Dr. Klioze, I'm a licensed X-ray and MRI tech, but I've been in the veterinary field for about 15 years. All my trainees that pass through radiology (which is basically all nurses who get hired here) have the pleasure of watching your video. Very informative and entertaining as well, thank you for taking the time doing this!

[From the UK, March 2023] This has to be one of the most fantastic explainer & history of the X-ray videos out there. 👍🏽👍🏽

Well, I'll be darned! After almost 72 years, I finally know what that motor sound is when I received X-Rays (having never had the courage to ask the X-Ray Tech). Watched the whole video and loved the history and the theory. Oh, and BTW. I remember the thrill of the foot X-Ray machine at Florsheim in the 50's and OKC. But now I wonder about its latent effects. Thanks for a great lesson!

@LU-jz8ci

3 жыл бұрын

We call it "rotating", which is done by pressing the exposure button only half the way, we do it often when we need to be quick to take the picture, since it takes some time (about half a second) to get it rotating, and the exposure can't start until the anode is spinning at full speed

@sunniewillow

3 ай бұрын

People got cancer for sure

@sunniewillow

3 ай бұрын

Waaaait. We were taught that the first xray was of Mrs Roentgens hand??!!

Awesome!!! Thank You so much for this video. As a second year X-Ray student I have watched this video more than once. I was stationed in Giebelstadt, Germany from 1999 - 2002 which is about 15km south of Wurzburg where Dr. Roentgen's lab is located. I wish I would have known that I would eventually become an X-Ray student. I would have stopped at the University in Wurzburg and taken the tour in person. I drove by the University countless times on the way to the hospital where my daughter was born and throughout my tour in Germany. Just knowing I was so close to the birth of my new profession will suffice for now. Thank You Dr. Klioze for this fine presentation!!!

Very well explained. Thank you for this video!

Well presented - and well researched. Thanks for sharing.

Thanks for uploading. Undergrad engineers could also benefit from watching this

Many thanks Dr. Klioze for this explanation and reach background.

Dr. Klioze, how thoroughly I enjoyed this video. Thank you. What amazes me is how quickly his discovery spread around the world. It wasn't till the 80s the cause of peptic ulcers was a bacterium, not stress. The medical community tried to disregard the doctor who discovered this. Today I believe knowledge of something even more simple and basic is readily available but it's disregarded by both the medical community and the lay public. I won't say what it is, but it will be interesting to see how it plays out in the future. Again, thank you for this.

Dear Doctor Klioze, Excellent efforts and amazing movie. Today my concept of ho Kv and mAs works is clear.

Absolutely Amazing video!! clearly explained and very interesting

I remember the x-ray machines in shoe stores back around 1950. They were really fascinating for a kid. During the early days of x-ray development there were terrible cases of overexposure. I heard that Thomas Edison refused to have an x-ray of himself because he knew a man who had been badly injured by overexposure.

One of the BEST science educational video ever seen!!

I'm very grateful for this video, as someone that doesn't usually understand these kinds of things it explained tremendously well how everything worked in fine detail. Thank you so much for this Chris England, UK

Excellent presented video.

thanks for the explanation. also i liked the addition of the little vocal noises in the background haha

Excellent documentary. Thank you. 🤙🏼

That radiograph of the foot is more interesting than let on. That is the "shadowgraph" Nikola Tesla sent to Wilhelm Roentgen shortly after he went public with the xray discovery in 1896. Tesla had been pursuing and experimenting with xrays at the same time, but had developed it far enough to impress even Roentgen.

Amazing video ! very well done.

BTW. A first Nobel Prize in Physic was received by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1901, for his research on X-rays. Also, Röntgen also studing and finished his PhD at ETH Zurich, Switzerland. He also met his wife here. I live just 30 seconds from a street named after him, Röntgenstrasse, close to Limmatplatz, Zurich, and a Röntgenplatz (converted from X intersection in 1984, which was due to a local population opposition to make it a high traffic road, and the opposition was named X-ray square festival :D) , which I visit daily because it is so close to my favorite coffee shop and grocery shop. Unfortunately I don't know if he lived in some apartment / house close by, but it is a possibility. But not entire, as I think the region was mostly industrial in nature at the time, and had some railroad there.

Very well explained. I understand it now!

I read in Röentgen's Biography that he first noticed in a closed drawer fotographic paper or plate that had been exposed. He wondered why, and finally discovered that it was the X-ray that were responsible for it.

Thank so much Dr Klioze for sharing.

Thank you for posting these videos! I have watched this video and the CT video and found them most enlightening. I currently live in Germany and what is interested is that Mr. Röntgen has a verb also in his honor "ge-röntg-t" means to have an X-Ray done.

Great video!!

You could have added the double side coated x-ray film and the luminescent back plate placed below the film that glows for some time after the exposure is stopped. This greatly reduced the exposure time to safe values. Great video. Regards.

Thank you sir for wonderful information.

Well done, Dr Klioze!

Nice video. The book, "Naked to the Bone" goes into a lot more detail. Hard to believe we once X-Rayed pregnant women to see the pelvic bones. The exposure time was typically 8 hours. No mention of The Beatles? They had so much money they funded the development CAT scanners.

excellent video. fundamental to understand the current technology

Great video, very informative.

thanks Dr.Klioze it's amazing video and explanation

Lots of information... thank you..

Great explain about X-ray and Thank you 💕😊

Great job🎉❤

Excellent!

Good presentation! Thank you

Very didactical video! Bravo!

لوسمحتم المواضيع في غاية الروعة لكن تحتاج الى الترجمة ، ساعدونا

absolutely brilliant, thank you.

@zinebounzar2825

3 жыл бұрын

Thanks you very much for your hard working you video is fantastic

thanks this will help lots with my NHD day project

Great explanation!

Wonderful job. As a retired radiologist I thought you did a great job. I would love to see more videos of the fantastic devices over the course of years. The best example that comes to mind are the complex motion tomography units in the 70s and 80s, such as the Phillips Polytome and CGR tomography units. They were the epitome of mechanical engineering marvels.

Dr Klioze you should talk about the 3 different ways the x-ray image is captured on Flim,computed radiography and digital radiography

Thank you the video was great

Interesting work

Man, what a good video. I feel so pillaged just to watch it! :)

That was excellent

Great explanation.

Happy u mentioned Rosalind Franklin

That first control panel in the museum is a steampunk / Frankenstein movie fan's dream!

Bud Hinkle. Reminded me of Ray Finkle!

this is helping me so much with my nhd project 😭😭😭

excellent>>>!!!

Thank You So Much doctor!!!

A panoramic radiograph the teeth is greater than or less than an x-ray for the chest? Thanks :)

@wardogies

3 жыл бұрын

Much less it’s a stationary anode much lower power

@pilotavery

3 жыл бұрын

Much much less

@TKing2724

2 жыл бұрын

A standard chest xray is 0.1mSv of radiation, panoramic dental xrays are 0.025mSv, about 4 times less. A single shot of the chest is equivalent to 10 days of background radiation, panoramic dental xrays are equal to about 3 days of background radiation.

Will there be a specific video about fluoroscopy?

In regards to television CRT tubes, for the most part you're correct, but you neglect to account for the fact that Cathode Ray Tubes were made of leaded glass (Which is why CRT's are so heavy); This practically eliminates radiation exposure, not much higher than background radiation levels.

Made it simple and comprehensive,love from pakistan

Hello Doctor Klioze, would you mind if I asked where you got the animations from? For the cathode/anode evolution

@DoctorKlioze

8 жыл бұрын

+Zephlex I do 99% of 3D video animations. Those were done with an old program called Ray Dream Studio's. Fantastic consumer level animation package but, unfortunately, is no longer available. I'm not sure what's the best and easiest to use now but I've been dabbling in 3D-Studio Max. Excellent platform. Very versatile and produces fantastic 3D images. Because of all the available features, a little tough to master, however.

@Zephlex

8 жыл бұрын

+Doctor Klioze Thanks, i'm playing around with 3Ds max right now :). I've actually got another question, you mentioned that x-rays at the time took a long time to generate due to the inefficiency of the crook's tube. How does that tie in with Professor Rontgen being able to see the bones of his hand in the lab? Did he hold up his hand for 20 minutes?

@DoctorKlioze

8 жыл бұрын

+Zephlex In the lab, Roentgen simply saw the glowing phosphorescent plate near the Crookes tube and when he placed his hand between the tube and the plate, he thought he could see the bones of his hands. However, the image was very blurry with poor spatial and contrast resolution. That's why he wasn't actually sure what he was witnessing. Over the next 8 weeks, he worked out the details of his new ray and developed a technique for recording the phenomenon on a sheet of film for presentation purposes. With the inefficient Crookes tube and lack of a good phosphorescent screen (now standard on any film-screen cassette), the process required many minutes of exposure to produce an image with sufficient anatomic detail.

@Zephlex

8 жыл бұрын

+Doctor Klioze many thanks for the thorough explanation.

It was awesome thanx😄

To combat the XRay output of a CRT, at least with color CRT's, was to have the faceplate of the tube be made of thick lead glass. and in general the entire tube was made of lead glass if i recall. Early black and white tubes where less shielded and most definitely emitted X-Rays. Not fully sure if the relatively thin faced oscilloscope tubes also produce significant amount of xrays, ill have to check that. In general, in terms of shielding X-Rays up to the 125KV range, (about double the voltage used in large color CRT's) a roughly 1cm thick lead glass pain is enough to reduce the exposure down to basically harmless levels. Though this also depends on the beam current, and amount of lead in the glass. The leaded glass i am talking about has a yellow green tint to it, which is a rather bad thing for color CRT's, so lower levels of lead are used. I can write more about this if anyone is interested

Great video. As I understood in English speaking countries they called it X Ray's where X stands for unknown. Mr Rontgen was a dutchman born in Apeldoorn. Now in the hospital where I was treated they just call them photons.

@LU-jz8ci

3 жыл бұрын

In Sweden, we call them röntgenstrålar, in english "röntgen rays"

FANTASTIC! As you so expertly expounded, everyone wanted to fool around with Xray machines when they first came out -- including the daughters of Tsar Nicholas II, who fancied themselves as nurses and got their daddy to buy a machine and install it in their palace.

Amazing

Awesome

Great documentary (although I would have liked if it explained how the images are created [what's going on when the x-rays impact the blank target image made of I don't know what]), thanks for making them.

@DoctorKlioze

10 жыл бұрын

With classic film-screen technology, the x-ray hits a screen coated with a fluorescent material. The x-ray is absorbed and the fluorescent chemical emits a small light with an intensity proportional to the energy of the original x-ray. This visible light then exposes a standard sheet of film which is subsequently developed into the x-ray image. Computed Radiography or CR uses the same fluorescent screen but the light is captured on a solid state matrix which stores the image in digital form which can then be read by the computer. Great question!

@dfgfhg

10 жыл бұрын

Thank you very much.

superb

It's really really helpful....just perfect. Thank you soooo much. God bless you!

This is a fantastic presentation and was very interesting. Thank you for uploading.

So that image at 11:01 is actually the very first radiograph not the other one in the beginning of the video. Also that radiograph is of Roentgen's wife Bertha.

@AlexiHolford

3 жыл бұрын

the radiograph of Bertha's hand is not shown in this video. It can be seen in this video: kzread.info/dash/bejne/goh7z8-ioLfQm8Y.html

Thank you very much.

very cool

Thanks, Doc

I have a question, do regular light bulbs produce x-ray energy at a very low dosage?

@DoctorKlioze

5 жыл бұрын

No. The electrons are simply boiled off the heated filament but they aren't accelerated through the bulb and therefore, cannot produce x-rays.

@DoctorKlioze

5 жыл бұрын

Good question but no. The electrons on the heated element are not in a strong magnetic field so they don't accelerate through the bulb with enough force to produce x-rays (unlike the old TV tubes that did produce some low level x-rays)

@vittoriobacchiega9118

3 жыл бұрын

The accelerated electrons must hit a metal target (anode) to make onto this an energetic jump of internal (more energy) electrons orbit level forward another (external)orbit and when return to previous orbit release this high energy (secondary emission) kind radiation with short waves (high frequency).

Very interesting, however, of its about rays coming from electricity, where does the harm come from ? I know the Radio was a new element discovered by Marie Curie, is there a connecting?

Is that paper that glow is called fluorescent screen?

Hello Doctor Luis Sorry for disturbing you for small business 4 x ray tube is given with different kind of antikatod (Mo,CU,Co,Cr) rank this 4 tube by the work performance based ont he thermal conductivity? Best Regards.

@DoctorKlioze

9 жыл бұрын

Youcef - I was an electrical engineer before going to medical school but, unfortunately, I don't know enough about materials engineering & science to answer your question confidently! From what I recall during my training, most of our current x-ray tubes for standard body and CT imaging have Tungsten anodes because of their durability under the harsh environment of a hot cathode ray tube and the fact that the characteristic x-rays emitted are in the perfect range for body imaging. On the other hand, breast imaging or mammography uses an x-ray tube with a Molybdenum anode to produce the softer, less energetic x-rays necessary for this type of diagnostic work. Good luck!

@youcefdjedi5563

9 жыл бұрын

thank you Doctor Klioze. Good luck!

How to combine vernacular night vision scope building x ray ?

at 10:46 is that Thomson on the right ? I read he was not there in 1895 so it could not be him (and long white beards where not uncommon back then) He supposed to had his hand Xrayed (by Rontgen ? ) in 1896. If it is lord Kelvin then this picture is from 1896. I'm interested in Xray for electronics trouble shooting not in medical stuff but I do like your video.

@DoctorKlioze

6 жыл бұрын

I assume you are referring to Sir JJ Thomson, credited with the discovery of the electron. Great question but I doubt it's him. This scene took place in Wurzburg Germany in 1895 and, while professor Thomson was alive during that time, being an Englishman, almost certainly was not in attendance at Roentgens initial presentation.

@pa4tim

6 жыл бұрын

No, not JJ but William Thomson, aka Lord Kelvin ( degrees Kelvin is named after him). I have read his biography because he also did a lot for my field of interest, electronic measurements. He invented f.i. the electrometer, but he did a lot more. From math to thermodynamics, telegraph over sea, etc. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin Kelvin was indeed not there at Roentgens initial presentation. If I remember well, he was invited but did not believe Rontgen. He had contact after the presentation with rontgen who sended him information. A year later they met and Thomson had his hand Xrayed by rontgen. Thomson had contact with most of the great minds in that area and traveled "often" to the mainland.

Thank you

Like the video. I think I'll subscribe. Thanks sir.

nice video .but how much harm done by old tv ray to body?

@DoctorKlioze

5 жыл бұрын

Fortunately, the strength of x-rays and gamma rays drop off proportionally to the square of the distance from the source. So, as long as you didn't have your face right on the screen, you were probably OK.

@1boobtube

3 жыл бұрын

TVs emitted very little xray when working properly. Iirc color tv used leaded glass faces. They did emit some xrays off axis but their 30kv soft ish xrays could clime to higher energies as components degraded and voltage climbed. Not even close to the shoe machines or continuous emission imaging machines.

thanks

How much of a vacuum is typical for an X-ray tube?

@rorycraig

9 жыл бұрын

A complete vacuum must be applied to the tube for an efficient x ray. Most modern x ray tubes are completely deprived of air.

But wait a minute - don't modern X-ray machines instead now use a radioactive source (as in, literal lump of radioactive material) - & the machine then operates a shutter, to control exposure time? Which is why X-ray machines have strict protocols around decommissioning & disposal.

X-rays cannot be redirected or focused. When any x-ray tube emits radiation the radiation propagates in every direction. The angle of the anode is there to control the size of the effective focal spot not direct the rays. Otherwise an excellent video.

Most people leave out the contributions in this area and the very, very important photoelectric effect of Philip Lenard. Lenard has become an unperson because of his horrendous behavior in wholly and enthusiastically embracing the Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party, the Nazis. It was Lenard's development of a very high voltage Crooke's tube that helped Roentgen. In fact, Roentgen borrowed Lenard's tube for his experiments. Even more important was Lenard's amazing and very detailed photoelectric experiments, which provided such precise data that Einstein used to show that light behaved as wave packets of electromagnetic radiation, later to be called, photons. I mention this because I found it amazing that no Physics book would say who did the photoelectric experiment that gave Einstein his insight into the workings of light. It took me a long time to find out.

@DoctorKlioze

3 жыл бұрын

Very interesting! I didn’t know any of that myself. Thanks for sharing!

@jmchez

3 жыл бұрын

@@DoctorKlioze No problem. After learning about Lenard, I happened upon the "Kathy Loves Physics and History" KZread Channel. In that channel, Kathy recounts stuff " You never learned in school". Her videos are really good in going step by step (and I really mean step by step) on the history of electricity and technological developments. I find them very informative and entertaining, just like your video. kzread.infofeatured

@DoctorKlioze

3 жыл бұрын

jmchez 👊🙏

One thing that you skipped is that taking an X-ray is done in two stages. Stage one, the rotating anode builds up speed while the (positive) element heats up. The anode is not negatively charged during this stage. No xrays are being created at this point. During stage two, the anode receives its negative charge in a timed manner. For a chest xray, it took around of 1/100th of a second. Positive ions slam onto the very briefly negatively charged anode, and boom, the magic happens. I spent a lot of time explaining to radiation paranoid people that the only time any xrays actually happened in the room were when my finger was pushing the stage two button and that the exposure was controlled by electronics. By the time you hear the beep, the exposure is long since finished.

@DoctorKlioze

3 жыл бұрын

You're correct that, in a modern tube, x-ray production is staged as you described. However you're incorrect regarding tube polarity. At the moment of x-ray production, the rotating anode is positively charged and the heated cathode element is negatively charged.

@garyhiggins5823

3 жыл бұрын

@@DoctorKlioze I must have gotten my polarity reversed after 30 years of taking x-rays...you're right, my bad!

Isn't mAs, just mC (milli Columb)? A product of current and time, to tell how many charges were transfered between electrods. Ampere by definition (originally) is Columb per second.

@DoctorKlioze

3 жыл бұрын

It's been a while since my electrical engineering days but I think coulomb is simply the magnitude of the charge and ampere is the amount of flowing charge. So if the time is fixed (as it would be in this situation), I would say you are correct with regards to the flow through the heated cathode. They would be equivalent. Anybody else?

Nicola Tesla might have been inventor of Xrays and like many other technologies

@RynaxAlien

3 жыл бұрын

@Julez O'Neil If Tesla lab didn't burn it would have been otherwise. Tesla is genius not of his time.

if you had a strong neodymium magnet do the X-rays gravitate towards it? 🤔

@DoctorKlioze

5 жыл бұрын

They do not. X-rays and gamma rays are both uncharged ionizing radiation and therefor are not deflected in a magnetic or electric field. Alpha and Beta particles/radiation are charged and will deflect in an electromagnetic field

@DoctorKlioze

5 жыл бұрын

No they don't. Unlike alpha and beta particles, X-rays and gamma rays do not carry a charge and, therefore, will not deflect in an electromagnetic field.

Roentgen was very intelligent!! more than his after xray pioneer buddies !

I have a pile of X-rays more than 4 inches thick and hold the unfortunate honour of having my hospital file labelled 'Do not X-ray' as after more than 30 major operations I've exceeded my safe lifetime dose of X-rays.

@xxheart_breakerxx8732

2 жыл бұрын

I injured both of my ankles yesterday. Had you seen the accident, you'd sure as hell x-ray my ankles (and we had it on video, so I was able to show the doctor), but the dumb guy who did the x-ray questioned why I would X-ray both of my ankles when I was able to walk and that it’s so dangerous and that it wasn’t necessary at all. The look on his face when he saw the X-ray pictures of my ankles tho…

Always interesting to see these presentations of the early discoveries and just how crude their ‘tools’ were. I am not being picky in my comments but would like to correct a point. Just a note from a medical scientist who in his much younger days, recreated many experiments based on those early ‘electrical’ devices and vacuum tubes, etc. I actually obtained a used X-Ray anode like that shown in the diagram, that angle is 45 degrees, which means that the electron beam is reflected at 90 degrees, straight down, not at the angle shown in this presentation. The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence, a fixed law of physics.

Is there any harm to expose to x ray? Due to disc bulge in neck I was exposed to x ray more than 7 times in lifetime..

@DoctorKlioze

5 жыл бұрын

As a reference, we often compare medical x-ray exposure to natural background radiation. A small amount of natural radiation exists in the environment at all times. This natural gamma-ray radiation comes from both ground sources and outer space and varies from region to region. A standard chest radiograph, on average, is equivalent to approximately 10 days of natural background radiation. A mutliview spine x-ray is 4-6 months and a CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis is about 3 years. If done with and without contrast, the natural background exposure equivalent for that CT exam is about 7 years!! So with your 7 cervical spine x-rays, at most your looking at a cumulative radiation exposure of approximately 3.5 years or natural background radiation, about half the exposure from the single CT can of the abdomen done with and without contrast. Relatively speaking, your dose is minimal compared to some patients who undergo multiple CT scans during their lifetime. As always, I would discourage medical imaging unless there is a good clinical region to proceed. "just looking" is not a good clinical reason...

Take a car and exercise an e,x ray of its fuel and distinguish the fuel 3xamination of the fuel and u will solve the consumption of the car

Why is the intro so short? Why don't you make the intro like 10 minutes long? WTF man?

@gnumani

4 жыл бұрын

Joseph Smith Ik o bajge

Check out could this xrays be a project Blu-ray of. Ufo

I thought the first xray was of Mrs Roentgens hand???