Crewed Mars Mission on Philip Bono's Mars Glider

Ғылым және технология

In the year 1960, Philip Bono, a highly specialized Space Vehicle Design Specialist affiliated with the Boeing Airplane Company, formulated a conceptualization of a pioneering manned spacecraft intended for Mars. The outward visage of this spacecraft was fashioned in a manner which exhibited similarities to the X-20A Dyna-Soar single-seat orbital glider concurrently under development at his organization on behalf of the United States Air Force. However, Bono's cerebral rendition of the Mars glider embodied noteworthy dimensional dissimilarities when compared to the Dyna-Soar -- namely, it was of an enormity that was capable of accommodating an eight-man "expeditionary force," and nearly 40 tons of supplies and equipment. The prodigious Mars glider boasted a flat-bellied physique that spanned a monumental 125 feet in length, and an impressive 95 feet across its delta wings.
The Mars glider, once fully assembled and loaded with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants, stood at a towering height of 248 feet, weighing in at an impressive 4150 tons. This colossal spacecraft was encompassed by six elongated outboard booster rockets, designed to enshroud and conceal the short booster, living module/rocket stage, and the majority of the aft portion of the glider.
Bono's original vision of the Mars glider was equipped with scientific instruments that would enable it to scrutinize the Red Planet's surface and atmosphere. This glider would harness the power of its wings to generate lift, and it would have been controlled remotely from the mother ship. The spacecraft would have been launched from a mother ship which was stationed in orbit around Mars.
Even though the Mars Glider concept never came to complete fruition nor was it ever launched, it nevertheless played a consequential role in the technological advancements of other Mars exploration technologies. Additionally, this epoch-making conceptualization inspired a plethora of forthcoming space exploration concepts.
Epic Unease by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/...
Source: incompetech.com/music/royalty-...
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Пікірлер: 297

  • @stuartyoung4182
    @stuartyoung4182 Жыл бұрын

    😍Beautiful work, as always! I never previously knew about this concept. Since it wasn't until July 14-15, 1965, when Mariner 4 completed its flyby reconnaissance of Mars, that we discovered that Mars has 1-100th of the atmospheric density of Earth, Mr. Bono can be forgiven for selecting a glider configuration for his crewed Mars lander. (Earlier crewed Mars mission architectures made the same assumptions - notably Wernher von Braun's "Marsprojekt", and the lifting-body design of Aeronutronic, a defense related division of Ford Aerospace).

  • @dogmaticpyrrhonist543

    @dogmaticpyrrhonist543

    Жыл бұрын

    There's a distinct change in the concepts from before and after. I think the first detailed concept after was the North American Rockwell one, and most follow a similar theme from there on. Earlier ones all use a lot more aero.

  • @elciosampaio2018

    @elciosampaio2018

    Жыл бұрын

    ​@@dogmaticpyrrhonist543 Pure C.G.I, cattle!!!

  • @elciosampaio2018

    @elciosampaio2018

    Жыл бұрын

    ​@@dogmaticpyrrhonist543 Starting at 2:55, who is filming??

  • @dogmaticpyrrhonist543

    @dogmaticpyrrhonist543

    Жыл бұрын

    @@elciosampaio2018 Welcome to the channel, it's all CGI, of f*cking course.

  • @user-or7gj7mz2p

    @user-or7gj7mz2p

    Ай бұрын

    ❤😊😊@@dogmaticpyrrhonist543❤❤❤❤❤

  • @kspencerian
    @kspencerian Жыл бұрын

    Gorgeous use of actual Mars renderings and images. The view during descent over Tharsis was very Kubrick-style. I recognize the landing site; it appears to be Curiosity's home, Gale Crater, as the backdrop of Mt. Sharp is my computer desktop background. Phil Bono would be proud of this.

  • @mariasirona1622

    @mariasirona1622

    Жыл бұрын

    That ain't Tharsis, that is Valles Marineris

  • @kspencerian

    @kspencerian

    Жыл бұрын

    @@mariasirona1622 Valles Marineris is part of the Tharsis region.

  • @mariasirona1622

    @mariasirona1622

    Жыл бұрын

    @@kspencerian what? No. Tharsis is the four big mountains and the land in between them

  • @kspencerian

    @kspencerian

    Жыл бұрын

    @@mariasirona1622 I see what you're saying. The canyon borders Tharsis and is part of the eastern plateau. Its likelihood as a tectonic crack caused by volcanic activity has been my understanding and proximity.

  • @praba4036

    @praba4036

    4 ай бұрын

    🙏-rice-lula ⛽ comba jet pro rocket 8gb- co-nill 2024

  • @doltsbane
    @doltsbane Жыл бұрын

    Kind of reminds me of the ship from the movie "Conquest of Space". So many unrealized ideas for winged spaceflight. Another interesting space plane concept was the caret wing waverider that Terence Nonweiler proposed back in the 1950s.

  • @generalyellor8188

    @generalyellor8188

    Жыл бұрын

    I read somewhere that the production designer for the original 1968 film Planet of the Apes used this concept to create the movie's spacecraft that would later be called the "Icarus." The film designer's renderings of the complete vehicle, unseen booster included, looked very much like this.

  • @campbellmays9900

    @campbellmays9900

    Жыл бұрын

    I read an analysis of the movie once that was pretty interesting. But it lost me when it insisted that one of the characters was supposed to be gay,so.......

  • @scottfw7169
    @scottfw7169 Жыл бұрын

    This is the channel where once you get to know the channel you click like and save even before watching the video. 🚀

  • @BryanBlock

    @BryanBlock

    Жыл бұрын

    That's EXACTLY what I do!

  • @johnorlitta

    @johnorlitta

    Жыл бұрын

    I clicked like for your comment before I finished reading it

  • @ajds
    @ajds Жыл бұрын

    Stunningly gorgeous. Movie quality - I was transfixed.

  • @AnneSmile-cv9yl
    @AnneSmile-cv9yl15 күн бұрын

    Thank you Bravo congratulations more amazing missions, breathtaking with tears. Thank you once again

  • @paulgrove1407
    @paulgrove1407 Жыл бұрын

    Those old designs were something else. This does not look like it has any abort options or margin of error, designed long before NASA became risk-averse. I really like the Plug Nozzle Boosters and Injection Stage.

  • @russellharrell2747

    @russellharrell2747

    Жыл бұрын

    The original concept had the forward section of the glider as the crew return capsule, which presumably could have been part of an escape mechanism. It was the only part of the craft that was designed to renter the atmosphere and splash down.

  • @jaypaint4855
    @jaypaint4855 Жыл бұрын

    I like how this shows Mars’ atmosphere as blue, not orange, as it sometimes is not

  • @underscore4505

    @underscore4505

    Жыл бұрын

    Culture shocl

  • @Sir_Uncle_Ned
    @Sir_Uncle_Ned Жыл бұрын

    I’m impressed by how well everything is thought out. Atmosphere too thin to slow down enough? Pop a chute to get the drag you need! No runway? No problem, just land vertically! Don’t want to drag the now dead weight of empty fuel tanks and useless engines? Just cut the glider in half!

  • @jameswilson5165

    @jameswilson5165

    Жыл бұрын

    I've wondered why Starship, once in orbit, could not detach what's needed to get to the moon, down and up and back. It would have to be huge fuel savings.

  • @maheshch1829

    @maheshch1829

    Жыл бұрын

    ​@@jameswilson5165 "detach what's needed?" What do you mean?

  • @jameswilson5165

    @jameswilson5165

    Жыл бұрын

    @@maheshch1829 Why land the entire ship? Make the cone with draco thrusters detach and land. The Moon and Mars's gravity would allow this.

  • @Madhuntr

    @Madhuntr

    Жыл бұрын

    @@maheshch1829 he means starship is just the LEO delivery system. Like saturn 5 was for the apollo crafts

  • @maheshch1829

    @maheshch1829

    Жыл бұрын

    @@Madhuntr got it. Thanks

  • @jstrotha0975
    @jstrotha0975 Жыл бұрын

    I never heard of this concept before. Beautiful as always, keep up the good work.

  • @BartJBols
    @BartJBols Жыл бұрын

    This craft looks ksp levels of jank. 10/10

  • @fractalelf7760

    @fractalelf7760

    Жыл бұрын

    Yep I see a new design in KSP to work on.

  • @Nighthawke70

    @Nighthawke70

    Жыл бұрын

    Don't forget, the glider needs to work in 8mb atmosphere, Mars equivalent. Not the 80mb as Mr. Bono had based this on.

  • @russellharrell2747

    @russellharrell2747

    Жыл бұрын

    @@Nighthawke70 yeah, even after the early landers confirmed the extremely thin atmosphere they still had the glider mission as an example of a manned mission to mars in world book encyclopedias.

  • @HalNordmann
    @HalNordmann Жыл бұрын

    Not to nitpick, but there are some minor errors: - the stage separates from the glider before it enters Mars orbit, so that the glider does a direct entry - the orange tank around it is supposed to be discarded before heading to Earth, as it is empty by that point. - as the nose of the glider contains a reactor, it is supposed to be dismounted during the surface operations. - before liftoff from Mars, the rear of the glider is supposed to be anchored via cables Otherwise, great job on this rarely-known concept!

  • @themagiceye6723

    @themagiceye6723

    Жыл бұрын

    Literally to nitpick

  • @Yusuke_Denton

    @Yusuke_Denton

    Жыл бұрын

    Don't feel bad about nitpicking. It's interesting information. :)

  • @davidvaughn7752

    @davidvaughn7752

    11 ай бұрын

    To nitpick or not to nitpick, that is the question.

  • @russellharrell2747
    @russellharrell2747 Жыл бұрын

    I remember spending hours looking at the mars mission article in my World Book. Part of that mission profile was extending a boom from the landing craft and spinning the entire craft for gravity during the cruise phase. The video shows a more updated architecture with a reusable nuclear booster? It’s a joy to see something from my childhood imagination rendered in an awesome animation

  • @Nighthawke70
    @Nighthawke70 Жыл бұрын

    Bono Manned Mars Vehicle Mission Summary: Summary: First serious single-launch Mars expedition design Propulsion: LOX/LH2 Braking at Mars: aerodynamic Mission Type: conjunction Split or All-Up: all up ISRU: no ISRU Launch Year: 1971 Crew: 8 Mars Surface payload-metric tons: 480 Outbound time-days: 259 Mars Stay Time-days: 490 Return Time-days: 248 Total Mission Time-days: 997 Total Payload Required in Low Earth Orbit-metric tons: 800 Total Propellant Required-metric tons: 500 Propellant Fraction: 0.62 Mass per crew-metric tons: 100 Launch Vehicle Payload to LEO-metric tons: 800 Number of Launches Required to Assemble Payload in Low Earth Orbit: 1 Launch Vehicle: Bono HLV Mr. Bono estimated Mars' atmosphere to be 80mb pressure, 10X greater than what Mariner 4 discovered. His design would need to be redone around these numbers.

  • @scottn7cy
    @scottn7cy Жыл бұрын

    It's always a good day when I see a new Hazegrayart video.

  • @416dl
    @416dl Жыл бұрын

    See a notice and drop whatever else I'm doing...as always incredible except it's all totally believable. Thanks and cheers.

  • @randycampbell6307
    @randycampbell6307 Жыл бұрын

    Well I guessed right :) And as always an awesome rendition of a plausible mission

  • @yourstory1691
    @yourstory1691 Жыл бұрын

    This is really KERBAL. Love it

  • @lloydbush
    @lloydbush Жыл бұрын

    With that music at the beginning I half expected to hear: "Hello, I'm Michael Anis and this is Episode 266: Apollo 13 - “Houston, we’ve had a problem.” - Part 1..." It just gets me in the right mood.

  • @robertevans6481
    @robertevans6481 Жыл бұрын

    Great job....that would be a sight to behold on launch day...maybe about 30 miles away,want to keep my hearing....

  • @user-jm6ml2fe3r
    @user-jm6ml2fe3r5 ай бұрын

    i got so many rabbit holes going into deeper rabbit holes, i don't know where i began anymore.

  • @getworking5652
    @getworking5652 Жыл бұрын

    Excellent.

  • @Workerbee-zy5nx
    @Workerbee-zy5nx3 ай бұрын

    Note astronaut is only 4 feet tall.🤔👌

  • @user-oh1uf3vj2e
    @user-oh1uf3vj2e Жыл бұрын

    Как всегда невероятно круто!

  • @dziban303

    @dziban303

    Жыл бұрын

    Watch out for drones Pavel

  • @cpte3729

    @cpte3729

    Жыл бұрын

    ​@@dziban303 if that guy's a Ukrainian what you just said could be interpreted as pro-Shahed terrorist attacks, not pro-use of drones on invading soldiers.

  • @praba4036

    @praba4036

    4 ай бұрын

    -@http-floopy-caset -@found pbs"voice's -@project 8gb- *-ocean-Rameshwaram

  • @bill_ruppert
    @bill_ruppert Жыл бұрын

    Another great video! Tnanks so much!

  • @shabbysnubtide3339
    @shabbysnubtide3339 Жыл бұрын

    Can you cluster aerospike engines? I thought they required undisturbed aerodynamics (the same air pressure) on all sides.

  • @cbuchner1
    @cbuchner1 Жыл бұрын

    Let‘s launch an SSTM next time!

  • @lonnieholcomb2078
    @lonnieholcomb2078 Жыл бұрын

    yes very very good work, keep it up

  • @davidvaughn7752
    @davidvaughn775211 ай бұрын

    A work of art! I'm a fan!

  • @Hykje
    @Hykje Жыл бұрын

    "How many boosters do you think are needed?" "All of them."

  • @dsdy1205
    @dsdy1205 Жыл бұрын

    The April Fools trick here was played by Mars on us by making us believe it had a thick atmosphere.

  • @pontuswendt2486
    @pontuswendt2486 Жыл бұрын

    AMAZINGNES!!!

  • @roslyntaber9580
    @roslyntaber9580 Жыл бұрын

    Love so lifftof with u Dwayne Elliot chéri Love Space with u chéri Mars seemes so strong and so fragile in same time Its break heart and music is Beautiful Dwayne Elliot chéri...

  • @Charles-7
    @Charles-7 Жыл бұрын

    that looks like some launch vehicle made in ksp.

  • @dragonmares59110
    @dragonmares59110 Жыл бұрын

    Like always, impressive work, you never disappoint !

  • @skg7958
    @skg7958 Жыл бұрын

    awesome! sound effects

  • @atptourfan
    @atptourfan Жыл бұрын

    We have seen many wild concepts brought beautifully to life by Hazegrayart, but this may be the most poorly considered. Guaranteed loss of crew on Mars landing if not sooner.

  • @gearheadgregwi

    @gearheadgregwi

    Жыл бұрын

    Yeah. Still cool. If only live in that mythical future. Unlimited funds. Unlimited cheap petroleum. Radiation without long-term effects. Landing an aircraft on a rock-strewn surface.

  • @basfinnis
    @basfinnis Жыл бұрын

    Looks great 👌

  • @ex-muslimraj8652
    @ex-muslimraj8652 Жыл бұрын

    What was the point of the Glider? It does not need to glide at all! Why glide? You are landing vertically, you are taking off with almost as much thrust required for vertical t.o. And to land, you can't do it without the chute, cause atmosphere is too thin! Why glide?

  • @Allan_aka_RocKITEman
    @Allan_aka_RocKITEman Жыл бұрын

    *IMPRESSIVE.*

  • @albertorafaelcisnerosperfe4899
    @albertorafaelcisnerosperfe48993 ай бұрын

    Magnificent 🤗❤️

  • @knytrydr73
    @knytrydr73 Жыл бұрын

    Tonight on "The Way Things Should Have Been"

  • @iainsweeney4072
    @iainsweeney4072 Жыл бұрын

    Awesome 💪

  • @tofikerab1864
    @tofikerab1864 Жыл бұрын

    Ok merci pour

  • @tofikerab1864
    @tofikerab1864 Жыл бұрын

    Ok merci beaucou

  • @lawrencerajan1973
    @lawrencerajan19738 күн бұрын

    Very interesting thanks to you sir

  • @raykewin3608
    @raykewin3608 Жыл бұрын

    Nice.

  • @nhhfdyhvdfghh
    @nhhfdyhvdfghh Жыл бұрын

    Жаль, что на Марсе недопустимо высокий радиационный фон и космонавты получат максимально допустимую за всю их карьеру дозу радиации... С этим надо что-то решать...

  • @user-yk7yv8rb5i
    @user-yk7yv8rb5i4 ай бұрын

    any way love this❤

  • @peterloohunt
    @peterloohunt Жыл бұрын

    Great stuff. The booster engines puzzled me, though? At first I thought thy were aerospikes, but the shape looks wrong, more like a dome than a spike. What are they>

  • @conradnelson5283
    @conradnelson5283 Жыл бұрын

    Very interesting. Probably a little outdated, but does look feasible.

  • @NekoAerospaceSFS
    @NekoAerospaceSFS Жыл бұрын

    Dyna-Soar XL

  • @mpetersen6
    @mpetersen6 Жыл бұрын

    Imo one thing that should be employed in any manned Mars mission is Resource Extraction portion that focuses on extracting either chemical fuel and oxidizer from either Diemos or Phobus. Or propellant to be used in a nuclear powered spacecraft. But then I am neither a mission planner or an aerospace engineer.

  • @fordlower2527
    @fordlower2527 Жыл бұрын

    Giant Dyna-Soar

  • @joaobatistahilariodossanto1813
    @joaobatistahilariodossanto18135 ай бұрын

    Show of tecnologic specie.

  • @barcelonabcn5606
    @barcelonabcn5606 Жыл бұрын

    This is a nice one, very intelligent by the way is done !...

  • @iliketrains0pwned
    @iliketrains0pwned Жыл бұрын

    Could you do an animation of the Delta-glider from Orbiter?

  • @RHM2116
    @RHM2116 Жыл бұрын

    Another Crazy Mission lol😂

  • @underscore4505
    @underscore4505 Жыл бұрын

    Why do thry use a first stage so long?

  • @user-jm6ml2fe3r
    @user-jm6ml2fe3r5 ай бұрын

    that's what they sent back, it's how to break orbit, it's a honeycomb!

  • @johnorlitta
    @johnorlitta Жыл бұрын

    They forgot to turn the light off in thier shelter before leaving.

  • @kamipollna225

    @kamipollna225

    Ай бұрын

    NOOOOOOO

  • @cybird1
    @cybird1 Жыл бұрын

    I thought this was an april fools prank video

  • @Suleymanylmaz95
    @Suleymanylmaz952 ай бұрын

    Amazing ❤ United States Of America 💪

  • @highvelocitypineapple9975
    @highvelocitypineapple99759 ай бұрын

    This is amazing! I'm very curious as to how you have the craft launch at Cape Canaveral, is the entire scene an image underneath the animation? Or an actual setup? I'd love to know!

  • @AHHHHHHHH21

    @AHHHHHHHH21

    4 ай бұрын

    It's all animation

  • @nutier
    @nutier9 ай бұрын

    Awesome video ! I love it so much . Thank you for sharing it to us with pleasure . Happy week-end to you !

  • @user-ly7rg9hb4r
    @user-ly7rg9hb4r3 ай бұрын

    ემასე სად რა გაისროლა და გამოძვრა თან მაგოდენა საწვავი დახარჯა რა გამოვიდა, არაფერი. ძრავა სხვანაირად რომ ავაწყოთ არ გაწყობთ?🇬🇪

  • @orionSpacecraft
    @orionSpacecraft Жыл бұрын

    I wanna make this in ksp

  • @BPJJohn
    @BPJJohn Жыл бұрын

    This Craft looks eerily similar to the so called "Black Triangle" UFOs especially when its Landing.

  • @underscore4505

    @underscore4505

    Жыл бұрын

    Fr fr

  • @Stevek1804
    @Stevek180415 күн бұрын

    Awesome video but the waste disposal pod impacts Mars? If there was no life on Mars before there certainly was afterwards!

  • @LDTV22OfficialChannel
    @LDTV22OfficialChannel Жыл бұрын

    It's april fools tommorow. Why not do the Douglas Astro next?

  • @KingsleyKaya-kf4br
    @KingsleyKaya-kf4br9 ай бұрын

    Good

  • @tanatos8852
    @tanatos8852 Жыл бұрын

    Comment to support and promote the content of this beautiful and necessary channel!

  • @haouarimonjo9551
    @haouarimonjo95512 ай бұрын

    Meyer Habib dans la fusée cachee

  • @JackieDaniel-op2xz
    @JackieDaniel-op2xzАй бұрын

    Yeah

  • @HemantKumar-sc8qv
    @HemantKumar-sc8qv10 ай бұрын

    Wowoooooooooo 😮

  • @JackieDaniel-op2xz
    @JackieDaniel-op2xzАй бұрын

    Yes

  • @josephvotta6698
    @josephvotta669810 ай бұрын

    Wow! Incredible visual creation! What do you use to create these visuals? What is the name of the artist / team?

  • @starlightsexpeditiontel1251
    @starlightsexpeditiontel1251 Жыл бұрын

    没有720P么?

  • @abrahamdelacruz3317
    @abrahamdelacruz3317Ай бұрын

    3:03 ghh😢😮

  • @rwboa22
    @rwboa22 Жыл бұрын

    DynaSoar on steroids.

  • @johnorlitta
    @johnorlittaАй бұрын

    They landed on the south pole. I could tell by the igloo

  • @ThomasHaberkorn
    @ThomasHaberkorn10 ай бұрын

    man I can't imagine the time it took to reach that skill level of yours

  • @user-fy6ck9di1f
    @user-fy6ck9di1f7 ай бұрын

    Thanks for sharing this massage, especially Mars mission.

  • @soaibsiddiqui2325
    @soaibsiddiqui232510 ай бұрын

    Yaar ye kepchar kese kiya

  • @kirstennitzke6756
    @kirstennitzke67569 ай бұрын

    Who and how do they film this ????

  • @AHHHHHHHH21

    @AHHHHHHHH21

    4 ай бұрын

    It's a 3d animation

  • @user-ly7rg9hb4r
    @user-ly7rg9hb4r3 ай бұрын

    შემიძლია სიცოცხლისათვის ხელსაყრელი პირობები შევქმნა მთვარეზეც და მარსზეც მაგრამ ღმერთი უარზეა, მერე ომს დაიწყებენ და ორივე დაიხოცებიანო. ამიტომ ჯერ ერთმანეთის სიყვარული ისწავლეთ და პატივისცემა, მერე გადავწყვიტოთ კოსმოსის საკითხები😊🇬🇪

  • @antoniomarcosdefigueiredof7759
    @antoniomarcosdefigueiredof77593 ай бұрын

    Só quero uma oportunidade para soltar a minha integecia

  • @billyrowland503
    @billyrowland503 Жыл бұрын

    aero spike?

  • @BasanagoudaHebballi
    @BasanagoudaHebballi2 ай бұрын

    Basanaguoda Hebbill BTV

  • @sikeliaArT
    @sikeliaArT4 ай бұрын

    🚀

  • @skyejamss
    @skyejamss Жыл бұрын

    oh what could have it been if it were took way more seriously

  • @notasgood459
    @notasgood459 Жыл бұрын

    I too wish nasa had the budget of the US Military

  • @adityasusantapanda

    @adityasusantapanda

    Жыл бұрын

    That is in trillion!

  • @maryannlendero891

    @maryannlendero891

    6 ай бұрын

    But wish to maket how long and year to planet///!

  • @JoseluisOvalles-po1pn

    @JoseluisOvalles-po1pn

    5 ай бұрын

    0p lopppp 0:28 0:28 ​@@adityasusantapanda

  • @bluedream5095

    @bluedream5095

    5 ай бұрын

    @@adityasusantapandait is around 604 billion

  • @adityasusantapanda

    @adityasusantapanda

    5 ай бұрын

    @@bluedream5095 2022-$1.5trillion budget for Fiscal Year 2022...

  • @outbacktrek
    @outbacktrek9 ай бұрын

  • @hanihani7095
    @hanihani70955 ай бұрын

    U forget to fix heat shield😂

  • @user-ez6jv1qg1b
    @user-ez6jv1qg1b27 күн бұрын

    Cameramen nya siapa??😢

  • @Theoli19-xs4cp
    @Theoli19-xs4cpАй бұрын

    Bueno nues que yo sepa mucho pero no vayan a intentar a yebar hagua por el recalentamiento de la tierra aytamos

  • @DanielLima-cb6gh
    @DanielLima-cb6gh3 ай бұрын

    😮

  • @user-tw4xc5yp4g
    @user-tw4xc5yp4gАй бұрын

    🎉✌

  • @user-ru8ko8kn5u
    @user-ru8ko8kn5u4 ай бұрын

    😊😊เห็นแล้วครับครู

  • @Dantli2.0
    @Dantli2.05 ай бұрын

    ❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤

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