • @bimblinghill
    @bimblinghill Жыл бұрын

    Babe wake up, a new Butler vid just dropped

  • @Epoch11
    @Epoch11 Жыл бұрын

    If the one twin were magically transported or teleported to twice the distance from Earth 2 Vega to space ship already traveling 99% the speed of light and did not slow down when passing Earth and somehow the twins communicated would they still be the same age?

  • @Tazer183
    @Tazer183 Жыл бұрын

    I'm sure the channel Dialect would have some things to say about the twin paradox segment

  • @owen7185

    @owen7185

    Жыл бұрын

    That's special relativity

  • @howfarawayisit

    @howfarawayisit

    Жыл бұрын

    Dialect maintains that the paradox is not solvable. I think that would make it a 'contradiction' disproving relativity theory all together. Dialect fails to recognize the acceleration of the rocket involves physical phenomena that the person on Earth doesn't experience. for example, suppose the rocket acceleration was 100gs. The girl would be killed in the rocket but the twin on Earth will not.

  • @Tazer183

    @Tazer183

    Жыл бұрын

    thanks for your response dave

  • @ArtDocHound
    @ArtDocHound Жыл бұрын

    What if the elevator that you're in on the train that you're on is suddenly thrown into a black hole?

  • @handwrittenjello
    @handwrittenjello Жыл бұрын

    What time is it on Jupiter?

  • @ChinnuWoW

    @ChinnuWoW

    Жыл бұрын

    Time to get gassy.

  • @JungleJargon
    @JungleJargon Жыл бұрын

    How much acceleration is there if you are between galaxies with the average of all of the black holes around you pulling equally on you? Distance will be greatly expanded in contrast to being greatly contracted near a supermassive black hole and the rate of time will be greatly accelerated in contrast to being greatly slowed down where we are near Sagittarius A. So there is no single measure of distance in the universe and there is no single rate of the passing of time in our universe. Since the speed of light is determined by the measures distance and time, the varying measures of distance and time will cause the speed of light to vary, which is exactly what gravitational lensing is. The result is that light is traveling faster in between galaxies relative to us where we are near Sagittarius A. Time passes by faster between galaxies and the distances aren’t as far as what they appear to us to be. This is the reason we are able to see distant star light within our known human history of 6,000 years. The plasma jet appears to be moving seven times the speed of light from where we are near Sagittarius A because our rate of time is slower and our measure of distance is more contracted because of general relativity. It also means that the distances between us and distant galaxies are greatly expanded causing the redshift that we observe since the light traveling to us is passing through expanded distance and an accelerated rate of time for the majority of time and distance that the light that we observe travels to us.

  • @stewiesaidthat

    @stewiesaidthat

    7 ай бұрын

    Light doesn't have a speed. It has a propagation rate. That propagation rate is determined by the permittivity (electrical energy) of space, and the permeability (electrical fields/matter) within space. Gravitational lensing isn't caused by gravity. Its caused by the rotation of the celestial object creating an electromagnetic field around it. The space between galaxies is mostly empty space while galaxies contain gas and dust. Light will naturally slown down/redshift within galaxies on account of permeability. But what about permittivity? Is there more energy (virtual particles/aether) outside of galaxies than within. Then only measurement we have is the CMB with hot and cold spots. From observations/experiments, we can see that increased temperature equals increased energy equals greater acceleration. That would make the speed of light not constant throughout the universe. Throughout time.

  • @JungleJargon

    @JungleJargon

    7 ай бұрын

    @@stewiesaidthat You didn't say why the observations of plasma jets from galaxies are measured to be seven times the speed of light. The dilation of time and distance are observations, not just a theory. When the rate of time changes and the measure of distance changes, the speed of light changes.

  • @arunsabupaul3587
    @arunsabupaul3587 Жыл бұрын

    🎉🎉🎉🎉

  • @satanofficial3902
    @satanofficial3902 Жыл бұрын

    "It is my scientific conjecture that those who are related to you are your relatives. And this is my theory of relativity." ---Albert Einstein

  • @satanofficial3902

    @satanofficial3902

    Жыл бұрын

    "It's amazing what we now know to be true by using quantum tunneling to explain the nature of chicken noodle soup as an example of the use of a Fourier integral which locks in pop star freshness. The energy account of the photoelectric effect is implicit in the dimensions of the Planck constant dumpster diving and scavenging river bottoms for relativistic variants preferred by countertops everywhere. Subspace analyzers made from lollipops and unicorn earwax prove that observations by the Schrödinger equation provides direct evidence that zero-point vibrational energies feel the joy of sharing chemical bonds containing chocolate bunnies. This is directly related to the probability distribution of Newton's second law of dangling participles in Moosylvania. The science is settled. Trust the science. I was laughed at daily and heckled endlessly. But I am right and they are wrong about the eigenfunctions of zesty jalapeño rings inserted like toast in a toaster made from the quantum wave functions of black holes. It’s safe to assume that wearing plastic moose antlers will make you look like Bullwinkle. But it's worth it just to feel like you belong with the cool people trained to be computer repair technicians. Once you see, you can never unsee." ---Albert Einstein

  • @satanofficial3902

    @satanofficial3902

    Жыл бұрын

    Skippy the Bush Kangaroo says... "True!" 🦘

  • @satanofficial3902

    @satanofficial3902

    Жыл бұрын

    Once Sonny got old enough and she no longer had to worry about him falling down a well all the time, Skippy left Waratah National Park and hopped west to get herself her dream education. Skippy got her doctorate in astrophysics from the University of Jerramungup in Western Australia and was one of the first to point out that Australia should really be called the Land Up Over since regarding the solar system from the southern ecliptic is the correct view and on world maps the South Pole should be at the top. Professor Skippy is a bit of a nitpicker when it comes to actual, specific details. Professor Skippy is currently teaching multiverse hyperdimensional dynamics at the University of Toowoomba in Queensland. "No wonder world affairs are so topsy-turvy if everyone always keeps seeing the planet upside down!" ---Professor Skippy In her off time, Professor Skippy is an avid surfer and loves to hit the waves at nearby Gold Coast or down north at the Sunshine Coast. "Rooabunga! Surf's up! Grab your boards!" is her favorite funtime beach mantra. Professor Skippy has already won several prestigious awards in the kangaroo surfing categories. "Surf to live. Live to surf." ---Professor Skippy Professor Skippy is also an accomplished musician and is regarded as a world-class didgerido player and is famous for playing Chopin sonatas on the didgerido. She often plays as guest first-chair didgerido in the Toowoomba Philharmonic Orchestra. When modern life becomes a little too hectic, Professor Skippy will take time off and go hopabout across the Queensland landscape to reestablish Dreamtime in her soul. "When is Northern Territory going to get a REAL name? Calling it North Australia would be so cliché as there are already South Australia and Western Australia. My vote would be to call it Slartibartfastland in memory of Slartibartfast designing the planet in the first place for the sake of pan-dimensional hyper-intelligent mice. It's because of Slartibartfast that Australia even exists." ---Professor Skippy

  • @RockLee679
    @RockLee679 Жыл бұрын

    Hi. And. Welcome. To. How. Far. Away. Is. It

  • @qdpqbp
    @qdpqbp4 күн бұрын

    but first... RAID SHADOW LEGENDS

  • @Hecarim420
    @Hecarim420 Жыл бұрын

  • @waynemongo
    @waynemongo Жыл бұрын

    Nice bit of sanity on YT.

  • @demhamasta
    @demhamasta Жыл бұрын

    Why am I so immature when I hear Uranus

  • @clown134
    @clown134 Жыл бұрын

    it's so cool how general relativity at age 100 has continually been proven correct while Christianity at age 2000 has continually been proven incorrect

  • @clown134

    @clown134

    Жыл бұрын

    a "testament" to the power of science and the illogic of religion. no pun intended

  • @otomo129

    @otomo129

    Жыл бұрын

    @@clown134 You really know a person is totally out of line when they start replying to themselves.

  • @manta567
    @manta5677 ай бұрын

    *[Ckurl Shwurts shilled]

  • @mahokhan9122
    @mahokhan9122 Жыл бұрын

    Today's

  • @sirbollocks5147
    @sirbollocks5147 Жыл бұрын

    Sorry mate not buying.

  • @ngc-fo5te

    @ngc-fo5te

    Жыл бұрын

    I don't think anyone was selling you anything.

  • @KasidAli-su1xx
    @KasidAli-su1xx9 ай бұрын