What a terrific format. I love the conversational explanations. Thank you, Dr. Duffy, and thank you to the future Dr. Miller!

Thanks Doctor Duffy, that was entertaining and informative. You have a fine natural interaction with your student. Keep up the good work.

Can you imagine the conversation w the person who simply suggested using the reactor instead of the bomb? What a buzz kill.

@tolep

3 жыл бұрын

Also, the number of neutrinos emitted in a microsecond is way higher in a nuclear explosion. Luckily, you can't send a manhole into space using a nuclear reactor.

@gordonn4915

3 жыл бұрын

Do remember the US and USSR were testing a lot of atomic bombs at that time. They were free to the scientists and a lot of particle data was collected that way (not as close). Of course they were also detected by Kodak at its x-ray film facility thousands of miles away (near Fermilab).

I have yet to see an educational video in a 2-person conversation format that didn't feel excruciatingly forced. This video did a pretty good job with pacing and editing to lessen that feeling. Great job!

To me, one amusing thing about theoretical physics is the size of the equipment necessary to study something so small. The smaller the particles under observation the larger the equipment necessary to observe that particular. Okay, okay, I’m easily amused.

@ArawnOfAnnwn

3 жыл бұрын

That's cos the smaller they are, the larger the energies required to observe them.

@PrivateSi

3 жыл бұрын

Uber-privileged, state funded giga-wasters... Neutrinos are no use to man nor beast... Makes me sick to the core.. AMUSING! You must be really rich or really libtarded... Probably both... Nothing funny about the trillion$ wasted globally on junk science that produces or detects no useful new materials... I don't know how these Uber-Science Worshipers sleep at night... oh yeah. brainwashing.

@kdarkwynde

3 жыл бұрын

Found thr Creationist!

@Plant_Parenthood

3 жыл бұрын

it has always been monkeys smashing rocks together to see what comes out. nowadays we are hairless monkeys and the rocks are much smaller and much faster but the broad strokes are the same.

@PrivateSi

3 жыл бұрын

@@Plant_Parenthood We've gone way past smashing matter, we're turning the base matter-energy subspace charge field into matter... For instance, a little PET scanner alone, in my model, creates an electron-positrons pair by blasting an atom with gamma rays that rocks the subspace field, with the electron bonding with the proton (two positrons and an electron) to form a neutron while the positron is emitted (beta+ radiation)... -- There is no definite reason to suggest ALL electrons and positrons annihilate.. The invention of 'the (anti) neutrino'to fix the fact all the energy emission measurements vary is very telling... NEUTRINOS ARE NOT QUANTISED. They occupy a broad range of energies. -- High energy physics blows larger chunks and holes in the subspace charge field, creating larger, junk fermions that quickly disintegrate to electrons. positrons and notons (dark matter, electron bonded to a positron. Very small mass and neutral)... THEY'VE GONE TOO FAR and have confused themselves with some bad fudges (quarks, (anti) neutrinos, bosons). QCD is a fudge.

Super cool video! I would've loved to see a bit about the gigantic IceCube Detector but of course you can't include every neutrino detector in the world! Thanks for the video :)

@dr.kirstyduffy9015

3 жыл бұрын

Yes, I'm a huge IceCube fan! It's a shame we didn't get to cover it in this episode - it uses the same principle of detection as SuperK (Cherenkov radiation), but instead of building a huge tank of water with light detectors around the outside, they sunk the light detectors down into the ice at the South Pole and turned the whole thing into a giant detector (I think it's something like a cubic kilometre). Very cool experiment (pun...sort of intended?), hopefully we'll be able to work it into another video!

Love this series. Dr. Duffy, and her guest Katrina Miller, both have amazing presence and are very engaging speakers. The explanations are simple but not dumbed down and have enough info for me to go and research further on my own knowing what i want to look up

This really is one of the top channels on youtube. This series, Dr. Lincoln, and the lectures are all so very well done. Please keep up the good work!

Another fabulous episode. Thanks to you both.

The graphs and plots in this video were VERY cool to see. Deeper dives on this kind of data and analysis would be nice to see. Thanks for the video.

Very interesting, informative and worthwhile video. Many thanks for the various links to further information.

As I often said. So many are doing these shows and even on the same topic I actually learn it better. It might be repetition but their slightly different approach might help at least for me. Thank you for this

I love the work you guys do there. Cutting edge of our understanding of nature. Brilliant. Keep up the great work.

Great job!! After years of keeping up with neutrino news i had never actually seen the detector like that, Thanks so much!

It's super nice to have actual measurement data there in the video, being explained! Unlike many other science channels that I know. It'd be interesting to learn more about making conclusions from data. Thanks for the video!

Great videos! thanks FermiLab!

I like to imagine all the 'space' in atoms to allow neutrinos to pass right through us, earth, and on to the cosmos. Keep up the great presentations!

@promethium-145

3 жыл бұрын

@MichaelKingsfordGray 1. I read your channel description, and I'm tempted to think you're trolling. Either that, or you're still going through an edgy teenager phase. 2. Even if your description of religion were accurate, what does that have to do with Don Frank's comment? His argument makes sense; atoms consist mostly of empty space, and Neutrinos barely interact with anything. So it would follow that the empty space makes it easier for Neutrinos to evade other particles. 3. With that said, Don's point of view is entirely agreeable. So why are you objecting to it? I'm genuinely curious.

@gyro5d

3 жыл бұрын

Space is not empty. Space is full of Aether. Aether is e->~

FANTASTIC video, well done!!

Very nice series 👌 Thank you.

Always loved the beautiful hues of this type of decay

Extraordinary video!! Congratulations!

Great series! I really appreciate the time scientists like you take to spread the knowledge. I was once on that side and I know it is hard enough to worry only about your research. And kudos to whoever is in charge at fermilab and understands funding scientific communication is so important. I'm not a US citizen, so I can't contribute with tax, but I would certainly like to do that via patreon, or something, so people like you and the excellent Dr. Don Lincoln, and the team that makes it possible, can keep up the great work.

This video is so cool! Thank you for posting this, I had no idea of how the detection worked and the explanation was very easy to understand. :)

I appreciated to see the real material you use for experiments.

Extraordinary! And so understandable too...!

So interesting! Thanks for this video!

Very good video. Might show to my physics class in the fall.

Really good explanation of the NOvA detector

We need this advance science to create a better future . Thank you so much for being here and educating us .

Great series, I hope to see more videos!

Great one, could you also make a series on long baseline experiments

Great video ! Quick question, is there any difference on the detectors trails ( the images that you showed on the video) due to the different neutrino types ?

@dr.kirstyduffy9015

3 жыл бұрын

Absolutely! In general, neutrinos of different types tend to produce the matching lepton when they interact. So an electron neutrino will generally produce an electron (plus maybe some other stuff), a muon neutrino will produce a muon, and a tau neutrino will produce a tau lepton. Tau leptons are hard to spot, but in the video I think Katrina shows both the muon produced by a muon neutrino (looks like a long straight track in the NOvA and MINERvA detectors) and an electron produced by an electron neutrino (looks like something we call a "shower" in the MicroBooNE detector - hopefully that makes sense when you look at the picture, because it's kind of showery). We'll talk more about the different types of neutrino and how they produce different signatures in a future video!

Lovely presentation

Question: The retina in a human eye is quite sensitive when adapted to the dark. The vitreous humor of the eye could act as a scintillator. In fact, on the Apollo mission astronauts reported seeing flashes of light with closed eyes. These probably were high-energy particles interacting with the eye. How come we cannot see neutrinos interacting with the vitreous humor of our eyes? Is the volume too small for interactions, is the light of a wavelength we cannot see or is the light produced too weak?

@dr.kirstyduffy9015

3 жыл бұрын

This is a great question! I don't know the answer for sure because I've never really thought about it before, but my guess would be that it's because the volume is too small. Roughly 1-2 neutrinos are expected to interact in your entire body over your lifetime, so it's pretty unlikely one of those would happen in your eye. From what I understand, astronauts see the flashes because they're above the atmosphere so they are being bombarded by a huge amount of other particles (protons, neutrons, electrons, alpha particles, muons, etc) from the sun -- it's a combination of the type of particles and the huge number. Most of those particles get shielded from us by the atmosphere (except, of course neutrinos...)

@tnwnl

3 жыл бұрын

@@dr.kirstyduffy9015 So it seems to be a matter of probability. I already suspected that from the size of water based detectors. Btw, muons should be detectable with a volume of water and a photomultiplier. I don't have academic physics education but I have been into radiation detection and nuclear physics for over 15 years. If you have FB, I run the group Radiation Nuts, physicists are always welcome ☢🙂

Excellent series, excellent title👍

Excellent format, more please. Q: When detecting the resulting cascading particles, how do you know it came from a neutrino and not some other particle? Also, can you measure the speed of the neutrino from the cascading particles?

Super cool videos!

Great episode! Question from another episode: What does a neutrino's energy have to do with how likely it is to interact with other matter?

Thanks for another great video :)

This is the Quarks Channel: strange subject, top explanations, very charming hosts. The bottom line is: thumbs up! and dont let anyone ever get you down by bad comments.

@TheReaverOfDarkness

3 жыл бұрын

As I traveled through this field of genius, I found myself compelled to interact.

Nothing's more important to me than Fermilab's new video

@scottanderson8167

3 жыл бұрын

Agreed. In fact, I’ve emptied my entire brain except for fermilab videos and breathing

@karla7765

3 жыл бұрын

Illuminati is real

This is great more neutrino videos plz!

Very intresting.

How do the detectors you mentioned compare to IceCube which monitors 1 km3 of ice for neutrino interactions? Is the larger volume better or is the choice of material more important? And what about the planned Hyper-Kamiokande? What difference, i.e. improvements will it make?

That was fun! Thanks.

Loving these Banana episodes! I really enjoy them👏 I would've let off a few A bombs for that poltergeist thing. Gotta live a little😆

I just saw the test livestream! You guys are announcing G2 experiment results!?!?!? OMG SO EXCITE

Amazing!

Well simplified, I think I understood most of that. How/wjy does the track length translate to neutrino type? If neutrinos move that quickly, how is a direction observed?

I'm very disappointed that the neutrino wasn't detected using nuclear bombs.

@eyle6839

3 жыл бұрын

That doesnt sound very repeatable tho xD (not very healthy to repeat that is)

@ngcf4238

3 жыл бұрын

@@eyle6839 it was at los alamos that's what they do

@larph7270

3 жыл бұрын

Just another excuse to make bigger explosions.. 😁

Nice and informative video, thanks. I have a question which has always bugged me. I know that newly created neutinos travel close to the speed of light, but that would still mean that there are neutrinos (created far away) that will be passing in our frame at very slow speeds (due to the relative speeds of the creation point and us). They probably are vastly outnumbered by local fast ones, but nobody ever mentions them. Am I right in assuming this?

Now I really want to know about this 2 detector setup

What is the lowest energy neutrino we can detect with cold noble gases and what is the Feynman diagram for it (interactions with weak force bosons)

Very accessible and informative video - thanks!

Hi, you video touches on so many interesting aspects and sparkles interest in all directions, very entertaining. I am intrigued by your comment at 3:27 that "the shockwave passing through the heart doesn't hit the detector because it's in free fall". I know this is out of scope but this puzzles me. I fail to see the difference with keeping the detector buried at the bottom of the hole. May you comment on the logic behind it?

Drs Kirsty Duffy and Katrina Miller are scintillating scientists. 💕 ☮ 🌎 🌌

Great video, I look forward to the next episode. One thing though: it would be helpful if you could improve the audio quality and keep it consistent

Is Kirsty Duffy from Bristol or roundabout there?

I'm seeing a pattern to Fermilab's choice for their video personalities. Alliterative naming: Dr Don, Dr Duffy. I wonder who will be next? Oh, and great video series by the way!

What are the practical applications for all of this research?

When you mentioned Wolfgang Pauli, there was an error with my computer's sound. How synchronous. ^^

Any progress with island of stability in the field of trans-uranium element synthesis?

Is it possible to place detectors in sequence in such a way as to detect the speed of neutrinos? I there a hypothesis on how far neutrinos might travel?

At 10:04 it was stated that a neutrino hits an argon nucleus and triggers a particle avalanche. Does a neutrino actually possess that much energy? Like less than one ev? Was that a mistake?

what are the other particles coming out of the collisions?

Thanks for explaining in detail, I went over another which talks about neutrino hypothesis (beta decay), there it was breaking few known laws. So there it was affecting the angle. Also they say they go through our body in billions through us but there it won't affect anything, its so diffficult to detect ?

They were nuts. Whoever pointed out that a nuclear bomb wasn't necessary deserved a raise. Hope they got it

This is something different. This is the ability to see atoms in distinct manifestations!

Great content. However, I think the audio could use a bit of adjustment or post processing. It could definitely benefit from some dynamic range compression. There are also parts of the video, like around 3:25-5:30, that have popping / glitching.

@RJPick1

3 жыл бұрын

... but you should bear in mind, in these COVID times, these videos are not being produced in expensive studios with professional equipment, they are shot at home with amateur cameras and microphones.

@Jim3535yt

3 жыл бұрын

@@RJPick1 There's no studio or anything required. Just load up free audio software like Audacity, and use the compressor function.

Can nutrino research help us figure out how to manipulate muons and electrons to produce muons more efficiently than we currently do? If we can make muons efficiently, then we can use muon catalyzed fusion for energy generation.

I just heard the good news! Congrats!! ;O)-

Dr Duffy, I very much appreciate your videos. Here's a question or two, how can 100 million neutrinos per second pass through your thumbnail without hitting the nucleus of an atom or do they? What do you mean by 'interact'? What happens when a neutrino does hit the nucleus of an atom? What happens when a neutrino hits a quark? What happens when a neutrino hits an electron? What would happen if a neutrino hit another neutrino? Could neutrinos be dark matter since there are so many of them? Sorry to go on. The inclusiveness is inspiring and much needed.

@michaelsommers2356

3 жыл бұрын

Neutrinos only interact through the weak and gravitational forces. Both of those forces are very weak, so they don't interact much. When a neutrino does interact with a nucleus, you get results such as those shown in the video. Although there are zillions of neutrinos zipping around, they have a very tiny mass, so they cannot account for dark matter.

Can we calculate the rate of time in space? Like the "tic" it has in every place? How that affect us?

What's the scintillation material dissolved in the baby oil?

@michaeldamolsen

3 жыл бұрын

"By mass NOvA scintillator is mostly (∼95%) mineral oil solvent. Blended into the mineral oil are a primary scintillant that generates UV light and two wavelength shifters that convert the UV light to the wavelength range appropriate for capture by WLS fiber, the detector element that routes the light to the photodetectors. An anti-static agent for fire safety and an antioxidant to minimize yellowing were additional components of the scintillator." "When excited by an ionizing particle, the primary scintillant pseudocumene (1,2,4-trimethylbenzene) decays by emitting photons in the range 270 - 320 nm. These UV photons excite the wavelength shifter PPO (2,5-diphenyloxazole) which in turn decays and emit photons mostly in the range 340 - 380 nm, with a tail that extends to 460 nm. In the third step in of this process, the down-converted scintillation photons excite the second wavelength shifter bisMSB (1,4-bis-(o-methyl-styryl)-benzene) which subsequently decays to photons in the range 390 - 440 nm, with a tail that extends to 480 nm. Photons in the range 390-460 nm excite the wavelength shifter in the WLS fiber." Search for "arxiv 1504.04035" to read the full article about how they decided on the materials as well as how it was made :)

Someone: "Why are you using a nuclear bomb instead of a nuclear reactor?" Scientist: "Ummmm...because we have them?" Sometimes when the tool you have at hand is a hammer, every problem starts looking like a nail. See: Operation Plowshare, Project Orion, The Qattara Depression Project, etc...

@tnwnl

3 жыл бұрын

Nowadays there would be an environmentalist outrage 😄

@kdarkwynde

3 жыл бұрын

Ok, but in all fairness, Orion would have actually worked. We could actually build it right now, and use it to get to Alpha Centauri. Granted, we'd have to build it in orbit, and it would take an almighty fuckton of nuclear bombs to get up to spees and then slow back down when we get there, but it WOULD actually work.

@kdarkwynde

3 жыл бұрын

@@tnwnl well...things like Operation Plowshare are the whole reason Greenpeace exists...and Greenpeace started the Green movement...

@BuckeyeStormsProductions

3 жыл бұрын

@@kdarkwynde totally agree. In theory, a good idea. In reality, given the potential failure rate of rockets, hauling that many nuclear weapons into space is questionable. Odds are at least one of the flights would have failed, and then how much nuclear material would been spread throughout the upper atmosphere? If we could develop a way to mine, and process nuclear material off-world, suddenly it becomes a very appealing option. Maybe a lunar Oak Ridge?

@tnwnl

3 жыл бұрын

@@kdarkwynde And nowadays Green movements in Poland, Finland and Norway are in favor of nuclear power . A revolution is slowly gearing up ❤☢

Biggest question: why was there no pun related to BANANAS in this episode?????? Everyone seems to be disappointed because of this.. EVEN BANANAS are.. :P This was on a lighter note, obviously great great episode..!

I always wonder why in all that high-tech physics there is no way to make a good microphone. Or was it placed deep down in Super K? ;)

I'm interested in neutrinos coming from "outside" the experiment (e.g. from the sun) and how those look in the detector, as well as how the data is analyzed and filtered to get rid of "noise." Can you do a video about these topics (if you haven't already)?

@michaeldamolsen

3 жыл бұрын

The experiments are all detecting neutrinos from outside the experiment, primarily from the Sun. If you search for "neutrino picture of sun" you will find a few examples of pictures of the Sun taken with neutrinos rather than light. These are all made of measurements taken at night time, so the Sun is seen through the entire Earth. That is one way of filtering unrelated particles, as none other than neutrinos are expected to make it all the way through Earth. Another data filtering method is looking at the particle paths as you saw in the images in the video. The short paths are particles that interact with other stuff and are thus not likely to be neutrinos.

@dr.kirstyduffy9015

3 жыл бұрын

Yeah, you're right - there isn't really anything we can do to block neutrinos so we do see neutrinos coming from the sun and other natural sources (center of the Earth, bananas...). There are two basic ways we can try to tell apart the neutrinos from our accelerator from all the other ones: 1) make measurements when the accelerator is off, and measurements when the accelerator is on and compare them - if we see "extra" neutrinos when the accelerator is on, we assume that's where they came from. 2) it's not a perfect science, but the particles produced in the detector when a neutrino interacts tend to go "forward" in the same direction as the neutrino was travelling. Like when you "break" in pool/snooker, the balls you hit tend to go mostly in the same direction as the original pool ball. We can use that to try to point back and work out where the neutrino came from -- if it looks like it came from the direction of the sun and not from the direction of our accelerator, then we can ignore it.

@dr.kirstyduffy9015

3 жыл бұрын

There are also some other tricks we can use, like neutrinos from the sun tend to have low energies and produce electrons, whereas neutrinos from our accelerators tend to have higher energies and produce muons. That's "tend to" and not "always" so again it's not always perfect, but it helps!

I always wonder what's inside/ what made up Electron??

Hi, can you please explain what an anti neutrino is and what the difference is from a neutrino?

@fermilab

2 жыл бұрын

Great question! Check out this video all about matter and antimatter: kzread.info/dash/bejne/pmWLq5Sgn8Wyaag.html

Omg I follow her on Twitter! So cool

A question: if light slows down in a medium and is not absorbed, does it resume its normal speed once it exits that medium? if yes, how can a light particle gain the energy to do so?

@anullhandle

3 жыл бұрын

@bgdavenport this channel may have a video on it or the related light "bends" in a medium topic. 60 symbols has 2 videos on it. Don't think of a photon like a solid "bullet" hitting a water balloon and speeding back up on the other side. A photon has no mass or even a sense of time. It doesn't and doesn't need to gain energy. Gaining energy would change its color (frequency) not its speed it always travels at err the speed of light. Enjoy your videos on quantum weirdness.

@bgdavenport

3 жыл бұрын

@@anullhandle Quantum weirdness is an understatement! Thank you for that explanation. If I understand correctly, the photon only appears to us relativistically to slow down. Phew!

Are there only 3 types of neutrinos? Electron, Muon, and Tau. Is it all 3 three (if only 3 exist) that have no issues passing through everything. Or do the energy levels inhibit them from passing through. As in what Anita (AITA) is looking for in Antarctica. I keep hearing of low and high energy level neutrinos......are these the same one?

You'd think fermilab could afford a better microphone. Still love the video

Do neutrino rarely interact because they physically miss the target atoms? Would a reaction with something unimaginably dense like a neutron star be an almost certainty?

@michaeldamolsen

3 жыл бұрын

A major reason why they don't interact much is that they are electrically neutral. That allows them to just carry on, even if they have a very near miss with a charged particle. It was relatively recently found that neutron stars are a lot cooler than previously thought. That is because they radiate a lot of neutrinos which cools them very efficiently (produced in deeper layers by electron capture and the resulting proton to neutron conversion). Even something as dense as a neutron star does not stop neutrinos in their tracks.

Nutrinos matter too! They are matter. We are matter.

Nice video, but a lot of crazy measurements. Stories, busses, planes. Personally I don't understand those well, could you please use hedgehogs next time? Or meters....one of the two.

Could neutrinos pass through a neutron star?

Wait, so they didn’t even get to light off a nuke? What a bummer. You and I have very different opinions on whether or not witnessing a nuclear bomb explosion would be super neat lol

I once read a futurist speculating that advanced alien races might use neutrino based communication instead of EM based communication, as that would supposedly be better for intersteller communication (albeit, of course, still subluminal). What do you think of that idea? Crazy, or plausible?

It's funny watching these super smart women dumb it down so the rest of us can have a small clue about what they do.

I love the way she oversimplifies particle detector designs, I could listen her for day and night 😍

Can we get an update on Katrina's PhD??

So cumulatively what do neutrinos do/ contribute to?

What's the mass of a neutrino? Are there theoretical particles smaller/lighter than neutrinos? Thanks.

@michaelsommers2356

3 жыл бұрын

The upper bound on the mass is less than 1 eV. Nothing that has mass has less mass. By way of comparison, the mass of the electron is 511,000 eV.

@MikeRosoftJH

3 жыл бұрын

@@michaelsommers2356 And the upper limit on photon mass is something like 10^-18 eV (but different experiments have given even lesser values).

@MikeRosoftJH

3 жыл бұрын

@ebjj vhjnf It's tricky to make absolute statements. Yes, a photon has to our knowledge no rest mass; but that's something that can't be said with certainty - it can only be verified to a certain degree of accuracy. (When I say that the photon's mass is no greater than 10^-18 eV - that's about 10^24 times less than the mass of an electron - then this is consistent with the mass being zero.)

@MikeRosoftJH

3 жыл бұрын

@ebjj vhjnf No, it wasn't. In science it's not possible to say with absolute certainty that photon mass is exactly zero. What we can do is to say: with such-and-such certainty, the mass of a photon is no greater than 10^-18 eV (or the like). For example, we can measure whether or not speed of light is the same for all observers, regardless of the motion of the observer relative to the direction of propagation of light. If speed of photons is indeed always the same regardless of the observer's motion, then this means that photons indeed propagate at the absolute relativistic speed 'c' and therefore have no rest mass. But any measurement has limited accuracy; so we can't say with absolute certainty that there is no effect, we can only tell an upper limit on it (and so an upper limit on photon mass). (The value 10^-18 comes from the 'Particle Data Group' report on the particle properties. The reports also give upper limits on other effect that nobody expects to see - like the difference of the magnitude of electron and proton electric charge - as well as on effects that scientists expect to exist, but weren't able to detect so far - like the electric dipole moment of an electron and other particles.)

@MikeRosoftJH

3 жыл бұрын

@ebjj vhjnf Yes, that's precisely what I meant. No measurement has detected a positive result of a photon having rest mass; they only give (heavily constrained) upper limits on their mass. If photons were massive, it wouldn't really mean that much for relativity; it would just mean that photons don't propagate at the relativistic absolute speed c (which can be called the 'speed of causality'). And it wouldn't have been entirely fatal for electromagnetism, either; but it would mean that for example interaction between two charges doesn't obey the well-known inverse square law; there would be an extra factor - depending on the mass - which exponentially decays with distance. (And we know that if such a factor existed, it must be entirely insignificant, at least at the usual distances.)

I’m very happy my tax dollars are going to research like this.

Pauli must've passed away a happy man.

Aren’t we actual seeing neutrinos? Swing light is actually photons interacting with the cells in our eye that send a signal to our brain for processing, and neutrino detectors are just an extension of that. Allowing use to see them. Almost like the are a part of the electromagnetic spectrum. 😎 Just a thought.

@ShapeDoppelganger

3 жыл бұрын

There's no correspondence in that, photons are the bosons of the electromagnetic force, that meaning that light is the force carrier particle, neutrinos on the other hand is a fermion, that denotes that it is an elementary particle. Since seeing with our eyes require the object to be seen to interact electromagnetically with something, either be it a sensor or our natural sensors - eyes, we can't say that we saw a neutrino. But what we can see is like a footprint, and deduce the speed and weight of what left that footprint there, but we won't be able to see the act of leaving a footprint.

Minerva Metastasis (HL2 game mod) is becoming a reality! Great video and well presented guys! :)

What happens when a beam of relativistic protons hits Bose Einstein condensate target. The target is quantum mechanically acting as a single atom the size of 1000 atoms.