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Edible Vaccine (Part 02) | Production Methodnof Edible Vaccine | Edible Vaccine Concept & Advantages • Edible Vaccine (Part 0...
Edible : fit to be eaten, eatable- suitable or safe for eating
Vaccine: It is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. Vaccine consists of killed or live but attenuated (weakened) forms of the disease-causing microbes/its toxins(toxoids).
They induce immunity against pathogen either by production of antibodies or by activation of T-lymphocytes. Vaccines stimulate the body's immune system to recognize the agent, destroy it, and keep a record of it for later encounters. The uses of vaccines in many countries are limited due to high cost hence an alternate cost effective vaccines are introduced which is known as edible vaccines. The concept of Edible vaccine was developed by Arntzen in the 1990s.
There are many production systems for the synthesis of recombinant vaccines. These include mammalian cell cultures, yeast, bacteria and insect cell cultures, and transgenic animals. Transgenic plants provide an alternate system for the production of recombinant vaccines.
Edible vaccines: Edible vaccines are developed using the genetic engineering technology in which the appropriate genes (particular gene of interest) are introduced into the plants. This process is known as transformation. This genetically modified plant (transgenic plants) then produces the encoded protein which acts as a vaccine (gene are expressed in the plant tissues including the edible parts). The vaccine can be delivered by intake of the edible part of the genetically modified plant.
In short, Edible vaccine is nothing but transgenic plant that contain agents that trigger an immune response when we eat it. Initially they thought to be useful for preventing infectious diseases only, but they can also be used in prevention of autoimmune diseases, birth control and cancer therapy etc.
Plants used for edible vaccines: Cereals (wheat, rice, corn), fruits (bananas) and vegetables (lettuce, potatoes, tomatoes), Carrot, Muskmelon, Soybean etc.
Examples: The first successful human trial for an edible vaccine was conducted in year 1997 in which volunteers were fed transgenic potatoes, which possessed the b-subunit of the E. coli heat-labile toxin, responsible for diarrhoea. But it has a major drawback that it needs to be eaten as raw because cooking causes denaturation of protein and makes it ineffective.
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