Hess' Law and Enthalpy Cycles | A-level Chemistry | OCR, AQA, Edexcel

Hess' Law and Enthalpy Cycles in a Snap!
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The key points covered in this video include:
1. Hess’ Law
2. Enthalpy Cycles
a. Enthalpy Change of Combustion
b. Enthalpy Change of Formation
Hess’ Law
Germain Hess, a chemist and doctor, proposed Hess’ Law. Hess’ Law states that: The enthalpy change of reaction is independent of the route taken.
Enthalpy Cycles
The enthalpy change of a reaction cannot always be directly measured. We can use enthalpy cycles to help us to indirectly calculate the enthalpy change. An enthalpy cycle is a pictorial representation showing the alternative routes of reaction between reactants and products. Enthalpy cycles are triangular. In each corner there should be the same number of each atom. As well as energy, matter is also conserved. The sides of the triangle are arrows.
Enthalpy Cycle Example: Combustion
We can use the enthalpy changes of combustion to find the enthalpy change of the reaction. Carbon and Hydrogen can be combusted to form carbon dioxide and water. Benzene can be combusted to form carbon dioxide and water.
Enthalpy Cycle Example: Formation
We can use the enthalpy changes of formation to find the enthalpy change of the reaction. Nitrogen monoxide and oxygen can be made from nitrogen and oxygen, Nitrodgen dioxide can be formed from nitrogen and oxygen.
Summary
Hess' Law states that the enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the route taken
Enthalpy Cycles are a pictorial representation of the routes of reaction
a. Triangle shape
b. Chemicals are the corners of the triangle
c. Arrows are the sides
i. These show the direction of the chemical reaction

Пікірлер: 161

  • @zuzannagradek9895
    @zuzannagradek98953 жыл бұрын

    The first 5 minutes of this video explained it better than my teacher did in one hour.

  • @alexiaaa741

    @alexiaaa741

    3 жыл бұрын

    periodt

  • @hishaam2050

    @hishaam2050

    3 жыл бұрын

    Literally 😂

  • @youlaynagorayah7057

    @youlaynagorayah7057

    3 жыл бұрын

    Omg same

  • @raantaaro

    @raantaaro

    5 ай бұрын

    literally

  • @ayowhat6139
    @ayowhat61394 жыл бұрын

    EXTREMELY HELPFUL THANK YOU VERY MUCH TO WHOEVER MADE THIS VIDEOS FREE FOR EVERYONE

  • @iamsabz364

    @iamsabz364

    3 жыл бұрын

    i swear i dont work for them, but prom cuz y not look at their free rev sources. Their flashcards are awesome

  • @ayowhat6139

    @ayowhat6139

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@iamsabz364 my guy am done with school lmfao today was my last day sheeeeeeesh 😩😭

  • @iamsabz364

    @iamsabz364

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@ayowhat6139 ay congrats man! happy for you!

  • @ayowhat6139

    @ayowhat6139

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@iamsabz364 Oh thanks Sabz thats really sweet

  • @iamsabz364

    @iamsabz364

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@ayowhat6139

  • @officialm.a.d9168
    @officialm.a.d91684 жыл бұрын

    16:56 there is a mistake as it should be 9N2 not 5N2 for the constituent elements

  • @abdi3672

    @abdi3672

    4 жыл бұрын

    yh i was confused af

  • @bench2328

    @bench2328

    4 жыл бұрын

    EXACTLY

  • @ronjohnson831

    @ronjohnson831

    4 жыл бұрын

    on the same question, how did she get the 10O2 for the constituent elements? i don't see where that comes from

  • @saintw3053

    @saintw3053

    4 жыл бұрын

    @@ronjohnson831 (5x4)=20 oxygens (O) divide that by two - 20/2=10 (O2)

  • @charliebrett7510

    @charliebrett7510

    4 жыл бұрын

    Thank God i was like tf

  • @Anonymous-rw8eq
    @Anonymous-rw8eq Жыл бұрын

    this amazing video helped me actually solve an enthalpy question!! it was only one mark but proudest moment of my life. Thank you so much!!!

  • @Andy-ig9gt
    @Andy-ig9gt4 жыл бұрын

    Is it just me or did one part of the vid repeat itself

  • @elsiemazarura3711

    @elsiemazarura3711

    4 жыл бұрын

    Maybe she meant to edit it out but forgot...

  • @caitlinheaton9657

    @caitlinheaton9657

    4 жыл бұрын

    YES

  • @shawarmababa

    @shawarmababa

    3 жыл бұрын

    No, i found it weird as well in the first part that the there was a 2N in the intermediate of the cycle. But then they fixed it in the repeated one but having the intermediate as N2 which is the natural form of nitrogen at r.t.p cause this is a enthalpy change of formation

  • @but_is_it_art_6657

    @but_is_it_art_6657

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@shawarmababa i am so thankful for this comment. Was confused for a sec

  • @tomcurtis1827
    @tomcurtis18274 жыл бұрын

    Day 1 in quarantine.. *I’m going mad.. I’m watching A Level lessons 6 months early*

  • @gabriellita7236

    @gabriellita7236

    4 жыл бұрын

    Same, nice idea. Are you still watching?

  • @orangecamo_cinnamonrolls306

    @orangecamo_cinnamonrolls306

    4 жыл бұрын

    Same. Are you guys also gassed that ur 1/3 through the course ?

  • @gabriellita7236

    @gabriellita7236

    4 жыл бұрын

    @@orangecamo_cinnamonrolls306 yep, as levels will probably be easy because of this

  • @tomcurtis1827

    @tomcurtis1827

    4 жыл бұрын

    @Sirius Orange @Daily Football Its good to get a head start on stuff like this when you get the chance🤷🏼‍♂️

  • @gabriellita7236

    @gabriellita7236

    4 жыл бұрын

    @@tomcurtis1827 ikr, I also study it because I find it interesting. Other than that I would get bored otherwise as we have too much time with this quarantine.

  • @fliss1228
    @fliss12284 жыл бұрын

    AMAZING VIDEO I FINALLY UNDERSTAND HESS CYCLES THANK YOU

  • @liamdacre1818
    @liamdacre1818 Жыл бұрын

    The video was really helpful. You explained it really well and I loved the diagrams and example questions

  • @rubayetalam4359
    @rubayetalam43592 жыл бұрын

    Excellent teaching style, I comprehended really well .

  • @Ashiq.Ibrahim
    @Ashiq.Ibrahim3 жыл бұрын

    THANK YOU SO MUCH! I tried understanding this on my own for a few weeks to no avail, BUT NOW I CAN DO HESS CYCLE QUESTIONS. THANK YOU, Truly.

  • @euansimpson5010
    @euansimpson50102 жыл бұрын

    this was so helpful definitely a walk in the park now

  • @hassanshahid2453
    @hassanshahid24532 жыл бұрын

    You are an amazing teacher ❣️

  • @syazaarshad8302
    @syazaarshad83023 жыл бұрын

    Thank so much it really helped me.

  • @juniyasteffi3790
    @juniyasteffi37904 жыл бұрын

    your videos r really superb as it really makes us understand

  • @insaf2668
    @insaf26683 жыл бұрын

    Thank you so much , you literally saved my life from being miserable , literally thank you so much , I love you 😂❤️in a good way .

  • @shegoisateddy
    @shegoisateddy5 күн бұрын

    This video was actually the only helpful one for me. I couldn’t get any of the others I watched ❤

  • @blackgamerz1268
    @blackgamerz12682 жыл бұрын

    Nice for your Understanding

  • @themarschievous
    @themarschievous2 жыл бұрын

    TYSM THIS VIDEO IS SO HELPFUL!!!

  • @simrannahar8262
    @simrannahar82622 жыл бұрын

    incredibly valuable!

  • @vongaimuswinu2326
    @vongaimuswinu23265 жыл бұрын

    Lovely video

  • @emilystrudwick1835
    @emilystrudwick18353 жыл бұрын

    Okay I'm probs just being really stupid but I cant work out for the life of me why at 12:07 ish she says she putting in arrows of combustion but she puts in arrows of formation when it says to uses enthalpy change of combustion? can someone help please?!

  • @ambientsoda106
    @ambientsoda1062 жыл бұрын

    This is brilliant

  • @lilggs4813
    @lilggs48133 жыл бұрын

    6:30 (a) Under standard conditions (b) Understand those conditions It’s obvious but I wrote it anyway

  • @Rtfsilky
    @Rtfsilky3 жыл бұрын

    Jazak Allah. Thank you.

  • @snaprevise

    @snaprevise

    3 жыл бұрын

    You are most welcome! 😊

  • @weshouldsaveourselves6780
    @weshouldsaveourselves67804 жыл бұрын

    great vid thanks

  • @jordannemclean6467
    @jordannemclean64673 жыл бұрын

    THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU

  • @abdi3672
    @abdi36724 жыл бұрын

    anyone else hears Emma Watson speaking?

  • @WhitePicture.

    @WhitePicture.

    4 жыл бұрын

    ExAcTlY! lol

  • @Jeeves_0

    @Jeeves_0

    4 жыл бұрын

    Other than similarities in accent, she sounds nothing like Emma Watson

  • @cindyboateng4735

    @cindyboateng4735

    4 жыл бұрын

    It's veeeeeery true

  • @eccentricOrange

    @eccentricOrange

    4 жыл бұрын

    I feel like Hermione is explaining me Potions

  • @Rtfsilky
    @Rtfsilky2 жыл бұрын

    cheeyaz lads i am very grateful

  • @mohammadfahimakhtar5611
    @mohammadfahimakhtar56114 жыл бұрын

    Thanks, good work.

  • @va_rs_ha_
    @va_rs_ha_ Жыл бұрын

    Thank you so much ♥

  • @nabillrafiin383
    @nabillrafiin3833 жыл бұрын

    Thank youu

  • @rebeka8806
    @rebeka88062 жыл бұрын

    How to know in which direction the arrow must be put?

  • @Bluecloudxxx
    @Bluecloudxxx2 жыл бұрын

    May I just ask, it may sound stupid but how did I get 9 O2?

  • @tinotendachibvuri9267
    @tinotendachibvuri92674 жыл бұрын

    17:33 why is it 5N2 I thought it’s supposed to be 9N2. Do we not count the nitrogen’s on the 4CH3NHNH2

  • @tggudo

    @tggudo

    3 жыл бұрын

    mfana your a snake

  • @michaelpollard1719

    @michaelpollard1719

    3 жыл бұрын

    Seems like an error in the video to me

  • @ayoubalmani2803

    @ayoubalmani2803

    3 жыл бұрын

    Its just a mistake but it wont effect the final answer. I also got 9N2

  • @yuvlencurpen5865
    @yuvlencurpen58653 жыл бұрын

    Subscribing!!!

  • @shahana.
    @shahana.3 жыл бұрын

    in combustion isnt the answer always supposed to be negative

  • @crieliocriel

    @crieliocriel

    3 жыл бұрын

    they use the wrong formula.. they do.. reactant - product.. instead of product - reactant.. and they use the wrong standard enthalpy of h2(g) which is zero..

  • @earthdoesurvivalcraf
    @earthdoesurvivalcraf4 жыл бұрын

    why is the intermediate at 6:22 "2N(g)" where as at 8:36 its "N2(g)" could u explain why?

  • @abdi3672

    @abdi3672

    4 жыл бұрын

    i think the fact that at 6:22 its 2 nitrogen atoms and at 8:36 its a diatomic nitrogen molecule may mean that the have different levels of enthalpy. Maybe 2N has higher enthalpy than N2? I not sure

  • @archie3723
    @archie37232 жыл бұрын

    Cheers hermione

  • @daaniaamelia3048
    @daaniaamelia30488 ай бұрын

    How do i find the intermediate? I understand the rest its just that part that I'm confused on

  • @Mihindu-vm9wh
    @Mihindu-vm9wh3 ай бұрын

    i am struggling with getting intermedate products

  • @crashgg324
    @crashgg3243 жыл бұрын

    16:09

  • @shonib6533
    @shonib65334 жыл бұрын

    At 2:16 the products should be replaced with intermediate and the arrows need to shift too

  • @monisamujawar2232
    @monisamujawar22323 жыл бұрын

    7:08 why are we not adding enthalpy of O2(g) for calculating A?

  • @insaf2668

    @insaf2668

    3 жыл бұрын

    I’m not sure if the correct definition but , an easy way during exam is just calculate the values that they give in the table since those are the ones to be calculated . Someone correct me if I’m wrong

  • @Jennifer_Ade

    @Jennifer_Ade

    3 жыл бұрын

    I think it's because the element is forming the element, in other words the element is forming itself so there is no enthalpy change, so it's just zero.

  • @issy483

    @issy483

    2 жыл бұрын

    it's already present as O2(g), so no bonds have to be made or broken in order to move to the next stage of the reaction where it is also present as O2(g)

  • @mr.nicktuts653
    @mr.nicktuts653 Жыл бұрын

    Uko juu 😏👍

  • @sabirl9232
    @sabirl9232 Жыл бұрын

    I can’t draw the arrows, i don’t understand the direction. Can anyone help me with it?

  • @MrLimeGamingContentAndFreeGFX
    @MrLimeGamingContentAndFreeGFX3 жыл бұрын

    at 12:59 arent the arrows for combustion meant to be facing towards the elements

  • @SmallgirlbigGod7

    @SmallgirlbigGod7

    Жыл бұрын

    Also the enthalpy change of combustion is always negative. I think they made a mistake

  • @physchemwithliz5879

    @physchemwithliz5879

    Жыл бұрын

    The cycle you draw depends on the type of data you're given, rather than what you're asked to calculate 🙂

  • @yousufabrar3031
    @yousufabrar30314 жыл бұрын

    how do we create that constituent table so confused.......

  • @charliebrett7510

    @charliebrett7510

    4 жыл бұрын

    They give it to you in the exam

  • @alvardavidsson5933
    @alvardavidsson59333 жыл бұрын

    22:00 there's 18 O atoms in the intermediate stage?

  • @user-ho3mc6gj3x

    @user-ho3mc6gj3x

    2 жыл бұрын

    yes I do agree with you, I have to say, although there are lots of errors, this video still provides me with enormous and immeasurable amount of help, I suppose that the author is deliberately making these errors and hoping that we can find them and correct them, which is an ultimate way of teaching

  • @Veritasim
    @Veritasim Жыл бұрын

    amazed

  • @nanettesarpong1869
    @nanettesarpong18694 жыл бұрын

    How did you get 4C+5N2+12H2+10O2 as the intermediate?

  • @shellykrypton5611

    @shellykrypton5611

    4 жыл бұрын

    Its should be 9N2

  • @UziiWeb3

    @UziiWeb3

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@shellykrypton5611 thought it should be 18 cuz 5N2O4

  • @kazishahjalal6852

    @kazishahjalal6852

    2 жыл бұрын

    @@UziiWeb3 yeahh you are right

  • @plodys
    @plodys4 жыл бұрын

    Anyone else notice the oxygens don't balance in the enthalpy change of formation for glucose?

  • @lydiafosu6173

    @lydiafosu6173

    4 жыл бұрын

    Meeeeeee it had me going crazy...lol that’s what brought me here wanted to be sure I’m not the only one ☺️

  • @opiestachio

    @opiestachio

    3 жыл бұрын

    Meeee

  • @abeerawaseem42

    @abeerawaseem42

    3 жыл бұрын

    meeeee

  • @abeerawaseem42

    @abeerawaseem42

    3 жыл бұрын

    it is correct tho cus glucose is combusted in the presence of 6mols of oxygen so that makes 12 oxygen

  • @flyorwalk1743

    @flyorwalk1743

    3 жыл бұрын

    I'm having a really big prob with hess law but born haber cycle is simple however this one confuses me too much.

  • @hireshk3013
    @hireshk30133 жыл бұрын

    Ily

  • @chlo7390
    @chlo73904 ай бұрын

    on the last question 22:03 does anyone know how she got 6CO2?? im probs being slow but i thought there was only 6 oxygens not 12

  • @mayhemmbtw

    @mayhemmbtw

    4 ай бұрын

    It's a combustion, so they're reacting the molecules already there with oxygen (aside from the oxygen already there). That's why you get more oxgen in the molecules after the combustion has taken place

  • @epicprobg1876
    @epicprobg18762 жыл бұрын

    16:54 how is it 10 oxygen and not 5?

  • @khanimator5674
    @khanimator56743 жыл бұрын

    after watching this video, I doubt all the knowledge I have

  • @peaChes_s
    @peaChes_s3 жыл бұрын

    I still don't get how the arrows work I thought combustion means arrow pointing downwards?

  • @jaleh21

    @jaleh21

    3 жыл бұрын

    i have the same question

  • @physchemwithliz5879

    @physchemwithliz5879

    Жыл бұрын

    The cycle you draw depends on the type of data you're given, rather than what you're asked to calculate 🙂

  • @anagomes6587
    @anagomes65874 жыл бұрын

    So I keep getting 2830 not -2830 am a lil confused coz I got all the other calculations correct

  • @ReeganDalli

    @ReeganDalli

    4 жыл бұрын

    Do you know where you went wrong yet?? Its probs a silly mistake

  • @elsiemazarura3711

    @elsiemazarura3711

    4 жыл бұрын

    It should always be delta H negative for combustion reaction because we always lose energy.

  • @anagomes6587

    @anagomes6587

    4 жыл бұрын

    Reegan Dalli it clear was a fat silly mistake, crazy looking back at this now 4 months later and realising this is the least of my worries now haha

  • @anagomes6587

    @anagomes6587

    4 жыл бұрын

    Elsie Mazarura I pretty sure i did products - reactants rather than reactants - products so I got 2830 instead of -2830 thanks!

  • @farhaanahmed8924

    @farhaanahmed8924

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@anagomes6587 Yeah, if you use the formula like me, then that's how it is, I had the same problem and wasted an hour trying to figure out where I went wrong lol.

  • @CFCNoir
    @CFCNoir2 жыл бұрын

    is it just me or is it the other way round? like for 21:58 it says to work out enthalpy change of formation but she’s working out combustion… or am i wrong?

  • @physchemwithliz5879

    @physchemwithliz5879

    Жыл бұрын

    Hi, combustion data is used to work out enthalpy of formation and formation data is used to work out enthalpy of combustion. Confusing, I know!

  • @RajitChy22
    @RajitChy223 жыл бұрын

    16:56 10 N? shouldn't it be 18?

  • @gamingwithmo6121
    @gamingwithmo61213 жыл бұрын

    philadelphia national school is the beast

  • @cedcol356
    @cedcol3566 ай бұрын

    16:50 should be 9N2 not 5N2

  • @alexjennings02
    @alexjennings024 жыл бұрын

    12:13 why is it 9O2 instead of 6O2

  • @elsiemazarura3711

    @elsiemazarura3711

    4 жыл бұрын

    Check the 6Oxygen already found in the glucose molecule

  • @Jenika254

    @Jenika254

    4 жыл бұрын

    @@elsiemazarura3711 but on the left hand side altoger there is 18 oxygen molecules. So why isn't it 902

  • @crieliocriel
    @crieliocriel3 жыл бұрын

    you put the wrong standard enthalpy.. it is H2O not H2. 4:30 H2(g) is zero in standard enthalpy..

  • @rojatseven2025
    @rojatseven20253 жыл бұрын

    17:09 I’m sure N2 should be a 9 not a 5

  • @lilggs4813
    @lilggs48133 жыл бұрын

    It do be making sense tho

  • @lydiafosu6173
    @lydiafosu61734 жыл бұрын

    Is it just me or there is a problem with 3:25 ???

  • @aparnakhoptikar1113

    @aparnakhoptikar1113

    3 жыл бұрын

    Yes. Wonder where in the reaction oxygen joined them lol

  • @sarahsheikh5083

    @sarahsheikh5083

    6 ай бұрын

    Combustion gives CO2 and H2O

  • @hamzahahmed9951
    @hamzahahmed99514 жыл бұрын

    What the fuck is an intermediate

  • @justformovies956
    @justformovies9564 жыл бұрын

    R u Indian?

  • @mazas9713
    @mazas97134 жыл бұрын

    Didnt understand shite

  • @justformovies956
    @justformovies9564 жыл бұрын

    I hate ur British accent but like your video...lol

  • @gamingmaniac5611

    @gamingmaniac5611

    4 жыл бұрын

    i hate you american

  • @juanfaguy8640

    @juanfaguy8640

    4 жыл бұрын

    @@gamingmaniac5611 I'm not american LMAO

  • @khabibconor1566

    @khabibconor1566

    4 жыл бұрын

    @@gamingmaniac5611 I am not America wither

  • @s1tiama293

    @s1tiama293

    4 жыл бұрын

    Her voice is what makes it easier to understand so stop being a hater u prick

  • @georgekirby7656

    @georgekirby7656

    4 жыл бұрын

    Thought is was only England that take A-levels, why would you bee watching the video if you weren't doing the course? And if you are doing A-levels, I hardly doubt you would have heard there English speakers during lessons e.c.t?