Captain Sullenberger made a full tour of the passenger compartment - to ensure no one else was still in the aircraft, before he exited the sinking plane.

@LandSharkEatsU

Жыл бұрын

A True Hero. Some Civilians should get the Medal of Honor. He's one.

@lucienArindelDomingo

Жыл бұрын

Hero

@auqua6477

Жыл бұрын

That is commendable but also not too unusual.

@timengineman2nd714

Жыл бұрын

He did so TWICE!

@pipermccool

11 ай бұрын

He was played by Tom Hanks in the subsequent movie, and attended and was recognized by President Obama at his first State of the Union address. So there’s that.

I'm a pilot and this is one of those events we study to make sure every single flight we do is as safe as possible. Water landings are incredibly incredibly dangerous for planes not designed to land on water, but one of the most amazing things was listening to the ATC conversation. This video didn't show much of it but the air traffic controller was out there giving sully every single option he could think of, stopping traffic, pointing out options, doing everything in his power to help, and this story is also a testament to decision making skills, and the ability to determine the safest course of action in a high stress high leverage time critical situation.

@laurawendt8471

Жыл бұрын

Yeah the movie showed some more of it, but ATC went into high gear

@04m6gto

Жыл бұрын

Yeah, I was hoping they'd hear some of that conversion. Sully being as calm as he was and that controller being the best a controller can be. He was just as calm and absolutely on his A-game.

@pretzelprints

Жыл бұрын

There's an episode of Air Disasters that goes more into depth on this accident. They interview the air traffic controller that handled the flight...it's pretty interesting hearing his side of it. Great job all around.

My office building has a view of the Hudson River. Local news began to announce the event as it happened. I looked out the window and watched the plane hit the water. The NY ferries that rescued those passengers also rescued evacuees on 9/11 when Lower Manhattan was a living hell. NY ferries respond before the Coast Guard can arrive. Captain Sullenberger and the NY ferries saved those lives. Make no mistake.

@laurawendt8471

Жыл бұрын

I didn’t know it was on the news as it was happening! I know people saw it happen from office windows

@Swordsfor200Alex

Жыл бұрын

@@laurawendt8471- Yeah no, it wasn’t on local news until after the plane had went down. People called 911 as they saw the plane low over the GW bridge and headed towards the river. The first notification came as plane had bird strike by someone in the Bronx and lost sight of flight as it turned towards Hudson. Media monitoring emergency frequencies heard about plane after 911 operations sent emergency vehicles. It took another 3 minutes to verify with Police and Port Authority that they had an aircraft down in Hudson.

@BeeWhistler

Жыл бұрын

My daughter mentioned that New Yorkers would help you in a heartbeat and I admit, I was skeptical. I've never been there, just been in the South and the West. Turns out it's true. Maybe not every last citizen, but there's a certain New York spirit we could all stand to gain.

The fact that Sully managed to land that plane on water without it breaking in two or three pieces is a testament to his experience, skills and ability to remain focused enough to do it so perfectly. Planes usually break up when they hit water, as one person said its just like concrete at speed.

@JHulse29

Жыл бұрын

Exactly, he had to come down at exactly the right angle to keep from breaking apart, just amazing

@sassycatz4470

Жыл бұрын

@@JHulse29 I think Sully had experience flying hang gliders among the other aircraft he flew in the military. Some time after this, my cousin was flying out to the west coast from the east. It was announced that Sully was their pilot. She was floored and felt that nothing could happen to them with both his skill and ... what are the chances it could happen to him again!!!!

@mlee6050

Жыл бұрын

Going by Sassycatz it also gimli glider where pilot used gliders but in his commercial plane he needed to reduce speed he gain while lower altitude so he slipped I think what was said like where holding plane diagonal that only gliders normally do

@lonnieeastin6401

Жыл бұрын

Whenever I get on a plane, I request a Sully clone, two of them. Pilot and Co-pilot. Why take any chances?

@mlee6050

Жыл бұрын

@@lonnieeastin6401 I wish they had no issue with him doing so to save all, I do wish I could get on a plane and he be my pilot so I also got to meet him if could but last I know he retired and joined air crash investigation show or something

Sully got legend status immediately after pulling off that miracle level maneuver. He always credits the flight crew but we all know who the real hero here was. He's why everyone lived.

@davidmarquardt9034

Жыл бұрын

Many people on the flight said they would fly with him again anytime.

@jartstopsign

Жыл бұрын

@@davidmarquardt9034 If I ever walked on a plane and saw that Sully was manning the aircraft, I might not need a drink for the first time ever to get through the flight. Like ok, we got the GOAT running this thing

@erich930

Жыл бұрын

Captain Sullenberger, First Officer Skiles, the flight attendants, the Air Traffic Controller, and of course the ferry boats are all heroes in this accident. Sully probably could not have done this all by himself!

@aaronpearson2389

Жыл бұрын

A true hero never takes credit, they give credit to their team and that is exactly what Sully did. The entire cabin crew and the flight crew did exactly what needed to be done when it needed to be done. Sully expertly put that plane down but the fact that everyone survived is also because of the crew… and let’s not forget the ferry captains and crew! All true heroes in my book.

@BeeWhistler

Жыл бұрын

@@aaronpearson2389 Yeah, I think he's right. He did the relatively flashy thing, and a very important thing it was, a tribute to his skill and professionalism. But there was a whole crew together doing their jobs the best they could and getting everyone out of that safely. The importance of every member of the crew can't be overstated.

I don't care how much practice and experience a pilot has. Being in such a chaotic and unpredictable situation like this is incredibly difficult. There is just too many forces outside of they're control. So the fact that he got everyone out alive and no one got seriously injured is just incredible.

My cousin was on that plane. She ended up in the hospital for severe hypothermia, as she jumped into the water thinking that the fuel would catch fire. And she was the only one who actually grabbed her seat to use as a flotation device. I said I'd have probably forgotten that myself.

@robynclegg4808

Ай бұрын

I hope 🤞 she is doing well today .

@mickeyrob7532

Ай бұрын

@@robynclegg4808 she is. It took a while for her to get over the fear of flying again, but she still makes the same trip once a month for business.

Sully Sullenberger, the pilot was an Air Force pilot before flying commercial air craft. Among other planes he was trained in a glider program, which had to have helped him land on the Hudson since the plane at that point was essentially a glider. He was stationed in many countries during his military career including the UK.

@balancedactguy

Жыл бұрын

The name of the pilot is Chesley Sullenberger...they should have made mention of that. His nickname is "Sully"!

@MrRunt128

Жыл бұрын

@@balancedactguy they did several times

@deepcoder1845

Жыл бұрын

@@MrRunt128 Never even showed a photo of the captain. ???

@7thsealord888

Жыл бұрын

Something else to note is that Sully actually had a small side-business where he lectured businesses and organizations about crisis management. I imagine, after the Hudson River Incident, he got a lot more requests. :)

@balancedactguy

Жыл бұрын

@@MrRunt128 When? They never even showed his face once either!

Like a true hero, Captain Sullenberger made sure every passenger and crew member was safe and he was the last to leave the sinking plane.

@melrest3453

25 күн бұрын

Definition of hero

The skill it required for Sully to ditch he plane perfectly cannot be overstated. Even just a couple of degrees off level, causing one wing to "dip in" before the other would have caused the aircraft to cartwheel and break up, likely killing most, if not all, of the people on board.

@crashstitches79

2 ай бұрын

Just think about those dead engines as two massive scoops under the wing. Hit the wrong angle and they fill up with water at 150 mph and rip that plane to shreds in the Hudson with likely few if any survivors. This really was a miracle of skill and discipline and good fortune.

Later on after the incident in the next Super Bowl all of the flight crew was honored at the Superbowl it was a great moment

Canadian geese were responsible for a flight that both engines went out in Phoenix area this past week. The movie, "Sully", is a great recreation of the Miracle on the Hudson. Tom Hanks starred as Sully. It was not a crash landing; it was a water landing.

@specialopssoldier1

Жыл бұрын

but it still crash lol so it a crash landing

@JPMadden

Жыл бұрын

That recent flight from Phoenix lost power in only one of its two engines. It made it safely back to an airport.

@heywoodjablowme8120

Жыл бұрын

So if you crash into the water it's not a crash it's a landing but crash into land is it a crash not a landing? Thanks for clearing that up. My life just drastically changed because I never understood that until your brilliant explanation. Bravo keep up the stellar work.

@KairiPrime

Жыл бұрын

@@heywoodjablowme8120 Actually they are correct. This was not a crash it was a controlled water landing, or a successful ditching. No aviator would call this a crash. If it was a crash, they would be pulling bodies out of wreckage instead of people off a mostly intact aircraft. That's the difference.

@sebastianjoseph2828

Жыл бұрын

Sully was a good watch but keep in mind the NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) in real life were very polite and professional, essentially investigating to be thorough but never scrutinizing the pilots incompetently or with ill will like the movie implies. The movie just needed an antagonist or at least conflict, and "flight lands without injuries due to quick-thinking competent crew" makes for a lamer drama I suppose.

Sully is a true American hero. The fact that he’s so humble just makes him more lovely. I remember watching this on the news as it happened. It was extraordinary.

There was also the airliner that lost both engines due to severe hail and made an emergency deadstick landing on a small island in a river by NASA, near New Orleans. TACA Flight 110, I think. The emergency landing, in a bad storm, was so good, not only did no one die, the plane was able to fly away after engine repairs! If I recall correctly, the pilot was a one eyed war hero.

@s.henrlllpoklookout5069

Жыл бұрын

The channel Mentour Pilot has a great video about that incident

@leneanderthalien

Жыл бұрын

In this case the pilot was especially lucky to be able to land his plane on an artificial dyke with particularly compact ground, because if it had been natural ground, his wheels would have sunk into the ground and he would have at least torn his landing gear

@crashstitches79

2 ай бұрын

The landing on the levee, that was wild as hell.

_Sully_ (a film by Clint Eastwood) on this incident is absolutely worth watching.

Captain Sullenberger had an extra skill set, he was a glider pilot for fun, so he had a whole other set of knowledge than most pilots, his understanding of gliding gave him what knowledge was needed to get safely down. He also angled the plane so the engines didn't create too much drag, fill up with water and get wrenched off, he kept the plane reasonably level to the last. This miracle only happened because of who the pilot was as a human.

Captain Sullenburger only had very little Aircraft attitude +/- 3°ﾟ from where he landed that the plane would have either submerged or hit tail First and broken apart. He landed perfectly and the plane stayed together, amazing!!!!

You can understand why he lost both engines when an adult Canada goose can weigh up to 14 pounds and they flew into a flock. Lots of damage to the engines. My son is a captain in the airlines and he is in my daily prayers. You can’t see a flock of geese until it’s too late.

It made for a great movie too called “Sully” played by Tom Hanks. The FAA put them through the ringer saying they could have made it back to the airport without losing the aircraft but it once they put in the parameters of everything Sully was vindicated. Really amazing story.

There is a movie called "Sully" that stars Tom Hanks as the pilot.

@patmoran1863

Жыл бұрын

"Sully" was great. I just saw it recently on tv.

@medarby3066

Жыл бұрын

Tom hanks as Sully on SNL is better.

@limeygg

Жыл бұрын

Yes, saw that. Very good movie.

@suefantastic4584

Жыл бұрын

NO ONE could have portrayed such an amazing man like Sully as could Tom Hanks!! Bravo to both!! All my love.

@trumphatesyou

Жыл бұрын

@@suefantastic4584 There is nobody else that could play Mr. Rogers also.

Notice it was the civilian ferries again without an official request for help. Think Boatlift.

@suefantastic4584

Жыл бұрын

Another amazing and truly heroic film.. xo

The amount of training, knowledge, luck, and timing for this to have gone the way it did.

Two lovely ladies....now we're talking.

There’s a great and beautiful song by College & Electric Youth called “A Real Hero” in which the second verse is about this incident and Captain Sully in particular. Some say the first verse could also be talking about him, but the second verse says it straight up and references specific details regarding Captain Sully’s handling of the incident while it was happening and the number of people on board that he saved that day. I’d also recommend listening to the entire recording of the ATC and cockpit communication from the incident as well because you can really get a sense of how outstanding Captain Sully was throughout this. It’s a bit harrowing to listen to, but knowing that he managed to ditch safely and that everyone survived makes it a little easier. You can hear the disbelief as he tells ATC that he’s lost both engines, they’re trying to give him headings and distances to both of the nearby airports but he quickly realizes that he likely can’t make it to either and that he’s going to have to put it down in the middle of the freezing Hudson river. Captain Sully gets most of the credit because of his miraculous ditching that everyone survived, but the rest of the crew deserve a lot of credit as well for how they handled it and helped all their passengers get out safely. And of course the boats who came to pick up the passengers deserve their credit as well because they had no idea what they were getting into after having seen a plane crash land into the Hudson, they just knew they were going to help in any way that they could. Then of course there’s the movie “Sully” starring Tom Hanks as Captain Sully that is excellent as well, in typical Tom Hanks fashion.

Both pilots did an outstanding job. Kudos to both.

I read that most fatal accidents happen within 5 miles of home so I moved!! Thanks Ladies

I know it seems slow when you look out the window of a plane. But after slowing way down they landed at 140mph. If you crashed your car at that speed it would be very bad. It just makes this more amazing in my mind.

@sebastianjoseph2828

Жыл бұрын

Yeah it can be hard to just speeds in vehicles we aren't as used to. I took a train trip recently, figured we were going fast. Maybe 80 mph. I pulled up a speedometer and we were clocking 125 mph.

@crashstitches79

2 ай бұрын

140+ mph landing on water with two massive scoops under the wing, I can't even imagine how he managed this.

Literally just today in Ohio an airliner got hit by a bird strike and had to return to the airport in Columbus. Weird timing lol

I live in New Jersey, southwest of where this happened, and watched this a number of times on the news. Its was unbelievable!

I was hoping you guys would cover the miracle on the Hudson! Absolutely amazing story

The plane finally made it to Charlotte, NC it's original destination. It was hauled in to a aviation museum by truck.

The movie sully is a great movie to watch about this. Tom hanks stars in it. He plays sully

The film will also give an context to what happened afterwards both in the investigation as well as how Sully and Skiles dealt with what happened post the event.

@MarianTRitch

Жыл бұрын

Awesome movie! Tom Hanks did a great job!!

@MarianTRitch

Жыл бұрын

Investigator raked them over the coals! But he proved his decision

@regould221

Жыл бұрын

The movie makes it seem like the investigation was trying to find fault with Sully's actions. But if you watch the actual hearing there was nothing but praise for Sully and crew. The FAA was asking questions to see what went right as well as what went wrong to make improvements.

@ravenm6443

Жыл бұрын

@@MarianTRitch They actually didn’t. When Sully went over the script and saw how investigators were being portrayed, he actually got pissed. He was so displeased in fact that he didn’t want the film to use investigators real names, as he felt it was insulting. He also worried about how their portrayal could affect pilots. He worried pilots could become afraid to speak up or try to cover mistakes out of fear how the NTSB and FAA would react. He said investigators we’re actually understanding and really just wanted to find out what happened so they could make any changes they needed too. Ultimately, the FAA did make some crucial changes, one of them being simulated water landings.

@ravenm6443

Жыл бұрын

Also if anyone wants some other great videos on this subject, 2 airline pilots have reacted to this situation and broke down everything that happened. Their KZread names are “74 Gear” and “Mentour Pilot.”

A lot of cadets at the Air Force academy which he graduated from prior to getting commissioned a Air Force officer, also train and solo as glider pilots during their time there., As part of their aeronautical science coursework In this case those skills came in handy. A lot of experienced airline pilots actually ran this scenario on company flight simulators, and very few of them were able to successfully land the aircraft, under the same simulated conditions.

Hats off to NY ferry operators. They responded without thinking twice for this emergency and also when the Twin Towers were attacked on 9/11. Love them NYers!

The fuel on board kept the plane semi afloat for months, it did not really start leaking until it was on the barge that recovered it. The hazardous material emergency response team I worked for helped with the recovery, I was on standby to go myself but it was a couple hours away for me.

I chatted online with copilot Jeff Skiles. What a humble, amazing man. You'd want him as your pilot. He and pilot Sully worked like a machine to do everything possible to save the plane and everyone on board

Love Sophie!

I lived in Hoboken New Jersey when it happened. It still seems like it was yesterday.

I was curious and according to google each passenger later received a letter of apology, $5,000 in compensation for lost baggage (or more if they could demonstrate larger losses), and a refund of their ticket price.

@lizetteolsen3218

Жыл бұрын

Class

They made a great movie out of this with Tom hanks. It was Def a miracle they all survived. What a badass pilot. Cheers

I think I remember there being rumors the pilot had alcohol in his blood, and ppl trying to demonize him for it... and I was just like... at that point I'd be glad if he did. He pulled off a miracle and saved everyone's life. Id look the other way on that one.

Truly a Miracle!! Sully was guided by the loving and gracious hand of GOD Himself!!🙏🙏🙏

Good job girls.

Once again... boats save the day. Or, I should say, boat owners save the day. We are a gallant and fearless bunch 🚩🚤🏁

I still get choked up thinking about all the heroism, but especially Sully's.

Gotta give Gaynor some credit. She knows her shit. Whenever they ask her about something she's usually spot on.

Tom Hanks played Captain Sully in a movie...if I remember correctly he was really grilled by the aviation transportation people about his decision. They gave him a hard time , and he was a HERO!

@xheralt

Жыл бұрын

They were only like that in the movie, evil editing to punch up the drama. The _airline_ may have deeply wished for him to have gotten the plane to an airport, but the NTSB was much more professional.

There has been a lot of well deserved praise for the pilot, but very little mention of the other heroes like the ferry boat crews

@beccaRey

Жыл бұрын

Yes they were definitely heroes too. As the video mentioned, the ferries aren’t designed to pull alongside a floating airplane and take on passengers.

@beccaRey

Жыл бұрын

Great reactions ladies! 😊

@xjcrossx

Жыл бұрын

Vince Lombardi, capt.

Hero always and forever!

Sophie is a gem!

The video would have been better if they included an interview with Sully, the captain.

I would recommend checking out the doc about Air Florida flight 90. A plane clipped a bridge in Washington DC and sank into the ice covered Potomac River. In one of the most heroic things I’ve ever seen a guy dives into the literal frozen waters to save a woman.

Fun fact: The blood, guts and flesh that are left on the plane after an animal strike is called “snarge.”

At the time that this occurred, I lived in a NYC apartment building that had a perfect view of the Hudson River where the plane was. It was a pretty surreal sight to see.

That flight is like physical therapy. Warm you up make you feel comfortable some work and discomfort. At the end, throw a pile of ice on you.

Training and experience, when it was most needed.

I've seen the actual plane and attended a talk from a passenger on the flight. Definitely a miracle but also the result of pilot skill, the entire flight crew, the ferrys and anyone involved to get the passengers to safety. As others have said, the movie Sully documents the whole thing well but does focus on the investigation afterwards.

Captain Sully is a real true American Hero! He made EVERY decision perfectly. Let's not even discuss the actual landing. The fact that he was thinking on his feet and knew he couldn't make it back to La Guardia. Amazing. Never gets old, this story.

It took some time to determine whether everyone had survived because some of the passengers upon landing off the ferries in New York and New Jersey caught taxis back to LaGuardia and hopped the next available flights to Charlotte.

@eeengineer8851

Жыл бұрын

Wow. Its like oh well, try again!!! Not sure I would have any nerves left after such an experience to jump back into the fire... I was in a auto crash a few years ago and no injuries to me but I was a sort of PTSD wreck for a few days afterwards and that would be a minor thing compared to this!

Ello Sophie!! You have a right proper wonderful week now!!😃

Given that 14 years have elapsed, would be awesome to hear from the "baby" at that time.

@kpopdisco2330

Жыл бұрын

I still can't believe it's been that long. Could have sworn it was 5 years ago. Lol

Great job ladies!

Crazy indeed! ❤❤

Wow. Amazes me still. Thank you for sharing.

It goes against most wold wide opinions and even the rest of US opinions but... NY City residents are among the most friendly toward strangers. keep in mind that it is a quite big city and people from all over world fly into into NY City So, its residents deal with strangers almost daily.

New Yorkers are a different breed. Not even just that, they exude confidence within one another.

Good job ladies, nice reaction.

In case you didn't know, there was a movie made about this starring Tom Hanks as Captain Sully. It tells a lot of what happened in the weeks after. It's quite interesting and worth watching.

Girls Day 👍

This is the second reaction I've watched with these women. The first one was about September 11 and they smiled and smirked through that as well. Not watching them anymore at all

I remember when the first news alert came out about this event. The headline read: “Plane crashes in NYC.” I had 9/11 PTSD all over again. 🙄

The movie of this is amazing, Tom Tanks nails it and a lot happened that we didn't know about, give it a view...it's called Sully and it's directed by Clint Eastwood

Sophie's best mancunian accent lol😂😂 she said cahhh🚘 In one video.

@Mostopinionatedmanofalltime

Ай бұрын

What does Mancunian mean?😊

@johnbattle7518

Ай бұрын

@Mostopinionatedmanofalltime A person from Manchester England. They have my favorite accents in Great Britian. Listen to Liam Gallagher from Oasis. The nasal sound is what many southern US accents evolved into, like Arkansas 😅

This was marvellous that they never mention what type of aeroplane it was. Must have been a well built aeroplane to stand all that.

American interstate highways are constructed wide enough for jet planes to land on them in case of an emergency but he didn't have the power to get to one with limited traffic.

Good job, girls!

Sully is an American Hero!

Truly a miracle on the Hudson. The fact that no one died i until.

Aww, Sophie is so pretty....and so pleasant.

I agree, takeoff and landing terrify me.

So many people say; Miracles don’t happen anymore….I beg to differ 💕

This incident galvanized the country and, I feel, was critical for improving the morale of all Americans at the time. This was only a few months after the 2008 market crash when the financial future of the U.S. was up in the air. People were frightened about a massive economic downturn lasting years, if not decades. In a sense, America needed a hero in that moment and found it in the crew of U.S. Airways Flight 1549, particularly Captain Sullenberger and the people who came together, almost instantaneously, to help. Personally I feel the economic problems would have gone on for much longer had people in the country not had this example of perseverance despite extreme adversity. This brought America together in a way unseen since September 11 and, in many ways, was a sort of an "inverse 9/11" for many people. The fact that it occurred in New York City and involved a commercial airplane yet, despite the tragedy, was a triumph in every way for everyone involved was not lost on people. The fact it occurred in NYC contributed to everyone's survival - no other city in the U.S. was as well-prepared for an emergency like this. Many of the people involved rehearsed the drills, communication and coordination efforts in the wake of 9/11 and that training paid off in spades. It is, truly, a miracle in every way.

Imagine if you were sitting at an airplane awaiting to board your flight and saw this on TV 😮

Good one, ladies. ❤🧡💛✈

I can also recommend "Scandinavian Airlines, flight 751", also called "the Miracle at Gottröra". A very dramatic plane crash that ends unexpectedly happily - no death.

@auqua6477

Жыл бұрын

All alive, but one person disabled for life. Still it is a very dramatic plane crash. I would say British Airlines 9 is a good one, no deaths and no injuries except the plane itself.

The test plane engines for bird strikes by throwing frozen carcasses into the blades. The heaviest bird they throw weighs 8 pounds. Canada geese are nearly 15 pounds.

A miracle in every sense of the word. You want another amazing air craft landing that should have ended in disaster, I recommend looking up the Gimli Glider

Tom Hanks plays Sully in the movie “Sully”. Good movie!

Would love to see you guys react to more aviation stuff, like the Gimli Glider.

The Movie, "Sully" is amazing.

3:14 that’s crazy, taking off for me is the most fun part 😂😂😂

Everybody here in the states knew about this landing if you didn't you were living under a rock!

You all should watch the movie, I think it's called, "Sully". That was not a miracle, it was his skill that saved them.

In 2017, I was in a pretty nasty auto accident with my grandma. It happened legitimately right around the corner from our house. At a stop sign, I went to make a left hand turn, traffic was blocking the intersection. They pulled forward to make a gap, person on my L side waved me to go, I went forward and looked to my R side to see nobody was coming. Proceeding to make my turn, I felt a SLAM from my right, hit my head into the pillar/window. The lady that hit us tore the front of our car off, was caught on her phone distracted driving by witnesses…yet I was found at fault. Thanks America 🙄

The good news for the passengers was that even though they were on a domestic flight, they were on a plane made to cross the ocean.. so it’ll float for quite some time. I think it took less than an hour from take off to everyone on the ferry. Truly was a miracle.

Consider the time of year, inNYC…the Hudson was freezing cold. If it had taken longer, exposure to that water would have caused severe hypothermia and maybe deaths. The ferry crews are also heroes.

love it just u 2

I love New York.

There have been other situations where pilots of passenger planes (necessarily) tried to land on water, I can't think of any that ended so well (some ended disastrously). For me a testament to the quality of the pilot in terms of decisions and skills.