“So, to speed up the process they need someone they like and respect to do the job for them. But since they can’t find anyone they like and respect, they have to use a conductor.” -Rainer Herschel, 4-28-2020

@LudwigvanBeethoven2

4 жыл бұрын

Was excalty looking for this comment

@SamirAbadeer

4 жыл бұрын

someone recently asked me this question ... The Maestro is like the director at the cinema, it is he who brings to light what the writer has created. He must well know the spirit of the music that his orchestra will play ... It really astonishes me that people do not know such principles

@pwnmeisterage

4 жыл бұрын

@@SamirAbadeer The conductor is also something else ... like the salesman at the music store, the celebrity in the trailer, the cherry on top of the sundae. He's part of the show and audiences expect to see him standing there doing some showmanship.

@humanbeing1429

4 жыл бұрын

This is so true. Someone may admire a particular conductor while someone may not like him at all but at the end, they both have to follow the conductor for the common good.

@klarkz

4 жыл бұрын

@@SamirAbadeer No, the real question is this: why the conductor goes on stage with the orchestra at the concert instead to stay off stage like the director at the theatrical performance? And Rainer Hersch give an answer: because the orchestra needs a conductor even at the public.

That is even more true with being a trombone player. I’ve had pieces that I’ve literally only had one note in the entire piece.

@ZsomborZsombibi

4 жыл бұрын

Could be for horns or cymbals. In the Hungarian Hymn, the cymbal has only one note. I always wanted to ask, how it feels like just to wait (and not get asleep) before and after.

@AlgyCuber

4 жыл бұрын

im a trombone and ive seen a piece that only has pads for trombones, long whole notes and occasional half notes, thats the best i had to play in that piece, nothing else was fun

@kenzieford3612

4 жыл бұрын

I feel ya. I was principal trombone in an orchestra last summer and our main piece started with 100+ bars of rest followed by three bars of pretty high notes and then more rests

@louissikkema5399

4 жыл бұрын

bass trombonist here, sometimes you feel pretty useless, but that's why I'm not only playing in the orchestra but also in the bigband.

@jannepeltonen2036

4 жыл бұрын

There was a Mickey Mouse one-pager where Mickey was the triangle player in an orchestra. He took a stroll outside, waiting for his one note to come.

The percussion bit is accurate, I have taken selfies during rehearsal

@ExplizitDuester

4 жыл бұрын

wouldn't have dared that with our conductor :D

@berndheiden7630

4 жыл бұрын

Calvin Ransom In my highschool band I had a cymbal slide off the basedrum, tried to catch it, missed, juggled it 2 or 3 times before it slipped from my hands for good and it crashed down from the highest end of the bandstand (where the percussion resides high up in the air) to give everybody, including the band director, a near heart attack! Talk about instant recognition!

I always thought that the conductor's job was to distract the audience with a bunch of meaningless gestures, so nobody would notice that I just emptied my trumpet's spit valve down the neck of someone in the Second Clarinets. Then at the end, he says when we are supposed to stand and bow, which is actually the only time that we pay any attention to all of that waving.

@louissikkema5399

4 жыл бұрын

underrated comment

@hollyingrams5653

4 жыл бұрын

As a second clarinet I feel offended. Empty it into a bassoon or other unimportant instrument

@fanqiejiang1749

4 жыл бұрын

You sadist

@13ryn

3 жыл бұрын

He is a youtube og

@LuciusLucius

Жыл бұрын

​@@hollyingrams5653 Im a bassoonist. I was gonna be offended, but bassoons are kinda useless not gonna lie

The moment he said "Shut it violas!" I was like "TWO SETTERS, ASSEMBLE!!!!" 😂😂😂

@ThatBoomerDude56

4 жыл бұрын

The sacrilegious Viola gang was playing the wrong notes because they were playing too slowly. They need to subscribe to TwoSet and find that, if they can play it slowly, they can play it quickly ... after they do the Ling Ling workout of 40 hours practice every day. >>WOW

Another conductor joke: on a reahearsal a lot goes wrong in the percussion: the conductor stops and says: what do you do when a musician isnt good enough to play in an orchestra?? You give them two sticks and put them in the back and let them play drums. Rehearsal continues and a few times a tempochange goes wrong. When they stop a percussionist sneers: and when they can't even do that? You take one stick away and put them in the front....

@ExplizitDuester

4 жыл бұрын

well if the percussions fuck it up so hard they are in no position to talk big. smh

@artytalks3464

4 жыл бұрын

The conductor of my band but up a sign with a picture of a conductors baton that said: this is a conductors baton. Never touch one unless you have failed at all other instruments.

@berndheiden7630

4 жыл бұрын

Hououin Kyouma So very true! I was in the percussion section of my highschool band (bass drum an cymbal). Now luckily this happened during rehearsal but still I remember vividly (after at least 50 years!). I had several 100 bars before one big smash on the drum with a good smack with the top mounted cymbal. And that after only one oboe playing for several bars. Off course you don‘t count 100th of bars, you mark a recognizable bar close to your big moments and count from there. Since this was only the 1th or 2nd time we were playing the music I gave out a hefty bass drum and cymbal crash, albeit 1 bar too early! Then all hell broke loose, because everybody else was thinking, they had miscounted and were 1 bar too late, so they all tried to fall in, and the director had to stop all of us. He was a nice guy so I got a smile and a questioning shrug from him and lots of remarks from the rest of the band afterwards!

@salomonsoussan1776

4 жыл бұрын

I didn’t see that coming, it’s ag nice joke

@hekkoCZ

3 жыл бұрын

@@berndheiden7630 Hey, that's what rehearsals are for. (To screw up on the counting until you learn the right cue to count from.)

I've found that a lot of the work of a conductor happens during rehearsals, a part that the audience rarely gets to see. If a choir or orchestra can perform without the conductor, it is because they have practiced so much beforehand.

@theflowerhead

Жыл бұрын

That's a good point.

WOW! Some straight answers here at long last! Thank-you!

"... since they cant find someone they like and respect, they have to use a conductor." Hahahahahahahaha made me laugh loud hahahahah

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

Thanks. Glad you got a kick out of it.

The violas are playing all the right notes. Just not necessarily in the right order.

@mikef3790

3 жыл бұрын

That's one of my favorite comedy bits!!!!! Thank you Eric and Ernie. (Hat tip to Andre Previn.)

@sharpfang

3 жыл бұрын

Even the conductor is roasting the viola gang.

@akselai

3 жыл бұрын

sharpfang viola gang viola gang viola gang

@DaGuys470

3 жыл бұрын

Wait, they can play in tune???

@amyjanehosken1935

3 жыл бұрын

No one know’s if the Viola’s are playing the right notes or not because they haven’t got the ears to be able to hear them.

The conductor's job is not seen by the public, it's done before and during rehearsals. When the concert begins, the conductor has almost finished his job...

@garykildea6117

4 жыл бұрын

Exactly. I'd have thought that was the number one reason, but it didn't even make the list.

@jackko90MI

4 жыл бұрын

I was waiting for that reason the whole video. Without it is a pretty dumb one. Since is clearly a video aimed to a general public, the message it passes is: musicians don't practice, they just get together the day of the concert and play, but they are like sheeps in a herd that need a shepard dog (because concert musicians didn't train their whole life to play together, nope...)

@karlrovey

4 жыл бұрын

@@jackko90MI Rehearsals aren't for learning your notes, they're for learning how all the parts fit together. One conducting workshop I attended suggested that in concert, the conductor is more for the audience than the orchestra as the conductor's gestures should occur before the musical elements they reflect. As such, conducting shows the audience what is about to happen.

@raffimikaelian6362

3 жыл бұрын

You guys have got the concept of conducting wrong. There's some sort of magic that happens with great conductors during performance that is indescribable no matter how long they've rehearsed. And that's the beauty of live performances, it never sounds twice the same...

@GSungaila

3 жыл бұрын

When student composers write their pieces for an orchestra, the orchestra usually plays it without rehearsals. Everyone can read the notes, they see the tempo and dynamics, and conductor puts everything in overall order. So I think this is the reason why it is missing. Conductor and an orchestra can actually play something without rehearsals, but they can't play it without a conductor

"Be quiet Trumpets! Don't make me come over there." 😂😂😂

@naughtscrossstitches

4 жыл бұрын

yeah ... I have heard that said before... My orchestra rotates between classical concerts and pop/musicals etc. Everytime we start rehearsals for the pop concerts the violins get sore ears again because my music suddenly says ffff and I get to play again!!! So I get a bit loud! The the classical concert comes up and we get told yes I know it says f but you don't actually play it f!

I know that people have probably told you this before, but you're a really good fookin' comedian!

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

😀

@zenontremol8571

4 жыл бұрын

@@RainerHerschKZread not only ....

I've watched several videos on this subject by other conductors and yours is the only one that I feel is really honest and tells the whole story. Thanks a lot!

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

Thanks. There is so much mumbo jumbo out there.

As a clarinetist I cam attest that we will drown you all out

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

Thanks. But could you keep the comments down? I can hardly hear myself think :-)

3:00 What was that from? That is just incredibly silly and pointless.

When people in the orchestra like the conductor, they play what is in the notes. When they hate him, they play what the conductor is showing.

@jamesneilsongrahamloveinth1301

4 жыл бұрын

I think there's some truth in that. Orchestras bale out conductors all the time . . .

@Krahazik

4 жыл бұрын

James Neilson Graham he did mention that there are apparently some conductors who would loose if pitted against trained munkeys.

@johncoleman7122

3 жыл бұрын

That's called "malicious compliance"

@Sick66-qu4uh

6 ай бұрын

That has absolutely no value or meaning in reality lol

6:38"Be quiet trumpets don't make me come over there" LOL

"...since they cant find someone they like and respect they need a conductor!" Hahaha true! Reminds me of the times I was the conductor of a high school. 😂

I heard from Nobuo Uematsu duringonce of his conversations on stage that a conductor does an immense amount of work behind the scenes as well, such as finding out about different halls and how their acoustics will change the sound of music. So, one hall isn't the same as another, so they have to make adjustments to suit the various halls.

I'd love to see you explaining what gestures makes to music

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

I'll think about that.

@ZsomborZsombibi

4 жыл бұрын

@@RainerHerschKZread looking forward to, sir!

@petrosavraam

4 жыл бұрын

@@RainerHerschKZread Yeah, that would be quite interesting!

@misutasa

4 жыл бұрын

This!

@janne7263

4 жыл бұрын

While i see what you mean, different conductors show different things in different ways

Thank-you. I've been a classical music nut for most of my life. I knew all this, and I'm glad you did this so well. I've been to dozens upon dozens of concerts, half a dozen Operas, musicals and all. My mother was a violinist in orchestras around the world, always playing 2nd violin. I'll add in a bit, my mother always said that the hardest part, for her, was the fact that, while siting there, playing, was that not only was it a mishmash of notes she also couldn't hear many instruments, like cellos, woodwinds, and such on pieces by composers like Bach, Haydn, and such. When it's soft, you can only hear your instrument section, and no mishmash at all, aside from a faint hint of sound, making it 100% completely impossible to know when to come in. This is even more true of people that play instruments that have only one or two of the instrument since you have zero hint. She always said that she could often take cues from other violins, but always depended on the conductor. However, if you're playing the Bassoon and there's only 3 bassoons, then you have not hint at all.

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

I appreciate your comments. Thanks.

@alvodin6197

7 ай бұрын

You are saying it's impossible to do anything in classical music in front of an audience without having a dude wave his arms and have your little sheet music in front of you, in case you forgot. What a weird little cult practice. Seems more like indoctrination than reality. It's

As a percussionist, I feel personally attacked

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

Haha. Sorry about that. Now go back to your selfies.

@milk_man395

4 жыл бұрын

@@RainerHerschKZread actually I prefer to get lost in my 100 bar rest and miss my one cymbal hit of the piece

@gorillafighter4037

4 жыл бұрын

You do? how come if it's true, you get 20 minutes of downtime in a piece and then if you're day dreaming you miss your (my) cymbal cue and get a death stare from the director for the rest of the year. Fun! (just kidding, I love my conductor. and He doesn't mind me either.

@ExplizitDuester

4 жыл бұрын

don't mind the haters. they are just jealous, and without the rhythm section they could never stay on time.

@ThatBoomerDude56

4 жыл бұрын

@@ExplizitDuester The rhythm section is for those who aren't paying attention to whatever the hell the conductor thinks he's doing.

Viola jokes. Lingling wannabes would be very proud.

@lenavonpreuen4869

4 жыл бұрын

ling ling 40 hours

@ThatBoomerDude56

4 жыл бұрын

The sacrilegious Viola gang was playing the wrong notes because they were playing too slowly. They need to subscribe to TwoSet and find that, if they can play it slowly, they can play it quickly ... after they do the Ling Ling workout of 40 hours practice every day. >>WOW

@agent0422

4 жыл бұрын

Since I found twoset, everytime I see a musician in a video, I wonder if they watch their channel 😅

@tamaslapsanszki8744

4 жыл бұрын

TwoSet fans are everywhere. I wonder if Rainer Hersch practices for 40 hours a week

@kanishkrv2631

4 жыл бұрын

liiiinnnnggggg ling 40 hours

This has answered certain questions that I've had for as long as I can remember. I have asked many times before what the conductor's purpose is, and the best answer I ever got was that the conductor is there to avoid/prevent 'rubato'. I see now that there's a bit more to it than that.

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

Actually, the conductor can actually HELP rubato, if that’s what the piece needs. You couldn’t play a Mahler symphony without it for example. But as I said in the clip, SOMEONE has to deceive how the orchestra does it.

@IreneKiew

4 жыл бұрын

My understanding is that the conductor also interprets the piece and guides the mood. We don't see it on the day of the concert -- it happens during rehearsals. He's the one who will tell certain instruments to tone down at certain parts and so on, and makes sure everything merges harmoniously. That's why some conductors are very celebrated; they interpret the music in such a way that it becomes alive and emotional.

I'd like to add, even though you kind of said it when talking about getting everyone to agree, that the conductor also gives a general direction for the interpretation. Since interpretation can be a very personal thing, and is mostly subjective, it's impossible that every instrument in the orchestra will have the exact same ideas on how to play the piece, and the conductor is the one who decides which path to take. He can take opinions and advice from the player, but ultimately, he's the one who gets to decide and put everyone on the same page.

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

That's it exactly. People who haven't had the experience of playing in an orchestra might not understand that the music notation itself is not precise enough. Someone has to decide about a whole heap of things which make the music come alive. There is, of course, a lot more to it than I talk about here but I want to keep it easy to grasp.

@Helz777

3 жыл бұрын

Omg yes. Think of your string quartet. Have a weak, selfish or stupid 1st violin, then you may as well quit.

4:55 As a brass player I feel called out. Did make me laugh out loud though, so good job.

@AbuMaia01

4 жыл бұрын

Same, but I thought, "he's not wrong". :)

@naughtscrossstitches

4 жыл бұрын

yeah but he isn't wrong... actually he's scarily accurate!

It takes a very confident man to pull off that jacket!

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

I think the jacket might end up with its own channel.

@Apis4

4 жыл бұрын

@@RainerHerschKZread Deserves it.

Ich danke Ihnen für Ihre schönen und lustigen Beiträge, Sie sind klasse.🤗👍🤗👍🤗👍🙂🙂🙂

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

Bitte schön. Würden deutsche Untertitel dir helfen?

@bettinagerloff1379

4 жыл бұрын

@@RainerHerschKZread Das wäre schön, ich verstehe Englisch in Maßen. Das ich ihn verstehe liegt an seiner Mimik/ Gestik und außerdem ist Musik sprachgrenzenübergreifend.🤗

@welshsteve2009

4 жыл бұрын

Ja, ich stimme.

Could never figure this out, thanks for charing knowledge

That viola roast at the end. I thought only two set violin roasted violas. 😂😂😂

Wow, I just discovered this guy. Love him. “Shut it violas, you’re playing all the wrong notes”

Master! You are the most great director on the world... and the most funniest player ever! Yo make the difference between all orchestras, because you smile and make smile all players when doing music!

I don't agree on the blue danube: especially when its the Vienna Philharmonic plays. They once said: whoever we have up front there we always play the same version. We agreed on that. He just has to follow us in the tempo. Probabably the most easy job for a conductor: conducting the vienna phil in the new years concert.

@ragnkja

4 жыл бұрын

The best New Year Concert conductors conduct the _audience_ during the Radetsky March.

Finally, a clear and detiled answer of this question.

Lovely, thanks for expanding my knowledge (and therefore, appreciation) of all things orchestral.

Thank you for posting....I've always wondered this....I thoroughly enjoy all your videos.

Conductors are like condoms: it's safier with them, but a lot more fun without

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

I thought it was: "it's safer with them but a lot more fun without"? ;-)

@matthieuchallancin893

4 жыл бұрын

@@RainerHerschKZread yes, sorry, but I'm Italian and I have never been good in English

@MrElektrogiant

4 жыл бұрын

Here a Belgian, I also find conductors important. And it is as he say; in the orchestra you only hear what you play, especially when you are at the very back (I played synthesizer in the school band and I usually played the B-flat bass). But Matthieu Challancin, I'm going to take this comment to the next band rehearsal. A really good joke

@matthieuchallancin893

4 жыл бұрын

@@MrElektrogiant Thanks, I'm too at the very back of my orchestra, because, as you can see from the my profile photo, I play trombone, so I can understand how much is important a conductor

@tenoreDB

4 жыл бұрын

@@RainerHerschKZread another kinda rude joke on conductors: Whats the difference between a bull and an orchestra. A bull has the horns sitting in front and the asshole at the back. With an orchestra the horns are sitting in the back and the asshole is up front......

I loved the video!! Great job! Cool jokes and interesting facts! Thank you!

You've answered questions I've been wondering about for almost 60 years.

Thank you so much for answering that question.

Thank you so much, I have asked this question dozens of times and you are the first person that actually broke it down into reasonable and logical bits!

Great as always

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

Thanks again!

Thank you for video, i’ve always wondered about this

I am SO glad that I found this channel

LOVE this man. His presention is FABULOUS . BRAVO 👏👏👏 😁 💖

Amazing video. Very funny, entertaining and answered brilliantly the question I had itching my mind for decades. Thank you sir.

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

My pleasure!

Love your channel, you make classical music fun.

Thank you! I was just talking about this question with a friend just a few days ago. The part where you showed what it sounds to the individual player was especially illuminating.

That's a fantastic explanation! Thank you and for the laughs!

@RainerHerschYouTube

3 жыл бұрын

Glad you enjoyed it!

Thanks for the explanation! So clear and funny! 🤣

Brilliant ! Thank you so much for this insight. 😍👏👏👏

Love your energy Mr. Hersch :D

XD I wasn't expecting that viola joke

Love the viola joke at the end👌 10/10

Never sat in a real orchestra just my high school band because I was an awesome flutist (to toot my own horn...see what I did there) I was usually 1st chair and somehow had to set the tempo. Not sure how that worked. And p.s. wanted to be a music teacher but couldn’t pass music theory and definitely couldn’t get the hang of conducting thus ending my music career at 18! Love your videos and Ravel’s Bolero is one of my favorite pieces! Keep bringing on the funny!

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

Rock on!

Love it!!!!💝🥰

Simple and to the point with a funny way. Thank you for clearing this question out.

Fantastic!! From Spain.

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

Thanks!

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

Hablas español? ¿ayudarían los subtítulos en español?

Definitely the best explanation out there on KZread. I think it's because you answered the most important question of whether or not the orchestra can play without the conductor. And also because of your wit.

Thank you so much good info and funny to, keep it up love this video

Nice, appreciate the humor in all this.

Exactly reflects my experiences in amateur orcs and bands - also very funny!

I never realized how important a conductor is. Thanks for a great fun video 👍

@RainerHerschYouTube

3 жыл бұрын

Glad you enjoyed it!

Thankyou..cheered me up no end.

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

Great. Now that cheers ME up.

enjoyed that a lot. Too funny. Especially true about how sound differs when you're in the orchestra as a clarinet when you've got the brass behind you deafening you and the saxophones next to you belting it doing something different and you get lost

Amazingly entertaining video!

Excelente explicación!

Really really interesting and well done for the explanations.

That little viola burn at the end got me

Excellent and useful presentation.

You have an awesome attitude Rainer! Love it!

Without a conductor whos going to lose his shit on reversals?! And them savage burns if you mess up? Yup. Conductor.

Well my orchestra in South America needed a conductor just to keep the infighting at bay. Hostile arguments during rehearsals

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

Yes. One of the other things about the conductor is that they lead the rehearsals. Otherwise the band would just play through over and over without getting better. That and keep the peace.

@ThatBoomerDude56

4 жыл бұрын

@@RainerHerschKZread It's probably because they can then focus their hostilities instead of randomly fighting with each other.

A question long pondered, answered at last. And with humor no less. Didn't see that coming. Still grinning.

Great always wondered what the conductor does. Does he also stamp the audience tickets ?

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

No, that's a bus conductor :-)

@Megabishop65

4 жыл бұрын

When he gets the orchestra to play really fast, he's known as a lightning conductor !!

Un excelente trabajo, me ha encantado, por fin alguien me explica esto.

Thanks for the info. Love your videos!

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

Thanks for watching!

Not only long questioned questions answered, but also super funny and eas, to understand. I have NO Idea why YT recommended this to ne but I Love it so much!

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

Welcome aboard! Thanks for the comment. Check out other vids.

Watched this video, subscribed right away! You’re a genius! I love this idea so much!!!

@RainerHerschYouTube

3 жыл бұрын

Wow, thank you!

Brilliant, clear, funny and informative.. I ThanQ.

Seriously Thank you for letting us know cause damn I'm really into this job now!

So fun to watch, yet educational

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

Infocomedy. It's the new thing.

Lovely!

Oh please can corona bugger off so we can go back to enjoying your live shows again!! This channel is the only thing getting me through quarantine to be honest......

@RainerHerschYouTube

3 жыл бұрын

Thanks! Yeah - jog on Corona 19.

Informative and entertaining!! ;)

Wow thanks for putting it all together for those of us that love listening to music but may not know a lot about it. Your video was well-thought-out and demonstrated what I needed to know in a way I could understand. Thanks keep up the good work.

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

My pleasure!

Great video. Thank you,I was wondering what was going on in between.

Wow! That made a TON of sense. Total new view on conductors!!

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

Cool.

Okay-- that bit with the percussionist taking a selfie was funny as hell. (Well, to me, anyway) 😀

So informative and so funny 🤣

need to watch this again.. i was too busy thinking about the lightbulbs

The best explanation I could have asked for such a pressing question in my mind. Well made video. Thank you, Pippin! (if you know, you know :D)

I've been waiting the whole video for the sign to hit the bell

@Bigvs.Dickvs

4 жыл бұрын

Get set... Ready... Waaaaait for iiiiiiit...... Not yeeeeeet...... Not during the violin solo..... *GO* !

So informative and so funny ... That is just how I like things...

Great explanation.

That was great thank you.

@RainerHerschYouTube

3 жыл бұрын

Glad you enjoyed it!

As a clarinetist in wind ensembles primarily, I’m always fascinated with orchestral conducting with how they typically anticipate the downbeats a bit more. Band conducting, they will typically have their conducting pattern right on the downbeats. Always something I have to readjust to when I am in orchestral settings.

@brendonlepage5576

10 ай бұрын

Yes!!! . As a conductor of both it's a challenge to wait half a second for the damn orchestra to play something🙄😄

*GANHOU MAIS UM FÃ, PARABÉNS PELO VÍDEO.*

@RainerHerschYouTube

4 жыл бұрын

Você é muito bem-vindo. Obrigado.

I didn't realize this was an official channel! I've watched Mr. Hersch do lots of orchestral work on KZread, but I also found the odd video on management and leadership. Quite effective, those. Cheers from the US!