Complex Integration and Finding Zeros of the Zeta Function

In this video we examine the other half of complex calculus: integration. We explain how the idea of a complex line integral arises naturally from real definite integrals via Riemann sums, and we examine some of the properties of this new sort of integral. In particular, we consider some complications that arise when trying to apply the fundamental theorem of calculus to complex functions.
We then bring these ideas to the central focus of this series: the zeta function and the Riemann hypothesis. By the end of the video, we will be able to use complex integrals to approximate the location of the zeroes of the zeta function (or those of any other complex function for that matter)!
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Please subscribe for more content like this! If you'd like to leave a tip, click the Thanks button under this video. We appreciate any support towards making more videos!
Also, check out our second channel @zetamathdoespuzzles , where we stream sudoku and other puzzle content three times a week.
Animations in this video were produced using Manim Community Edition. For more information, go to manim.community

Пікірлер: 410

  • @sherifffruitfly
    @sherifffruitfly8 ай бұрын

    People always explain the real case as "there's only 2 paths from a ->b" - this seems wrong to me. There's bunches of paths - imagine a drunk walking home from the bar to his house. Even constrained to a line, he could walk forward 2 steps, then back 1 step, then forward 3 more, etc. - until he gets home. Lots of paths, constrained to the [a,b] interval. It's of course easy to prove that you're adding & subtracting integral-pieces, so the total sum remains the same. But that doesn't mean there aren't lots of paths - there are, it's just that they result in the same integral.

  • @AlessioDellaMotta
    @AlessioDellaMotta Жыл бұрын

    These are some of the best math videos I have watched in a while, especially about complex analysis! Looking forward to the next ones!

  • @liamturman
    @liamturman2 ай бұрын

    Hey man! These are some of the highest quality math videos I have ever seen. Amazing work, I’m so excited for the next video, whenever that is.

  • @littlenarwhal3914
    @littlenarwhal39142 жыл бұрын

    Great content as usual zeta, this series deserves more recognition

  • @flmbray
    @flmbray Жыл бұрын

    I just finished watching all of your videos made so far... I was a AP Calculus BC student in high school but chose a different direction at university (electrical engineering), so even though I really love math, I never got into these advanced topics relating to zeta function, and I've never really quite understood it in the various videos I've seen. But watching your videos has made it so easy to understand. I really love your long-form content, giving time for the ideas to really come together. It's been 5 months since this video, and about the same since the video before that, so I'm really hoping the next video is close!

  • @jameslawson9754
    @jameslawson9754 Жыл бұрын

    This is one of the greatest maths videos I have ever seen

  • @lowerbound4803
    @lowerbound48034 ай бұрын

    Wholeheartedly thank you for making all these videos. You deserve my highest respect! 😻

  • @dancingacidpanda
    @dancingacidpanda Жыл бұрын

    Love your content! This is by far the best introduction to complex analysis I have ever seen. I feel like I am finally getting it :D

  • @zetamath

    @zetamath

    Жыл бұрын

    Thank you so much!

  • @Savahax

    @Savahax

    Жыл бұрын

    Strongly agree mate

  • @upwardogdownwardog
    @upwardogdownwardog Жыл бұрын

    Thank you for the incredible work you are doing!

  • @zetamath

    @zetamath

    Жыл бұрын

    Wow, thank you so much! It means a lot!

  • @davidblauyoutube
    @davidblauyoutube Жыл бұрын

    7:40 When I was learning complex analysis, I was taught about branch cuts and Riemann surfaces. If you "cut" the complex plane along the negative real axis, "lift" the upper half and "lower" the bottom half, you get a helicoid. You can "glue" this to another, similar helicoid (on which the log takes values incremented by 2πi) seamlessly so that analytic continuation travels along the path in the video and ends up at a different location (on the glued surface) than you started, with a different value. By gluing together many helicoids, you can account for the multiple values taken by the log function in a completely consistent way.

  • @demezon6572
    @demezon65722 жыл бұрын

    Thanks a ton. When I worked on my thesis, a wee 40 y's ago, I could have used your explanations-to get to the results all the quicker. Now I know the details. You're a professor par excellence.

  • @taj-ulislam6902
    @taj-ulislam6902Ай бұрын

    Amazing video. Very clear and presented like a true professional. A complex subject tackled well.

  • @jedb872
    @jedb8722 жыл бұрын

    Fantastic video! You make a difficult subject very accessible. (And thanks for the call out, that was way cool)

  • @zetamath

    @zetamath

    2 жыл бұрын

    Thanks so much for giving us the support before we even asked for it. It was much appreciated!

  • @solokototelluride
    @solokototelluride Жыл бұрын

    You have the ability to explain complex topics in simple ways. I see that you do not often release new content, but I do look forward to further releases.

  • @Ivan_1791
    @Ivan_17913 ай бұрын

    This video was wonderful, I hope you post more content in the future.

  • @you8sand
    @you8sand Жыл бұрын

    I remember my professor brushing over some of this material in my electrical engineering undergrad specifically for inverse Laplace Transforms, but the way you work through and present it is extremely clear and helps fills some gaps in my understanding. Thank you for this content; love it!

  • @TheLethalDomain
    @TheLethalDomain Жыл бұрын

    Who would have thought that one method of studying the Riemann hypothesis would lead to the best introduction to Complex Analysis I have seen on KZread. I can't wait to see how well you execute Cauchy's Residue Theorem.

  • @mehdibenmassaoud4681
    @mehdibenmassaoud4681 Жыл бұрын

    Amazing video with exceptional explanations. I'm sure everyone would appreciate to have the next video quicker (6 months between each 2 episodes is too long) ! Can't wait !

  • @b.c.johnson1191
    @b.c.johnson1191 Жыл бұрын

    I'm counting on the follow-up to this video. It was very well done. I hope my $ helps motivate you. I am going to watch the previous ones.

  • @peachesaupear8455
    @peachesaupear84552 жыл бұрын

    I was just rewatching your videos on analytic continuation and the Basel problem earlier this week! I somehow knew the series was about to continue!

  • @bobasawrus

    @bobasawrus

    2 жыл бұрын

    Haha - analytic continuation

  • @ethanjensen7967
    @ethanjensen7967 Жыл бұрын

    I'm excited for the next episode!! I'm starting graduate school this fall and I finally get to take complex analysis. I've spent about a year learning math in the field of Modular Forms and Elliptic functions, and a couple of the big proofs require complex analysis that I haven't learned. This series helped me organize what I know before I begin my next class

  • @zetamath

    @zetamath

    Жыл бұрын

    It's great to hear a grad student is finding this material useful. That was one audience I had in mind when laying this out. I'm hoping that these videos provide good scaffolding on which you can fill in more rigorous definitions!

  • @michaeldevilangel

    @michaeldevilangel

    Жыл бұрын

    @@zetamath hi there, if it makes you happy, I study towards MSc in Mathematics and still watch your videos:) they are really great! Best for revision and for visualizing certain concepts. Can you do some stuff on spaces? You know for approximation theory. Vector space, Banach space, Hilbert space.... Anyway, thank you very much for your work.

  • @rogerkearns8094

    @rogerkearns8094

    Жыл бұрын

    @@zetamath I'm still looking forward to the next episode, too.

  • @physira7551
    @physira75512 жыл бұрын

    Ive learned a whole semester worth of complex analysis in just one video! I dont know how to thank you. Please keep making these kind of videos

  • @roygalaasen
    @roygalaasen11 ай бұрын

    I am assuming that the next video is lost in the void then? 😂 It may seem like I am laughing, but have a closer look at those tears. But seriously, your video series is so good that it sparked an interest in the topic, still hoping there will be a follow up with poles as you promised. (Not holding you accountable for any promises, just grateful for the massive job you already have done.)

  • @alijoueizadeh2896
    @alijoueizadeh28969 ай бұрын

    Thank you for the best presentation of this issue I have ever watched.

  • @francescocatalanotti7506
    @francescocatalanotti7506 Жыл бұрын

    You've made only few videos. But every single one of them should deserve an inifinite amount of likes and comments.

  • @bjnobre
    @bjnobre10 ай бұрын

    Great channel!!! Just waiting for the next video on this series.

  • @__hannibaalbarca__
    @__hannibaalbarca__ Жыл бұрын

    This is only beginning; but very fundamental to go deep in complex analysis, ...

  • @colonelmoustache
    @colonelmoustacheАй бұрын

    It is a pain for me not to donate, but gosh these videos are wonderful. I've never seen a video so well animated anywhere. The rhythm is perfect, the explanations are clear and are not just dumbed down examples. Some quick proofs to really convince are shown The amount of time and effort put into this clearly pays up for the waiting time Man this is perfect, I just killed my evening watching all at once

  • @snake4eva
    @snake4eva10 ай бұрын

    @zetamath Love your explanations. I have no idea why your videos don't have millions of views. I recently started to show interest in the Zeta function for the first time and I have background with complex analysis. However, your videos make it much easier and gives a new perspective on how to systematically derive complex valued functions in an intuitive way. I hope you continue your videos and resurface because your work is much needed.

  • @ruscul7155
    @ruscul7155 Жыл бұрын

    super underrated channel.. thanks alot for these videos!

  • @fernandonc3000
    @fernandonc30002 жыл бұрын

    Excellent video as always, fortunately KZread has Channels like that, where you can actually learn something interesting and not trivial in less than oe hour! Keep doing this amazing job!

  • @anjandwaraknath9530
    @anjandwaraknath95302 жыл бұрын

    Great content, thanks for taking the time to make these videos. Looking forward to the next one!

  • @ashutoshyadav1270
    @ashutoshyadav1270 Жыл бұрын

    When I'll some money after I start working I will definitely donate to this channel.

  • @muranki4150
    @muranki41502 жыл бұрын

    wow! the editing and explanations in this video are amazing! I'm a highschool student and i actually feel like i learned something. Thank you so much for making this so accessible :)

  • @markstavros7505
    @markstavros75059 ай бұрын

    These videos have been amazing! I can't wait for the next one! Subscribed and liked! God bless! 😊👍

  • @marchenwald4666
    @marchenwald4666 Жыл бұрын

    Your videos are GOLD ❤

  • @elfumaonthetube
    @elfumaonthetube Жыл бұрын

    I've been looking for this kind of details for a long time. To me, this video and the others in the channels are the best on this topic found so far on KZread. Looking forward to watch the next one!

  • @EthanBradley1231
    @EthanBradley1231 Жыл бұрын

    This is astounding, both the math and your presentation of it. I've seen plenty of your puzzles over on Cracking the Cryptic, so I knew I was in for something good when I found your channel, but this is far better than what I expected. Thank you for making this.

  • @jaeimp
    @jaeimp Жыл бұрын

    These lectures are phenomenal! Thank you! You got it right by having the right tempo in your exposition, doing away with the annoying music in other great YT channels (e.g. 3B1B), and showing clean and uncluttered beautiful LaTeX expressions blending into each other at the precise right moment. So good!

  • @sylverfyre
    @sylverfyre Жыл бұрын

    Really appreciated this series! As someone who didn't get much formal education beyond the first few college level calc courses, but enjoys math, it's always been a gap in my knowledge of "the zeta function is tied to the primes" and other things about the reinmann hypothesis, without really understanding how one actually executes the analytic continuation to make those conclusions.

  • @libercode9886
    @libercode988611 ай бұрын

    This is amazing! Not only gave me grasp at understanding the Zeta function and complex analysis, it also broaden my understanding of line integrals and made me understand them much better than my engineering degree ever did. Thanks a lot! I'm very excited for the next episode!

  • @chrissch.9254
    @chrissch.9254 Жыл бұрын

    I‘m an analytic number theorist by myself, and I really love your videos - extremely well explained with a logical thread running through the complete series. I‘m already very much looking forward to the next video - keep on your fantastic work!

  • @bobingstern4448
    @bobingstern44482 жыл бұрын

    This is magical timing! I finished watching your analytic continuation video yesterday and you post this one today!!!!!

  • @1224chrisng
    @1224chrisng Жыл бұрын

    This really helped me understand EMF in Physics. Thank you

  • @mcarston
    @mcarston Жыл бұрын

    Outstanding video, I hope you make more in this series soon

  • @achilles5716
    @achilles57162 жыл бұрын

    Your videos always get me very fascinated about maths. I think you do a phenomenal job at explaining the logical processes leading to solving the problems. I'm very excited to do maths at university and this video is just another reminder as to why.

  • @Deutschebahn
    @Deutschebahn Жыл бұрын

    This is so great! Really keen for next video, curious about when it might be coming out?

  • @omograbi
    @omograbi7 ай бұрын

    Why did u stop continuing your series?

  • @GordPollock

    @GordPollock

    Ай бұрын

    These videos look like a lot of work. It's not a mystery to me. I'm still hoping he gets back to releasing them.

  • @benhsu42
    @benhsu429 ай бұрын

    Thanks you! "Analytic continuation" has been on my to learn list for a long time and you explained it perfectly

  • @tinic1
    @tinic1 Жыл бұрын

    I'm commenting to help the algorithm. This is an amazing series. I only have an amateur understanding of mathematics and I'm learning a ton. The visuals are incredible and the pacing is perfect to allow for new concepts to sink in. Keep them coming!

  • @LANless
    @LANless2 жыл бұрын

    Good stuff! I took my only course on complex analysis ~10 years ago, and this series has been a really pleasant and entertaining way of refreshing my memory.

  • @LANless

    @LANless

    2 жыл бұрын

    Actually, this bit about verifying the Riemann Hypothesis numerically (how many zeros before you say 0.500000* =1/2) reminds me a lot of the ongoing arguments about the cosmological tensor-to-scalar ratio - how small does the upper limit on an observable have to be before you argue it is identically zero? Funny that we keep encountering the same questions in very different areas. Thank you for putting this up!

  • @347573
    @347573 Жыл бұрын

    I like to see math videos on YT and your ones are surely among the best around!! Seems to me that you're trying to prove the RH in the meantime, but please don't wait to finish the proof before releasing the next video!! :)

  • @WhattheHectogon
    @WhattheHectogon2 жыл бұрын

    I just binged all of your videos in the last couple of days, and you do an excellent job. I'm enthralled by your explanatory style, and I can't wait for the next addition to this series!

  • @ericturnbull1500
    @ericturnbull1500 Жыл бұрын

    Fantastic video. I just finished a degree in computer science, and this series is really inspiring me to go back and learn all of the math that I've missed. I never thought I'd be this excited to go and buy a complex analysis textbook

  • @jogloran
    @jogloran Жыл бұрын

    I previously thought Mathemaniac’s explanation of complex integration was the most cogent on KZread, but now I’ve seen yours, I have to say this takes the prize, hands down.

  • @-_-_-_-_
    @-_-_-_-_ Жыл бұрын

    I discovered your channel a few days ago and I just wanted to say that your channel is the single best math channel I've ever seen. 3B1B, Mathologer, Numberphile and all the other math channels can't hold a candle to the perfect ratio of rigor and accessibility your channel has. I can already say that with absolute confidence with only five videos uploaded. I have never learned all of these things that you're talking about since I have just graduated from high school and I can assure you that your videos are perfectly accessible to that level of understanding of math.

  • @BassamShow
    @BassamShow Жыл бұрын

    We are waiting for the next video. please, do not be late It's been six months now And thank you for this great work

  • @mattkerle81
    @mattkerle812 жыл бұрын

    Yay! I just found your channel and watched your earlier Zeta videos two weeks ago, so happy to see this new one out! I'm really hoping you end up covering the sum rho of the zeros of the Zeta function ends up in the formula for the error correction of the prime counting function! Please keep the videos coming!

  • @zacbrennan807
    @zacbrennan8072 жыл бұрын

    Just found this series and have been really enjoying these high quality dives into something totally outside my research area. As one piece of advice, I would love to see these videos with closed captions. It really makes a difference to enable that accessibility feature on these high quality, educational videos. Seriously though, great work.

  • @veechimo
    @veechimo Жыл бұрын

    Of all the math channels I've seen, I like your style of explanations (and animations) and logic/reasoning the best. Really looking forward to the next video in this series!

  • @NeTfLeXr6s
    @NeTfLeXr6s2 жыл бұрын

    I've recently written my bachelor's thesis on a subject which at it's core is complex analysis. This is one of the best intuitive introductions to the topic I've ever seen. Of course, you are missing a lot of (technical) details, but as far as a first introduction is concerned, this is gold.

  • @zetamath

    @zetamath

    2 жыл бұрын

    You're totally right about omitting (loads of) technical details, but my overall goal in these videos is twofold: 1) for one audience, this is all they want to know, and it lets them understand something deep and difficult with a modest time investment. 2) For those who are learning this stuff, to provide a scaffolding to attach the details to as they learn them. They can learn the overall structure of the subject, and then fill in the details as they go along. I also see a lot of people (like you) who learned about this stuff in the past in one way or another and enjoys these videos as a way to reconnect with it and maybe put it in a new context. That's cool too!

  • @topquark22
    @topquark22 Жыл бұрын

    I studied calculus on multidimensional manifolds. I will just say, It gets much more fun.

  • @SeeTv.
    @SeeTv.2 жыл бұрын

    Amazing video as always! It's really refreshing to see high level math in such an easy to digest format. Can't wait for the next one.

  • @angeluomo
    @angeluomo Жыл бұрын

    Excellent video. Clear and illuminating. Many thanks for all the hard work in putting this together.

  • @adsoyad2607
    @adsoyad26072 жыл бұрын

    Can't tell you how happy understanding this stuff makes me. I'm really looking forward to watch the next video!

  • @TheJara123
    @TheJara123 Жыл бұрын

    Brilliant man, please post more often videos!! I think YT AI wants that too!!

  • @chrissedwick7748
    @chrissedwick7748 Жыл бұрын

    Oh and please keep making these. I like how you visualize your questions and responds. You also have a nice speaking voice as well.

  • @malicksoumare370
    @malicksoumare370 Жыл бұрын

    Definitely my channel of the year. Great work!!!

  • @ANTONIOMARTINEZ-zz4sp
    @ANTONIOMARTINEZ-zz4sp Жыл бұрын

    Looking forward to watching the next video! The best explanation I've ever received about this topic! Thank you!

  • @ibite100
    @ibite1005 ай бұрын

    greatly underrated channel. all your videos are high quality and well explained. keep up the great work.

  • @vladthemagnificent9052
    @vladthemagnificent90523 ай бұрын

    It's about time to drop the next video. The explanations are on top!

  • @Rugjoint
    @Rugjoint2 жыл бұрын

    worth the wait but i already want the next episode, really great content!

  • @MostlyIC
    @MostlyIC Жыл бұрын

    this is a great explanation, I somehow missed complex analysis in college, so afterwards got and read the book Visual Complex Analysis, but have to say that it seems in many ways this video makes more sense than that book.

  • @thatotherdavidguy
    @thatotherdavidguy Жыл бұрын

    eagerly anticipating the next one!

  • @AdhyyanSekhsaria
    @AdhyyanSekhsaria Жыл бұрын

    Thanks! Looking forward to the next video!

  • @revaldonkwinika1800
    @revaldonkwinika18002 жыл бұрын

    Best channel ever. you certainly deserve more subscribers. I have second-year university-level math and always wanted to understand the Riemann Hypothesis but often got poor explanations and thought maybe it is just too difficult to even explain. You are the first to make me understand, you make it too easy. The problem is hypothesis is just so simple, it's obviously not easy to solve but it's elegant. I love this, I love math, I love people who love math. Thanks a lot keep it up.

  • @Hazzanger
    @Hazzanger2 жыл бұрын

    Appreciate the hard work you're putting out! A super fascinating function

  • @MrCreeper20k
    @MrCreeper20k Жыл бұрын

    I majored in math and computer science separately in undergrad and i'm going into a software engineering job, but I still have such a strong passion for math! Seeing videos like this and some of the independent studying I have done make we want to do math research! I'm trying to figure out the feasibility of doing research outside of academia lol.

  • @wawangsf

    @wawangsf

    Жыл бұрын

    Speaking from someone who have walked those path (15 years in computer science) I would encourage you to follow your passion. Despite of the fact almost all contributors to modern physics have a PHD degree (even Einstein) I do believe it's feasible to make discoveries outside academia. Also Im convinced dedication surpasses all natural gifts.

  • @satioOeinas

    @satioOeinas

    Жыл бұрын

    @@wawangsf Can you elaborate? Would appriciate it.

  • @wawangsf

    @wawangsf

    Жыл бұрын

    @@satioOeinas If you find a field that you are passionate about you ought to devote your time and energy to it. I don't believe you need to be very gifted nor obtain a PHD degree through Academia to be successful in that field.

  • @franciscoabusleme9085
    @franciscoabusleme908526 күн бұрын

    Excellent quality, it has been a while since a bingwatched hours of math videos. Thank you for motivating me to pick a complex analysis book again. Please tell me you are releasing another video!

  • @petergregory7199
    @petergregory7199 Жыл бұрын

    Your videos have perspicacious moments that warm the cockles of my heart.

  • @Paulawurn
    @Paulawurn14 күн бұрын

    Absolutely stellar content. Please keep up the great work

  • @ireneuszczaplicki
    @ireneuszczaplicki Жыл бұрын

    good job sir! thank you sir! keep it coming!

  • @koenth2359
    @koenth2359 Жыл бұрын

    Kudos, very good content!

  • @thomasblok2120
    @thomasblok2120 Жыл бұрын

    Very clearly explained. Can't wait for the next video!

  • @jakobj55
    @jakobj55 Жыл бұрын

    Thank you so much for this incredible content. I´m looking forward to the next episode.

  • @BiplobHossainSorker
    @BiplobHossainSorker4 ай бұрын

    waiting for next one!

  • @yazeed0ps3
    @yazeed0ps34 ай бұрын

    Loved the series! Hope to see the next one soon 👀

  • @JustPassingBy_
    @JustPassingBy_ Жыл бұрын

    Your videos are amazing, with such clear explanations, and love the fact that you sometimes add exercises to the viewer to let us check how much have actually learned, also I don't know if you could recommend me some books to continue learning about analytic number theory, since you showed me how interesting it can be.

  • @mathsforiit-jee9730
    @mathsforiit-jee9730 Жыл бұрын

    I hope this video would have come when i was studying in my college

  • @pion137
    @pion1372 жыл бұрын

    Fantastic explanations! Can't wait for the next video!

  • @Raspberry_aim
    @Raspberry_aim Жыл бұрын

    Phenomenal content- thank you for making these videos!

  • @bobasawrus
    @bobasawrus2 жыл бұрын

    Your inspiration may get me back into that complex analysis class - AGAIN!

  • @juniorcyans2988
    @juniorcyans29887 ай бұрын

    I Hope you will make more videos like this🎉🎉🎉

  • @josephlorizzo8997
    @josephlorizzo89975 ай бұрын

    i love those videos so much, i still have to do vector calculus but the way you are explaining this is making me understand anyways, i love complex analysis and complex numbers in general

  • @rogerkearns8094
    @rogerkearns80942 жыл бұрын

    I've wondered about a lot of this for a long time, thank you.

  • @brighamhellewell6479
    @brighamhellewell64792 жыл бұрын

    This is now my favorite math channel

  • @mathhack8647
    @mathhack8647 Жыл бұрын

    Une pédaogie exceptionnellement efficace. Un rgand merci pour ce beau travail professionnel. 6am at my office, and your video appeared on my screen, I said let's have a brief look. A brief look turned to a full one hour of pure pleasure . Thanks,

  • @Finkelthusiast
    @Finkelthusiast Жыл бұрын

    Just binged the series! Subbed!

  • @jaafars.mahdawi6911
    @jaafars.mahdawi6911 Жыл бұрын

    It's no wonder that this has been asked multiple times, given the truly phenomenal quality of the content, as well as the presentation, but still again, when is the next episode coming out?!

  • @LittleGnawer
    @LittleGnawer2 жыл бұрын

    Great presentation of a "complex" topic . I like the high level animations in this video, too.