China trying to use ‘carrot and stick approach’ in cross-strait relations: Analyst

Taiwan’s new President William Lai took office on Monday (May 20) in the face of growing Chinese military pressure and a hostile parliament. Political scientist Raymond Kuo told CNA’s Asia First that China is trying to use a “carrot and stick approach”. On one hand, it is trying to reach out to main opposition party Kuomintang (KMT), which traditionally favours closer ties with China and has gained legislative majority. On the other hand, China is trying to undermine the support of Mr Lai’s Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), added Mr Kuo, director of the Taiwan Policy Initiative at US-based think tank RAND Corporation.
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Пікірлер: 179

  • @lonewolf7992
    @lonewolf799224 күн бұрын

    CNA: "Mr Kuo, director of the Taiwan Policy Initiative at US-based think tank RAND Corporation." CNA knows that Rand Corporation is a US state, military industrial complex funded think tank right? He is part of the US academic complex.

  • @WorldSpaceRace
    @WorldSpaceRace24 күн бұрын

    Suddenly Taiwan is everyone's concern 😂😂😂

  • @Wilson24678

    @Wilson24678

    23 күн бұрын

    Who cares? I don't know why CNA pushing this topic.

  • @chrismanchin
    @chrismanchin24 күн бұрын

    Why CNA has not interviewed China about the US issues?

  • @Aeonshield

    @Aeonshield

    24 күн бұрын

    Have you ever tried to interview the ccp?

  • @mengtongfoo1104

    @mengtongfoo1104

    24 күн бұрын

    USA wouldnt want anyone to know the truth

  • @mikef6399

    @mikef6399

    24 күн бұрын

    cause CNA is a mouth piece of us msm in Asia. They are showing their loyalty to its master that look despite we have the same Chinese ancestors, but we prefer obey your orders

  • @lonewolf7992

    @lonewolf7992

    24 күн бұрын

    @@Aeonshield "Have you ever tried to interview the ccp?" There is no "ccp" in China. It was invented by the cia/mi6 for propaganda purposes. You have been brainwashed.

  • @JojoJoget

    @JojoJoget

    23 күн бұрын

    @@mikef6399 bruh your ancestors ran from China for a reason, you wanna go back then go back la kpkb for what

  • @eymeeraosaka2954
    @eymeeraosaka295424 күн бұрын

    As usual, you only get your view from one side of the story. An American ex-Taiwanese from RAND too. Since he no longer reside in Taiwan, how in touch is he with the Taiwanese living there? Unlike Tsai Ing-wen who held a majority in the Taiwanese Legislative Body, William Lai does not. Of course William Lai can exercise his power as a president but he will not now has a free-hand. Tension between Taiwan and China is also at an all time high now, I am sure William Lai has to tread carefully. Ultimately, I cannot see how the foreign powers can now carve out Taiwan which is part of China's sovereign territory. It could had done that in the past but today, with a more powerful China, and the will of the people in mainland China for re-unification, Taiwan independence is only a dream....Let's be honest about it....The only question mark is whether it will be peaceful or by force and this is obviously in the hands of the foreign powers since China has already made its stance clear that peaceful re-unification is its preferred choice....

  • @Intudesia8792
    @Intudesia879224 күн бұрын

    CNA used US narratives to describe Taiwan issues. Just read the US -China communique in 1979:" The United States of America recognizes the Government of the People’s Republic of China as the sole legal Government of China. Within this context, the people of the United States will maintain cultural, commercial, and other unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan". It's solid and clear how US described the issue back then in 1979

  • @Qingqiu9
    @Qingqiu924 күн бұрын

    CNA towing western line again.......Squawk Box Asia "China’s ‘carrot-and-stick’ approach to Taiwan ...." CNBC · 14 Jan 2024

  • @theinazmie2472

    @theinazmie2472

    24 күн бұрын

    At least better than the US stick only...

  • @adlerzwei

    @adlerzwei

    24 күн бұрын

    Singapore is a western aligned country. That's how they became a civilized first world country. Communism ruins the Chinese race. 🤢

  • @davidtay9347
    @davidtay934724 күн бұрын

    ROC flag had been established since 1912.There's no doubt about their sovereignty in TW

  • @esy15288

    @esy15288

    24 күн бұрын

    US wishes to say otherwise 😂

  • @user-ii2lm6kg2g

    @user-ii2lm6kg2g

    24 күн бұрын

    You should check Taiwan's constitution, that declare China, Taiwan and Mongolia are 1 country.

  • @ssuwandi3240

    @ssuwandi3240

    24 күн бұрын

    Well the opinion like that is simply unconstitutional. Lack of history but full of made up narratives.

  • @megatron6393

    @megatron6393

    24 күн бұрын

    @@user-ii2lm6kg2g Taiwan wanted to change the Constitution. But CCP threatened to invade Taiwan if Taiwan delete China and Mongolia from its Constitution. Taiwan did not changed its Constitution because it wan to preserve peace. You know these are true. What is your intention to hide these facts?

  • @aloyd6157

    @aloyd6157

    24 күн бұрын

    Nahhh, u got it wrong they registered as Zhong guo . r u 10 ?? u should stick to cartoons

  • @fzmoifzmoi2575
    @fzmoifzmoi257524 күн бұрын

    Correction. Not Mr. Lai's DPP, but the US' DPP!!! Get that straight!

  • @ksneoh3572
    @ksneoh357224 күн бұрын

    The SGP govt and CNA should abide by the UN regulations , that Taiwan is an inalienable and an integral part of China. Therefore Taiwan should called a province of China. CNA seems to spike doubts into the minds of its audience by using words like "that China claims as part of its own territory" and such American-inspired insidious terminology.

  • @fzmoifzmoi2575

    @fzmoifzmoi2575

    24 күн бұрын

    CNA has been a mouthpiece for US pro(p)aganda for a long time..

  • @joetran8798

    @joetran8798

    24 күн бұрын

    The CN government should abide by the UNCLOS (that China is, a signatory to) ruling about the SCS that the Scarborough Shoals are a part of the Philippines. You want someone to respect a "law" then you must also respect other rulings as well.

  • @MRT-co1sd

    @MRT-co1sd

    24 күн бұрын

    SGP always had been pro-west.

  • @wcsj

    @wcsj

    24 күн бұрын

    WUMAO😂

  • @wcsj

    @wcsj

    24 күн бұрын

    ​@@MRT-co1sd hell yeah and you can't unbrainwash us😂😂😂😂

  • @conti-vl6tx
    @conti-vl6tx24 күн бұрын

    Taiwan island should not become a powder keg in Asia. It should not become an ATM for US arms dealers. It should not become a runway for Western politicians . Lastly, Taiwan should not become an arena for proxy battlefield. Taiwan's people should not buy into the false promises of Western politicians who will take them from a ride, pledge to back them to the end, and then ultimately abandon them. The West's position may waver, but the mainland's will not.

  • @richtan6081
    @richtan608124 күн бұрын

    Taiwan's refusal to one country 2 system akin to a Democratic country..😅😅😅😅😅

  • @ssss8162
    @ssss816224 күн бұрын

    China have been showing extraordinary patience on the Taiwan problem

  • @theinazmie2472

    @theinazmie2472

    24 күн бұрын

    For the sake of Chinese and all humankind... 仁爱!

  • @drmamu7777

    @drmamu7777

    24 күн бұрын

    The song 'patience' by guns and roses! Yeah! Is it now in chinese lyrics? Nice.

  • @ssss8162

    @ssss8162

    24 күн бұрын

    @@drmamu7777 George Michael not Guns and Roses

  • @fireworks2170
    @fireworks217024 күн бұрын

    CNA aid a American mouthpiece

  • @ToiChutGongWu

    @ToiChutGongWu

    24 күн бұрын

    Paid by the US Agency for Global Media no doubt.

  • @theinazmie2472

    @theinazmie2472

    24 күн бұрын

    At least used to be... They need to survive....

  • @mikef6399

    @mikef6399

    24 күн бұрын

    @@theinazmie2472 used to be? It's getting worse and worse. Have you seen them doing any serious reporting on gaza? They should change their name from CNA to CNN - SGP subsidiary. That will totally get them funded forever as long as the empire is live and well.

  • @worldlife9834
    @worldlife983423 күн бұрын

    It’s awesome to see all my friends stopping by our community. Recently, I’ve seen KZread influencers talking about Singapore. Influencers only create videos about food and tourist activities in the country meanwhile skipping important issues such as the elimination of basic freedoms of speech and privacy. Singapore is a country operated by a groups of elite wealthy people who work extremely hard to oppression and marginalize the people of Singapore. Imagine your whole life being controlled by the government with no freedoms.

  • @user-dd9od8qb1c
    @user-dd9od8qb1c24 күн бұрын

    Pronounced Sai or Cai? News reader pronounced it like Sai while the taiwanese called her Cai. Tsai is an inaccurate attempt to spell 蔡. This mistake has gone on for prolly a century

  • @wf645
    @wf64523 күн бұрын

    There needs to have an overhaul of CNA's western centric bias ...

  • @bobafett5757
    @bobafett575723 күн бұрын

    *Will it be a Rotan approach if both carrot and stick no longer working ?*

  • @esy15288
    @esy1528824 күн бұрын

    “Carrot and stick “ sound so much better than “war and sanctions “from US 😂

  • @sweejinyap315

    @sweejinyap315

    24 күн бұрын

    top comment!

  • @xxoo-lp6vc
    @xxoo-lp6vc24 күн бұрын

    Microphone for the west. So low already. Sad for Singapore taxpayers.

  • @adis.g6569
    @adis.g656924 күн бұрын

    Carrots man carrots. If murica what did Taiwan get?

  • @raymondchin3660
    @raymondchin366024 күн бұрын

    Singapore depends on US for livelihood and China too. But Singapore leaders know US leaders now are not thinking rationally and emotionally not stable. Singapore cannot afford any sanctions from US. Singapore is showing support to US in the mass media (sometimes not subtle enough) but at the same time have close communication with Chinese leaders in the background. Chinese knows Chinese better. You don't see China whacking CNA as long as Singapore political leaders remain neutral. Singapore continues to do so until US becomes a normal state.

  • @alanc457

    @alanc457

    24 күн бұрын

    Smart eh?

  • @ramongabutina8015
    @ramongabutina801520 күн бұрын

    Taiwan has withstood China's isolation & other constraining efforts but is still doing economically well compared to now slumping economically China.

  • @johnny-ih5es
    @johnny-ih5es24 күн бұрын

    Beijing is very patient with the governor of the province.

  • @JojoJoget
    @JojoJoget23 күн бұрын

    If China numba wan, you go back China. Being a diaspora cheena and loving China is a stupid take tbh, your ancestors ran for a reason and you can always go back.

  • @LoC28C
    @LoC28C23 күн бұрын

    Maybe William Lai should invite the PLA to have a naval Base there on the Taiwan island rather than having the USA having a naval Base there.

  • @djibicisse

    @djibicisse

    22 күн бұрын

    Huh wasn’t there a civil war and these people exiled and ran to Taiwan So why Wud they welcom them back?

  • @lonewolf7992
    @lonewolf799223 күн бұрын

    A look at part of the paper produced by Rand Corporation for a war with China. Notice the year 2025 mention by top US military officials. The US is willing to take a lost to its GDP because it thinks China will suffer a greater lost. What about the rest of the countries in Asia? Too bad. 2015 China: U.S. strike capabilities, though somewhat degraded by A2AD, take a major toll on Chinese forces. Extensive damage to war-related infrastructure. Computer and satellite degradation. United States: Chinese A2AD takes a major toll on U.S. forces early but less as degraded by U.S. strikes. 2025 China: Improved A2AD reduces losses somewhat, though still greater than U.S. losses. Increased cyber and satellite losses. United States: Improved and less vulnerable Chinese A2AD produces increased U.S. losses early and throughout. Increased cyber and satellite losses. U.S. GDP falls by 5-10 percent in one year. China’s GDP falls by 25- 35 percent in one year. Escalating cyberwar aggravates turmoil in both economies. China: Mounting military losses and economic damage weaken state legitimacy and increase dissent and unrest. Separatist activities intensify and lead to greater repression. While internal strains do not imperil the state, they tax it severely at a time of costly war. United States: Mounting losses and economic costs divide the country, impair prosecution of war, and make continuity of effort hostage to political change. Japanese and other East Asian countries enter in support of the United States. China is concerned that India could exploit the situation on the frontier. NATO limits Russia exploitation. Major losses. Reduction in the military capabilities of both sides. Asymmetrically severe economic costs (including cyber and space), for China. Possible Chinese domestic instability. International response favors the United States.

  • @timeseeker-op8zg
    @timeseeker-op8zg24 күн бұрын

    As usual CNA always dance to the American Tunes. Haven't been watching them for years.

  • @johnm7267
    @johnm726724 күн бұрын

    It seems strange to me that America is offering a free trade agreement with Taiwan when Americas biggest trading partner is China and Taiwans chief trading partner is China, so will they be trading Chinese goods?

  • @fern8580

    @fern8580

    24 күн бұрын

    @johnm I am surprised like you: 10% of Taiwanese work in China, a commercial, technical or military secret that arrives on Monday in Taiwan is transferred on Friday to China..Same thing for Singapore...

  • @eliso5973
    @eliso597319 күн бұрын

    Completely wrong.

  • @happymelon7129
    @happymelon712924 күн бұрын

    Lawrence Wong : “We are very careful when we conduct relations with both China and Taiwan that is consistent with our 'one China' policy,” he said. “And we do not allow ourselves to be made use of for any causes supporting Taiwanese independence.”

  • @happymelon7129

    @happymelon7129

    24 күн бұрын

    State media not align with the admin ? to stay out from elephants fight

  • @catinbootsnow4267
    @catinbootsnow426724 күн бұрын

    Chinese are known for their strategic thinking and long term patience. To win a war without fighting a battle, is the highest form of theart of war, according to the Chinese masterpiece 2500 years ago.

  • @kentlim3595
    @kentlim359524 күн бұрын

    Taiwan will Survive !

  • @theinazmie2472

    @theinazmie2472

    24 күн бұрын

    China will be more prosperous...

  • @WorldSpaceRace

    @WorldSpaceRace

    24 күн бұрын

    Once China stop all trade with Taiwan n kick hundred thousand of Taiwanese workforce from China, then it will see how Taiwan will survive, on the other hand, the US is trying to infiltrate Tsmc.. See how Taiwan survive if the US overtake their chips production, it's easy for the US to overtake Tsmc, after that Taiwan will become trash!

  • @yongchen8204
    @yongchen820423 күн бұрын

    every countries are using carrots and sticks in their diplomacy and nationak interests, china is no difference. you dont thihk singapore is not doing that too?

  • @inuwooddog3027
    @inuwooddog302723 күн бұрын

    Tough luck, Taiwan. I don't care, and I don't want to prevent that I care. You try to get along with Beijing. Beware of flatterers, and don't be Ukraine.

  • @happymelon7129
    @happymelon712924 күн бұрын

    2024-5-18 Fight breaks out in Taiwanese parliament over chamber reforms. A scuffle broke out in the Taiwanese parliament days before the president-elect, Lai Ching-te, takes office without a legislative majority. There were chaotic scenes as lawmakers shoved, tackled and hit each other in a day-long brawl in Taiwan’s parliament on Friday over a controversial reform bill. Democracy at its best.

  • @happymelon7129

    @happymelon7129

    24 күн бұрын

    Taiwanese officials are currently not subject to jail for lying. All the opposition parties will try their best to get the bill passed, and the ruling party find ways to block it. 主要是立法規定公務員被立法委員質詢時不可隱瞞或欺騙(國防和外交機密除外),否則會有刑責

  • @wynn3077

    @wynn3077

    24 күн бұрын

    At least they are not gagged like Chinese officials.

  • @WorldSpaceRace

    @WorldSpaceRace

    24 күн бұрын

    ​@@wynn3077 Taiwan Chinese was influenced by the west kind of barbaric act of fighting n killings, that's not our Chinese culture which you racistly refer as gagged!

  • @lonewolf7992

    @lonewolf7992

    24 күн бұрын

    @@wynn3077 ciami6 propaganda.

  • @happymelon7129

    @happymelon7129

    23 күн бұрын

    This "prevent lying" bill to be pass tomorrow, most likely the ruling party will create trouble again. For they are dishonest people.

  • @PutraMing
    @PutraMing24 күн бұрын

    CIA PROPAGANDA CHANNEL SINGLISH 😂😂😂

  • @ksneoh3572

    @ksneoh3572

    24 күн бұрын

    It is becoming worse and worse

  • @sgfuture7114
    @sgfuture711424 күн бұрын

    Without favours, there would be no friendship... Without Rewards, there would be no worship....

  • @drmamu7777

    @drmamu7777

    24 күн бұрын

    Wow! How selfish is that quote. Im baffled.

  • @SamiraZahra-hh3uj
    @SamiraZahra-hh3uj24 күн бұрын

    China is a great country..... i love china..... Long live

  • @AmihanMansinaray-

    @AmihanMansinaray-

    24 күн бұрын

    But the president of china is not great..just saying...

  • @ssuwandi3240
    @ssuwandi324024 күн бұрын

    Well seems like yummy 🥕🥕not anything very hot 🔥 🔥 why these Islanders aren't stepping up, bit by bit

  • @vietnamemperor123461
    @vietnamemperor12346123 күн бұрын

    Taiwan is a democracy role model every countries in Asia should follow.

  • @esy15288

    @esy15288

    22 күн бұрын

    Yeah I really like how their parliament operates like wrestling ring 😂

  • @djibicisse

    @djibicisse

    14 күн бұрын

    @@esy15288yet is function well as a country and rich 😉

  • @ChopSuey-Dish
    @ChopSuey-Dish24 күн бұрын

    可憐的中國 I live in China. Everything is miserable here, but no one dares to complain. We Chinese see Taiwan as a more advanced country. I wish them well, not hopeless like us. Seriously, if there is next life, I wish to be born in any other country, except China.

  • @bobcat6751

    @bobcat6751

    24 күн бұрын

    If you are from China. You are writing how the people in Taiwan writes China. Even I from the US can see that!

  • @hermeslimkin8906

    @hermeslimkin8906

    24 күн бұрын

    If China is so bad causing you misery, you have a choice to live elsewhere. Complaining about China will not improve your situation. If you are not able to leave, try find some positives. There is always something positive. Suggest you find an alternative video that shows all the positive side of China. Be happy. You only have one life. Don’t wait till the next life.

  • @howelau1123

    @howelau1123

    24 күн бұрын

    Lying thru your teeths

  • @howelau1123

    @howelau1123

    24 күн бұрын

    Lying through your teeths.

  • @theinazmie2472

    @theinazmie2472

    24 күн бұрын

    A mainland Chinese writing traditional Chinese... And strong English... Everybody can guess......

  • @ArabicReja973
    @ArabicReja97324 күн бұрын

    It doesn't matter how many times the Chinese regime repeats the *lies,* or how *angry* it pretends to be, - Taiwan 🇹🇼 is still an independent country.

  • @kateli4812

    @kateli4812

    24 күн бұрын

    You think so 😂

  • @esy15288

    @esy15288

    24 күн бұрын

    Tell that to US 😂

  • @AL-sj2dx

    @AL-sj2dx

    24 күн бұрын

    Tell that to the 193 countries in the UN!

  • @user-ii2lm6kg2g

    @user-ii2lm6kg2g

    24 күн бұрын

    Taiwan's constitution disagree with your lies. Taiwan constitution specifically said that Taiwan and China is 1 country.

  • @ToiChutGongWu

    @ToiChutGongWu

    24 күн бұрын

    More spam from the Sinophobic bot farm. This is usually posted by the Sinophobic bot farm “Lastetc", "lastetc", "verylastetc", "nextlastetc" bot.

  • @weekuah
    @weekuah24 күн бұрын

    May Taiwan continue to prosper as a democracy that many countries in the region looked up to .

  • @AhmetTekin101
    @AhmetTekin10124 күн бұрын

    How in the world, the unelected Chinese regime can tell the *elected leader, Lai,* of freedom-loving Taiwanese what to do with their future.

  • @ToiChutGongWu

    @ToiChutGongWu

    24 күн бұрын

    On 18 Nov 23 the Sinophobic bot farm bot “Ahmetetc” posted that it would have me permanently banned. On 28 Nov 23 it asked if I had received its warning. I am still here. It consistently supports the Sinophobic bots and trolls who post lies about China. There are many bots and trolls who will post any form of mendacity against China, even to the extent of comment on China when that country is not the subject of the video. Time for it to use the “sorry for your low Chinese self-esteem” spam. And ask if I am working for a Front Organisation. Or that my “mother” works in a massage parlour in Shanghai and my “father” works in a scam call centre in North Myanmar. And that being Sinophobic is good for “truth” & “freedom”. Say hello to your Sinophobic bot farm bots for me.

  • @theinazmie2472

    @theinazmie2472

    24 күн бұрын

    肤浅!shallow...

  • @wynn3077

    @wynn3077

    24 күн бұрын

    @@ToiChutGongWu🥱 Should I bother reading Wubot’s copy and paste, nah 😂

  • @fzmoifzmoi2575

    @fzmoifzmoi2575

    24 күн бұрын

    ​​​@@wynn3077

  • @susss188

    @susss188

    24 күн бұрын

    FYM maids!

  • @nextlastChang
    @nextlastChang24 күн бұрын

    China needs to play by the rules and respect human rights. Xi Jinping will be held accountable for any Chinese interference into Taiwan's internal affairs.

  • @AL-sj2dx

    @AL-sj2dx

    24 күн бұрын

    What interference? There is an ongoing civil war between the two parties of China!

  • @ToiChutGongWu

    @ToiChutGongWu

    24 күн бұрын

    According to the Sinophobic bot farm “Lastetc", "lastetc", "verylastetc", "nextlastetc" bot China needs to follow the "rules based order". That really means Western rules and follow Western orders. Just as the US does with its American Service Members’ Protection Act, known colloquially as “The Hague Invasion Act”

  • @conti-vl6tx

    @conti-vl6tx

    24 күн бұрын

    The Chinese people have the best say on the human rights situation in China. China made history by eliminating absolute poverty. China provide the world’s largest education system, social security system and medical care system in China. The Chinese people’s sense of gain, happiness and security keeps getting stronger. China have found a path toward better human rights that reflects the trend of the times and fits their national realities. A Harvard University survey conducted over a period of more than 10 years straight shows that the Chinese government’s satisfaction rate among the people stayed above 90 percent.  The US criticized the human rights situation of nearly 200 countries and regions and yet said nothing about the themselves. This is just another case of double standard. The hegemonic, domineering and bullying nature of the US and its selfishness and hypocrisy are on clear display. If the US truly cares about human rights, it should take seriously and properly address domestic gun violence, drug abuse, racial discrimination and other violations of human rights and dignity. It should face up to and reflect on its intervention operations in other countries and human rights catastrophes resulting from the US provision of weapons and fanning the flames in regional conflicts. The US, turning a blind eye to over 110,000 civilian casualties in Gaza, vetoed the UN Security Council’s efforts for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza four times in a roll. That alone says enough about how little human rights actually mean to the US and how it tramples on them. The world is not blind to US hegemonism imposed on the world in the name of human rights. The US needs to examine its own behavior. It needs to take care of its own problems first, stop lecturing others on human rights, stop pointing fingers at other countries’ human rights record, and stop meddling in other countries’ internal affairs, violating their human rights and planting conflicts and chaos in the name of human rights and democracy. The Taiwan question is purely China's internal affair. It is at the very core of China's core interests. It is the political foundation of China-US relations, and the first red line that must not crossed in this relationship. China will never allow any external force to interfere in their internal affairs and it's time that US should stop - stop walking on the edge, stop using the salami tactics, stop pushing the envelope, and stop sowing confusion and trying to mislead the world on Taiwan.

  • @AL-sj2dx

    @AL-sj2dx

    24 күн бұрын

    @@conti-vl6tx I can’t agree more with everything you just said!

  • @WorldSpaceRace

    @WorldSpaceRace

    24 күн бұрын

    ​@@conti-vl6txgreat, i wish i can write this myself, i always criticised those anti China statement to some extend only.

  • @outerspace8158
    @outerspace815824 күн бұрын

    Support china until last breath Tw go away to California From Surabaya My social credit is gonna significantly increase

  • @fzmoifzmoi2575

    @fzmoifzmoi2575

    24 күн бұрын

    While your braincells drastically decreased!! 🤣

  • @lonewolf7992

    @lonewolf7992

    23 күн бұрын

    @@fzmoifzmoi2575 ciami6 asset?

  • @lonewolf7992
    @lonewolf799223 күн бұрын

    CHAPTER THREE Weighing the Costs: Military, Economic, Political, and International................................................................. 33 Military Losses .................................................................... 33 Economic Costs ................................................................... 41 Political Effects .................................................................... 51 International Effects ............................................................. 56 The Four Cases and Their Effects .............................................. 60

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