Battle of the Boyne, 1690 ⚔️ When the balance of power in Europe changed forever

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📢 Narrated by David McCallion
🎼 Music:
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🖼 Maps & Graphics
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#history #documentary #historymarche

Пікірлер: 1 500

  • @HistoryMarche
    @HistoryMarche11 ай бұрын

    🚩 Thank you so much for watching! I truly appreciate it. Hit the like button and subscribe, it helps me a lot! 🚩 Support HistoryMarche on Patreon and get ad-free early access to our videos for as little as $1: www.patreon.com/historymarche

  • @corinthian2500

    @corinthian2500

    11 ай бұрын

    This series was bad. I felt like I was reading a book 📚 next time don’t put too much text please

  • @officerirish2409

    @officerirish2409

    11 ай бұрын

    Hey just an idea but a battle after this was the siege of Limerick it was a strong battle which I would love to see

  • @debdeepdas8034

    @debdeepdas8034

    11 ай бұрын

    Please make a video on the Battle of Denain. It is one of the most important battles in the War of the Spanish Succession

  • @brokenbridge6316

    @brokenbridge6316

    11 ай бұрын

    You always find such curious battles to make video's out of. Nicely done video.

  • @Samir20002

    @Samir20002

    11 ай бұрын

    next video battle of the trench please

  • @dmitrysamoilov5989
    @dmitrysamoilov598911 ай бұрын

    we gather again to witness little squares beat the absolute carnage out of each other

  • @Tasogare85

    @Tasogare85

    11 ай бұрын

    ... I laughed so hard to this comment :D

  • @HistoryMarche

    @HistoryMarche

    11 ай бұрын

    🟥 vs 🟨

  • @greenfawkes

    @greenfawkes

    11 ай бұрын

    @@TheDogGoesWoof69 O'RLLY?

  • @wyattjenkins7898

    @wyattjenkins7898

    11 ай бұрын

    And I’d be dammed if I’d miss out on it

  • @Sceptonic

    @Sceptonic

    11 ай бұрын

    ​@@TheDogGoesWoof69 🤓

  • @kudos1209
    @kudos120910 ай бұрын

    The whole area around Drogheda is arguably the most astonishing part of Ireland from a historical point of view. The Battle of the Boyne site at Oldbridge (3 miles from the town), one of the world's most extraordinary burial tombs at Newgrange (5 miles from the town), Knowth & Dowth nearby, the round tower & finest of all celtic crosses at Monasterboice (3 miles away), the beautiful 850 year old Mellifont Abbey (4 miles or so) and then Drogheda itself with Laurence Gate (a spectacular Barbican Gate), several other town gates and towers, Millmount Tower and its Museum overlooking the town, the finest viaduct in Ireland, numerous gothic churches and unbelievable history including the Cromwellian invasion. It's only 20 minutes from Dublin airport but well worth spending a few days exploring rather than popping up for half a day from Dublin.

  • @kudos1209

    @kudos1209

    10 ай бұрын

    and, of course, Saint Oliver Plunkett's head on display in St. Peter's Church on the main street....it's very gruesome but fascinating!

  • @simonolsen9995

    @simonolsen9995

    10 ай бұрын

    More than 30 years ago on the other side of the world, I briefly met a raven haired, ivory skinned girl of stunning beauty. I cannot remember her name, but I clearly remember her Irish mates teasing her about being from Drogheda.

  • @leanbanclog

    @leanbanclog

    10 ай бұрын

    Beautiful countryside, unfortunately it's a bit of a scumbag town

  • @AnnesleyPlaceDub70

    @AnnesleyPlaceDub70

    9 ай бұрын

    ​@leanbanclog there's trouble everywhere these days, drogheda is savage for a night out, and a smashing place in general. From a "born bred and buttered " Dub.

  • @alfaromeo1819

    @alfaromeo1819

    8 ай бұрын

    Why IRELAND are now silent?❤❤❤❤❤🎉😂

  • @aiguuruu
    @aiguuruu11 ай бұрын

    Besides these guys doing all the work creating the animations, the research on the history and anything else that goes in making these videos - let's also give a hands up to narrator David McCallion. His voice just fits like a silk glove and makes listening and watching their work a true masterpiece.

  • @ChrisDynamo

    @ChrisDynamo

    11 ай бұрын

    "Will-yum", "battal-yun". He's an awful narrator. 'Hugenot' was a travesty of a pronunciation as well.

  • @Amadhan655

    @Amadhan655

    11 ай бұрын

    @@ChrisDynamoAgreed.Lack of knowledge of pronunciation of Irish names seriously belittles the great work.

  • @erikpuente1250

    @erikpuente1250

    11 ай бұрын

    Nah, he's a pretty banging narrator

  • @dawnmoriarty9347

    @dawnmoriarty9347

    11 ай бұрын

    He may be a goodish narrator, but he really needs to check the pronunciation of place names. It's quite distracting every time he gets it wrong

  • @dawnmoriarty9347

    @dawnmoriarty9347

    11 ай бұрын

    @@Amadhan655 not just Irish places. I had to double check where he was talking about when he tried to say Salisbury

  • @casmatt99
    @casmatt9911 ай бұрын

    Does anyone else think you could more effectively teach high school students strictly with videos on this channel? History isn't about names and dates, it's about where and why. This gives you as much useful information in 30 minutes as a textbook provides in a semester.

  • @antorseax9492

    @antorseax9492

    11 ай бұрын

    I love these videos, but history is more than battles. I get the US system is bad - were you really taught history?

  • @elkpants1280

    @elkpants1280

    11 ай бұрын

    @@antorseax9492 American history classes intentionally teach very little history, as an American with an interest in history.

  • @chase4leafclover597

    @chase4leafclover597

    11 ай бұрын

    To be fair there is so little time to teach so much. At my school we had one year to learn all of ancient history and one year to learn modern. You really only have enough time to teach the bare minimum. The depth of detail in these videos are closer to an upper division college class.

  • @casmatt99

    @casmatt99

    11 ай бұрын

    @@antorseax9492 after studying several eras of history, I don't agree. History is the story of power struggles and conflict. Humans have been at war with themselves for almost the entirety of our existence, it's in our nature. Many scholars would argue that the very origin and concept of government is simply a means to mobilize for warfare.

  • @trplankowner3323

    @trplankowner3323

    11 ай бұрын

    @@antorseax9492 The public school system in the US hasn't been anything other than indoctrination for the last 30 year and was of poor quality for 10 years before that. This is what US student learn: America=bad, whites=bad, Christians=bad, Western civilization=bad, and that is all they learn. Since they are not taught mathematics, economics or sciences, even if the students wanted to learn history on their own, they wouldn't understand it.

  • @The_ZeroLine
    @The_ZeroLine11 ай бұрын

    James is one of those guys who needed to be told “If you won’t fight for yourself, why should anyone else?” Uninspiring, a coward and a bad tactician to boot, it’s a wonder anyone signed up.

  • @Leon-bc8hm

    @Leon-bc8hm

    11 ай бұрын

    Yes he was an utter failure.

  • @ciaranbrk

    @ciaranbrk

    11 ай бұрын

    When you're oppressed you take any opportunity nomstter how slim to try free yourself .

  • @timfirth977

    @timfirth977

    11 ай бұрын

    And a major slave trader, and altogether nasty type who wanted absolute monarchy.

  • @warpigs9069

    @warpigs9069

    11 ай бұрын

    They only signed up because he was English.

  • @imperatorscotorum6334

    @imperatorscotorum6334

    11 ай бұрын

    James’ Irish followers fought for him under the hope he would restore their rights and reverse the land grabs of the previous decades

  • @maemorri
    @maemorri10 ай бұрын

    Amazing to think William was asthmatic. While he wasn't personally robust, he was extremely active in battle.

  • @manfredgrieshaber8693
    @manfredgrieshaber869311 ай бұрын

    Schomberg was a typical aristocratic military commander of his time. He grew up at his family castle Schoenburg in the Rhine valley south of Coblence. His mother who died during his birth was Elisabeth Dudley, a member of the famous Dudley family. Later he became an officer in the french army, then fought for the Portuguese during their war of restauration against the Spain. But when King Louis XIV. cancelled the edict of tolerance he begged Schomberg to convert to Catholicism which he as a Calvinist refused to do. So Schomberg had to leave France. Soon afterwards he was promoted commander of all forces of the Elector of Brandenburg. In 1688 two events occured, the Glorious Revolution in England and the outbreak of the war of the Palatinate Succession. Louis XIV. demanded the Electorate Palatinate for his brother Philippe of Orleans as Philippe had married a daughter of the Elector of Palatinate who had died without a male heir. During the former wars France had managed to avoid any all european opposition by paying huge amounts of money to one or more leaders of several countries of the Holy Roman Empire. But this time nearly all governments came together in an anti-french coalition. This was the background of the Brandenburg support of the cause of William of Orange. The Elector of Brandenburg also known as the Great Elector sent Schomberg with an army to England to fight for William. Louis XIV. became so upset of Schomberg's switch to France's enemies he personally ordered the destruction of Schoenburg Castle. In the 19th century the castle was restored and it is now a hotel. In the entrance one can see two portraits, one of Frederick of Schomberg and another portait of his son Meinhardt, the younger count of Schomberg.

  • @leolyon2373

    @leolyon2373

    10 ай бұрын

    Thank you for the effort. From the Bronx..

  • @schrauberhugo2594

    @schrauberhugo2594

    10 ай бұрын

    Wow! Thanks!

  • @RobertK1993

    @RobertK1993

    8 ай бұрын

    Williamites were the first fascists that hide behind the Constitutional monarchy . King William III was like Colonel Nathan Jessop in A Few Good Men.

  • @Hemlock.
    @Hemlock.11 ай бұрын

    I remember vaguely learning about the battle of the boyne as a child here in Ireland. Usually the focus was on the aftermath it created for Irish catholics but it was great to learn about the full context and build up to it here. I think my favourite pieces of these videos is honestly the quotes from the leaders at the time, really humanizes the representation of flags moving on a map. As a history lover who enjoys the vidoes on this channel it's interesting to see a battle that actually took place in my country, thank you!

  • @zelandakhniteblade5436

    @zelandakhniteblade5436

    10 ай бұрын

    I am guessing you attended a Catholic school then. I daresay a Unionist syllabus looks somewhat different. Understanding biases in your sources of information is an important part of reaching the objective truth.

  • @sandrabrowne2350

    @sandrabrowne2350

    10 ай бұрын

    ​@@zelandakhniteblade5436Catholic people who already had suffered genocide land loss 40 years previously to this era still made up 80 % of the population what Unionist bias they were fighting for survival and their ancestral land culture, language English/ British people historians need to acknowledge the experiences of their nearest neighbour thankfully ROI is a proud member of a progressive Europe!

  • @zelandakhniteblade5436

    @zelandakhniteblade5436

    10 ай бұрын

    @@sandrabrowne2350 That is sort of my point. There are biases on every side and different weights placed on the various historical events according to convenience. Frankly what the British did in Ireland is a black mark on the nation but I cannot say I really heard much about it in an English schooling. Finding alternative sources helps a great deal in at least grasping the fundamentals.

  • @elemar5

    @elemar5

    10 ай бұрын

    @@sandrabrowne2350 How is your land , culture and language at the moment with progressive Europe's immigration policies?

  • @sandrabrowne2350

    @sandrabrowne2350

    10 ай бұрын

    @@elemar5 great learning by others mistakes certainty Brexit a disaster on every front and will not go down road of "Orange Racialism" Irish culture games thriving amongst new Irish right wing a very small minority problems with influx due to Ukraine war but solvable ROI could still cope with another million people if economic conditions right better to be part of a market of 300m than outside "English ,exceptionalism " a joke!

  • @T.S.Birkby
    @T.S.Birkby11 ай бұрын

    “Those Protestants up to no good as usual” - Father Ted

  • @Kubyashi

    @Kubyashi

    11 ай бұрын

    "Down with this sort of thing!"

  • @taun856

    @taun856

    11 ай бұрын

    "Careful Now"

  • @curlywurly1767

    @curlywurly1767

    10 ай бұрын

    Father Ted quotes never get old. 😂😂😂

  • @ruaraidhmorrison5879

    @ruaraidhmorrison5879

    25 күн бұрын

    😂😂😂😂😂

  • @davidtierney3615
    @davidtierney361511 ай бұрын

    Best pronunciation of Drogheda I’ve heard, fair play

  • @antorseax9492

    @antorseax9492

    11 ай бұрын

    Said Lim-er-ick though

  • @markarmstrong5234

    @markarmstrong5234

    11 ай бұрын

    Bangor and Dromore were pretty iffy as well

  • @davidtierney3615

    @davidtierney3615

    11 ай бұрын

    yeah very true but given Kings and General's awful attempt at it a while ago i had to give them a shout out for getting the hardest one right, although yeah when I heard Bangor I did cringe haha

  • @iluvskylines1234

    @iluvskylines1234

    8 күн бұрын

    Tyrconnell was off as well but for the most part it was pretty good

  • @paultoner6318
    @paultoner631810 ай бұрын

    Thank you so much for this. My family are from Termonfeckin north of Drogheda and this has given me such a wonderful and enlightened perspective. 🙏🙏🙏

  • @hardrocksuk
    @hardrocksuk11 ай бұрын

    Thanks for all your hard work. Great content, as ever!

  • @davidhughes8357
    @davidhughes835711 ай бұрын

    Seriously Historymarche. Your documentaries are great whatever the specific subject. Look forward to them always!

  • @matthewreyes2401
    @matthewreyes240111 ай бұрын

    Much thanks history marche. This gives me a sense of pride to get an idea where my family fought on this battle. Thank you.

  • @tomgreene7942

    @tomgreene7942

    10 ай бұрын

    Ah, this also was of interest to me, as my relative, Sir Greene, sided with James II and the family pretty much lost everything, including 13 castles. It was all uphill for him with much gains, then downhill after the landing in England by William of Orange. Shortly thereafter, the family moved, perhaps fled, to America.

  • @irishpatriotv2575
    @irishpatriotv257511 ай бұрын

    7:45 1650’s, the rebellion that trigged that confiscation was in the 1640’s

  • @FreeFallingAir
    @FreeFallingAir11 ай бұрын

    This channel makes my heart happy. One picnic nearly decided the fate of Europe

  • @takolink3350
    @takolink335011 ай бұрын

    I love all of the work you guys put into this. Can't wait for more videos.

  • @BreakingWhite

    @BreakingWhite

    11 ай бұрын

    So kind of you

  • @HistoryMarche

    @HistoryMarche

    11 ай бұрын

    Thank you for the kind words and the support! Much appreciated!

  • @zertyuz

    @zertyuz

    11 ай бұрын

    Thanks for keeping this amazing channel funded :)

  • @alansokelisatruehero8520

    @alansokelisatruehero8520

    11 ай бұрын

    'agreed, we need more genuine history lessons. But in a couple years this will be remade by hollywood with all black american actors that say the evil whites stole their history and they are simply correcting the racist history books. this is slight jest but netflix will call it a documentary and anyone wishing to preserve history will be labeled racist. if they can steal viking history and back wash it's kings replacing northern european men with an american black feminist and activist with hollywoods and the Democratic Party full support in american and Corbinites and the Labor party in UK will yes mam the whole charade, there really is nothing they won't propagandize for woke hollywood and Disney's " THE Message". as a history buff there are few things more cringe than what's taking place currently to european history.

  • @michaelhawkins7389

    @michaelhawkins7389

    11 ай бұрын

    @@HistoryMarche Who narrates your vidoes ? I they are from the UK :) He sounds like the man who narrates vidoes for Epic History TV youtube channel

  • @rainbowsandclouds
    @rainbowsandclouds6 ай бұрын

    Great documentary, pace of narration and clarity is wonderful - props to whoever animated our favourite square battles

  • @breydanthein2886
    @breydanthein288611 ай бұрын

    Thank you historymarche í really enjoy your videos, and like always great work this one was! I also liked how the towns changed color to whoever controlled them

  • @hetzijzo5601
    @hetzijzo560111 ай бұрын

    I love your stuff so much, it would be so awesome if you could do some videos about Flanders, the battlefield of Europe

  • @haydenwilson2944
    @haydenwilson294411 ай бұрын

    You guys are amazing with the content you’s show iv been following your channel for awhile now and will continue to do so keep it up team

  • @d62087
    @d620879 ай бұрын

    I was thinking about how there isn't much videos on this battle, thank you for making this.

  • @bigsarge2085
    @bigsarge208511 ай бұрын

    Incredible, thank you!

  • @paulkirk7120
    @paulkirk712011 ай бұрын

    Very good. This is well researched and as good, if not better, than any other documentary I have seen on this particular battle. There are one or two minor quibbles but nothing much. Schomberg wasn't killed while leading a Cavalry charge but while rallying the Huguenots after their Brigadier, Le Caillemotte, had been mortally wounded. He became separated from his bodyguards and retainers and was cut down and shot by men of the Irish Lifeguards. Schombergs Regiment of Cavalry crossed the Boyne at Drybridge with William. Looking forward to Aughrim next...hopefully.

  • @creativitycell
    @creativitycell10 ай бұрын

    Brilliant channel n great narration, really brings history alive in the here n now! Medieval times were mental! Imagine the pub talk!😮

  • @user-tt6gp4gs4v
    @user-tt6gp4gs4v8 ай бұрын

    Thanks for all your hard work. Great content, as ever!. I find the campaign in Ireland very interesting. More please..

  • @irishaudia6c750
    @irishaudia6c75011 ай бұрын

    If anyone visits Ireland the Boyne interpretive Centre is very interesting and worth a visit, shows the battle in detail

  • @user-cg2tw8pw7j

    @user-cg2tw8pw7j

    11 ай бұрын

    Damn Prince Bowden is a legend

  • @alansokelisatruehero8520

    @alansokelisatruehero8520

    11 ай бұрын

    been wanting to go to the Dublin library which inspired the harry potter universe.

  • @user-cg2tw8pw7j

    @user-cg2tw8pw7j

    11 ай бұрын

    @@alansokelisatruehero8520 No Arab magic books and the Middle East

  • @dannywholuv

    @dannywholuv

    10 ай бұрын

    Im in the north but will take the trip down. Thanks

  • @davelong9055

    @davelong9055

    9 ай бұрын

    Lervish

  • @KHK001
    @KHK00111 ай бұрын

    Excellent work HM! as always!

  • @rickarmknecht8903
    @rickarmknecht890310 ай бұрын

    Thank you for making this.

  • @jamesholben9714
    @jamesholben9714Ай бұрын

    Thank you for the excellent discription of the Battle of the Boyne!

  • @SolidAvenger1290
    @SolidAvenger129011 ай бұрын

    "One of the peculiarities of this man, ordinarily so saturnine and reserved, was that danger acted on him like wine, opened his heart, loosened his tongue, and took away all appearance of restraint from his manner. On this memorable day at the Boyne, he was seen wherever the peril was greatest." - Lord Macaulay - upon William of Orange's conduct at Boyne The Battle of Boyne was instrumental in securing the ascendency of Anglican Protestantism in Ireland. However, England would see continual resistance to Protestant control in the coming centuries as Southern Ireland remained defiant to England's rule

  • @pmurnion

    @pmurnion

    11 ай бұрын

    This is a (bad) rewrite of history. There was no "Southern Ireland". That was only created in 1922 by partition. The 1790 rebellion was led by Northerners. The Troubles was entirely in the North. One thing I can agree with is "Englands rule". None of the usual nonsense about Britain or the UK.

  • @SolidAvenger1290

    @SolidAvenger1290

    10 ай бұрын

    @@pmurnion Whatever tension in Northern Ireland also affects the Southern/Republic of Ireland. The Brexit referendum of 2016 has caused potential problems for the myriad complexities that lie within Northern Ireland’s status, including the EU, most notably for the border. In 2022, there will be no physical border, but questions of trade and immigration could affect the border in the future for both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Throughout Brexit negotiations, EU, Irish, and UK officials all sought to avoid the return of a hard border, fearing that checkpoints could complicate trade, revive tensions between communities, and open the door to renewed violence. Between the Northern Ireland Protocol and the new Windsor Framework, many parties that align with the Catholic-led Irish (with elements inside the Republic of Ireland) still continue to question the intentions of the English. Brexit takes Northern Ireland out of the European Union and leaves the Republic of Ireland in the European Union, drawing a stark distinction and difference between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. It defies the whole spirit of the Good Friday Agreement, the power-sharing agreement that ended the Troubles in 1998 and tended to diminish the distinctions between north and south. (many articles online obviously state that/calling the Republic of Ireland the "South" so feel free to criticize them as well:) Brexit has also activated a historical sense of betrayal on the part of the Northern Irish against Britain. One curious fact of the Northern Irish psyche that has been true for a long, long time is that while they are intensely loyal to the crown and the union with Great Britain, there’s also no love lost between the Northern Irish unionists and Great Britain: the Irish unionists always feel let down, always feel betrayed. So there’s a fear that Brexit will strand Northern Ireland on the other side of a customs border in the Irish Sea. This is the main cause of the recent surge in unionist protests in Belfast, which President Biden attended earlier this year to celebrate Good Friday & indirectly try to quell the tension in Northern Ireland. Do I think Ireland will ever be united again? Before Brexit, I would have said, “possibly yes.” There was a kind of momentum and there seemed to be a will for reunification. The strong referendum in favor of the Good Friday Agreement on both sides of the border in Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic suggested that there was a political will, if not toward unification, at least toward reconciliation. There are a lot of reasons that still make me think Ireland will eventually reunite. The demographics have changed. Protestants are no longer a clear majority in Northern Ireland. It’s more evenly split, with a growing percentage of people in the north of Ireland who do not align themselves either as Protestant or Catholic, which means there’s now a pretty sizable minority that is outside of this cultural antipathy altogether. And they don’t identify with Protestant unionists, nor with Catholic nationalists. Overall, the consequences of Brexit are more fully felt. The number of people from Northern Ireland who once understood themselves as British but now travel on a passport stamped by the Irish Republic is growing.

  • @joemdee

    @joemdee

    10 ай бұрын

    @@SolidAvenger1290Northern Unionists only hold Irish passports as a flag of convenience to avoid queuing at EU airports. All of my family (except myself) have them and it is no measure of a growing acceptance of an inevitability of a United Ireland. In any event there is no economic argument in support of a united ireland. A bit like Scotland in that no one can tell where the money will come from if the UK pulls out of Northern Ireland. The election of a Sinn Fein government in ROI would also knock back any reconciliation between the two races who inhabit the island by 500 years.

  • @tomgreene7942

    @tomgreene7942

    10 ай бұрын

    @@SolidAvenger1290 Thanks for this write-up on the politics of Ireland and the Brexit. As an American it is hard to understand the complexities of it all. One thing I don't get that you wrote. Some Northern Irish have passports stamped by the Irish Republic? I though everyone in the EU just had an EU passport, but are they actually assigned by each individual country?

  • @leonaessens4399

    @leonaessens4399

    10 ай бұрын

    @@tomgreene7942 There's no such thing as an EU passport. Each member state of the EU issues its own passports.

  • @johnducie29
    @johnducie2910 ай бұрын

    A very well put together video. A pertinent point is that the Irish Parliament did not recognise William as King of Ireland but continued to recognise James as King of Ireland. The crown of Ireland was in a personal union with that of England, but when the English parliament removed the crown of England from James it did not have any effect in Ireland unless the Irish parliament did it also. A similar situation took place in Scotland but the Scottish Estates (Parliament) removed the crown from James and gave it to William.

  • @corvusglaive4804

    @corvusglaive4804

    10 ай бұрын

    I didn't know that - thanks! Very interesting

  • @Stand663

    @Stand663

    10 ай бұрын

    Did you not watch the video. He was King of Ireland by conquest. In those times Kings physically led in battle.

  • @findmyirishancestors2026

    @findmyirishancestors2026

    10 ай бұрын

    @@Stand663 prior to the battle William was a claimant to the the throne of Ireland. After the battle he became King of Ireland by conquest. That is why there was a battle in the first place.

  • @BallymoreBoy101

    @BallymoreBoy101

    10 ай бұрын

    Wasn't James merely Lord of Ireland, not King? His big brother Charles II had given James much land there but James wasn't shrewd enough to develop it as a strong political base.

  • @findmyirishancestors2026

    @findmyirishancestors2026

    10 ай бұрын

    @@BallymoreBoy101 the Lordship of Ireland ceased to exist when Henry VIII had the Irish Parliament proclaim and declare him King of Ireland in 1541. From that time until 1801 when the Kingdom of Ireland became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the King of England was King of Ireland in a personal union of crowns. On succession the monarch had to be proclaimed separately in each of the realms. That was process re-enacted recently when Charles III was proclaimed separately as King in the various realms he is sovereign off. It was the same in the 1688 when James II was proclaimed king. He was then removed as King in England and Scotland (then held in a personal union of crowns like Ireland) by the Parliaments of those kingdoms when his son in law, nephew, and cousin William III, was proclaimed king instead. The lack of that happening in Ireland was why the Battle of Boyne occurred.

  • @jimdale9143
    @jimdale914311 ай бұрын

    Well done, Interesting and informative. Thank you.

  • @Jmac1962
    @Jmac196211 ай бұрын

    excellent video. thanks for posting

  • @heartwork86
    @heartwork8611 ай бұрын

    Love this new generation youtube style of terrain and unit battles. Great channel. Great history. Great production.

  • @jaymate4556
    @jaymate455611 ай бұрын

    This is local history to me and you've done it well!

  • @danielsantiagourtado3430
    @danielsantiagourtado343011 ай бұрын

    Another day, another increadible video! You're among the best!

  • @LemonHead-sq5ws

    @LemonHead-sq5ws

    22 күн бұрын

    Incredible*

  • @sergiomuelle3975
    @sergiomuelle397510 ай бұрын

    Thank you, I truly appreciate the many hours put into your very didactic videos 🍻

  • @elmunoz
    @elmunoz11 ай бұрын

    Its never enough, thank you for another great Video.

  • @eagleofceaser6140
    @eagleofceaser614011 ай бұрын

    I didn't realize so many nationalities were were in William's Army Dutch Danes French Huguenots English Scottish Irish

  • @gentlemanzackp6591

    @gentlemanzackp6591

    11 ай бұрын

    some americans as well as years progressed toward 1715 "the '15 uprising"

  • @dickbakker1035

    @dickbakker1035

    11 ай бұрын

    A Dutch King on the throne in England what did he bring.. did he and Mary change the political system, did they bring in the economical powerhouse of the Dutch Republic?

  • @Aoderic

    @Aoderic

    11 ай бұрын

    As a Danish history teacher, it was quite new information to me, that there were about 7000 Danish troops there. There is so many little stories, that aren't part of the curriculum, and so you'll never hear about them, unless you stumble upon them.

  • @blueocean2510

    @blueocean2510

    11 ай бұрын

    William was blessed by the Pope, before the battle, the Pope wanted his land back. The painting exists in N.I. of William being blessed by the Pope, ruler of the Roman empire. The guns used by William were superior, made in Switzerland.

  • @jemoedermeteensnor88

    @jemoedermeteensnor88

    11 ай бұрын

    The Dutch were almost always at war with way larger countries so they often relied on mercenaries. These mostly came out of northern Germany because they had great relations with most. That is probably were the Danish come from. The French Huguenots were probably were probably Dutch citizens by that time, but were placed in a seperate regiment because of the cultural and linguistic differences. The English, Scottish and Irish were probably just protestants or mercenaries that cared more about money than religion.

  • @Karl_Mass
    @Karl_Mass11 ай бұрын

    I've often gone for a run down by Oldbridge in Drogheda, great scenery and there are monuments around that describe the Battle of the Boyne.

  • @jon83715
    @jon837159 ай бұрын

    Excellent work!

  • @beslim15
    @beslim1510 күн бұрын

    Very well done. Great graphics and commentary!

  • @castairl9815
    @castairl98159 ай бұрын

    There’s a museum in Meath in Ireland covering the battle of the Boyne. It’s a great visit

  • @willek1335
    @willek133511 ай бұрын

    Good job. I'm not initiated with this area of history, for a general lack of interest in the era, but despite that this was quite the entertaining watch. +1

  • @playGOC

    @playGOC

    11 ай бұрын

    It's enthralling if you're not careful.

  • @mattluke5546
    @mattluke554611 ай бұрын

    GREAT video! thank you!! Love your content!!!

  • @KargoolElvalie
    @KargoolElvalie11 ай бұрын

    Your work is amazing, thank you so much.

  • @daveclowes1476
    @daveclowes147611 ай бұрын

    Really well done! To tell so concisely and not get boged down in modern politics on such a tinderbox battle is an art! Well done historymarche!

  • @alexc8209
    @alexc820910 ай бұрын

    As a resident of Reading in Berkshire I know that there was some fighting in the glorious revolution. A force of Irish catholic musketeers took up a position behind a church wall (St Marys I think) in the town that covered the main road approaching Reading from the west. The people of the town were good protestants so a few men were sent to warn an approaching force of Williams men (pikemen possibly) and led them away from the main road and down a smaller avenue into Reading. The protestant force then appeared on the flank and rear of the Catholics and the latter fled after firing only a few shots. I cant remember how many if any died but apparently the people of Reading poured hot oil and boiling water on the Irish as they retreated through the town because they hated these rapacious men. Not really a battle but if it wasnt for the townspeople it may have been a proper skirmish or even been a massacre of the protestant force. Anyway i wonder if other towns had a similar experience that year.

  • @paulkirk7120

    @paulkirk7120

    10 ай бұрын

    I believe that the Dutch soldiers were Dragoons from William's Gard Dragonders(Dragoon Guards). The same source had the Irishmen as Colonel Roger McElligot's Regiment who had been brought over from Ireland to reinforce James' army. I believe they surrendered soon after and wounded up in Hungary, fighting for the Austrian Emperor against the Turks. Another military encounter occurred at Wincanton in Somerset. Patrick Sarsfield, commanding two troops of Cavalry from the King's Lifeguards and the Horse Grenadiers skirmished with an advanced patrol of 30 Williamite Scots from the Regiment of Hugh McKay.

  • @alexc8209

    @alexc8209

    10 ай бұрын

    @@paulkirk7120 Thats brilliant thankyou. I love knowing these kind of details.

  • @paulkirk7120

    @paulkirk7120

    10 ай бұрын

    @@alexc8209 you are most welcome.

  • @MG-cw4rw
    @MG-cw4rw2 ай бұрын

    This channel will go down in history as a legendary and iconic masterpiece.

  • @cyclone3371
    @cyclone33719 ай бұрын

    i live in northern and we still celebrate this to this day

  • @user-zp7jp1vk2i
    @user-zp7jp1vk2i8 ай бұрын

    growing up for seventy years listening to all the drama and death going on between Ireland and England the more I binge watch these videos the more I realize this has been going on for centuries.

  • @Splodge542
    @Splodge54211 ай бұрын

    I find the campaign in Ireland very interesting. More please.

  • @zertyuz
    @zertyuz11 ай бұрын

    my god another historymarche video when I wasn't looking... you are a legend my man

  • @roddorman8292
    @roddorman829224 күн бұрын

    Still a polarising character - understatement of the year!! Excellent work again here, thank you.

  • @markchambers3833
    @markchambers383310 ай бұрын

    It's a little misleading to say that William's ambition was to take the English crown - the way it's presented here suggests that was his primary objective when really it was a means to an end. William's main objective was to prosecute war with Louis XIV's and break his dominance over continental Europe - thereby securing the safety of the Netherlands. Taking the English crown would ensure he had access to the English military resources he needed to achieve this aim. Or so he hoped. As it turned out, once the English parliament got what they wanted and were rid of James II, they were less than keen to finance William's continental war. William spent most of his reign in a perpetual struggle with parliament, particularly after Mary II's death in 1694.

  • @johnlewis9158

    @johnlewis9158

    8 ай бұрын

    the bank of England was formed in 1684 to finance the war against Louis the Fourteenth's France in the Spanish war of succession.

  • @tpower1912

    @tpower1912

    8 ай бұрын

    That's exactly the message I got from the video though

  • @wedgeantillies66
    @wedgeantillies6611 ай бұрын

    William rode his personal luck at the Boyne, to great extremes as one would expect of a warrior monarch, very nearly being killed twice before and during the battle as well surviving a very bad asthma attack after crossing the Boyne river. Moments upon which history could have turned in a different direction if he was tiny bit less lucky.

  • @I_Don_t_want_a_handle

    @I_Don_t_want_a_handle

    11 ай бұрын

    Fortune favours the brave ...

  • @wedgeantillies66

    @wedgeantillies66

    11 ай бұрын

    @@I_Don_t_want_a_handle Indeed

  • @kublakhan1334

    @kublakhan1334

    10 ай бұрын

    @@I_Don_t_want_a_handle , he wasn’t brave , he was a fat imposter.

  • @exarck3722
    @exarck372210 ай бұрын

    That was Educational and entertaining. I didn't think I'd watch the whole thing but I did! Thank you!

  • @000DAAN000
    @000DAAN0007 ай бұрын

    Great content ! Thank you

  • @napoleonibonaparte7198
    @napoleonibonaparte719811 ай бұрын

    In an alternate reality, if James won but cannot win enough, they'd make him King of Ireland alone.

  • @DanMac-lh7tl

    @DanMac-lh7tl

    8 ай бұрын

    The Irish disliked James. He was known for his cowardice.

  • @rextucker3184
    @rextucker318411 ай бұрын

    James: "Your countrymen, madam, can run well" Lady Tyrconnell: "Not so well as your majesty, for I see you have won the race" And James once again fled the field. This may be the best footnote ever.

  • @peterhunt135
    @peterhunt13511 ай бұрын

    Excellent. Thank you!

  • @danielanderson4472
    @danielanderson4472Ай бұрын

    Liked and subscribed as your content is excellent! Very helpful indeed to see it visually.

  • @jeromebarry1741
    @jeromebarry174111 ай бұрын

    As a sacrifice to the algorithm, I'll say that your description of Huegenots in the Williamite forces sparked my interest. A French branch of my ancestors are suspected by me of having been expelled from France as Huegenots. A 1690 date for Huegenots in Ireland matches the timeline for my ancestral branch to be in Ireland and England. I shall attempt to find if any of my kin were in that battle.

  • @scottyb5039

    @scottyb5039

    11 ай бұрын

    I'm from Lisburn, the street I grew up on is called huegenot drive

  • @jemoedermeteensnor88

    @jemoedermeteensnor88

    11 ай бұрын

    It's quite common for non-Catholics like Jews and Protestants to have travelled to the Netherlands stay there for 1-2 generation and than travel to Ireland or Engeland. Stay there for 3-5 generations and travel from there to the New World. This started around ~1300 until like ~1950. (Ofcourse in the earlier times they would they much longer before travelling to America)

  • @sjonnieplayfull5859

    @sjonnieplayfull5859

    10 ай бұрын

    I suggest you start your search among rhe survivors

  • @mathieuguillet4036

    @mathieuguillet4036

    10 ай бұрын

    Who knows? You may have distant relations in South Africa, too. It was another major destination for French Protestants.

  • @juanfrankazofeifagonzalez6583

    @juanfrankazofeifagonzalez6583

    8 ай бұрын

    - Sure,They WenT To NeTherland and Brandemburg Too,And They Took The IndusTry of Looms,Bakerys,and Cheese French There SiTes...~

  • @molybdaen11
    @molybdaen1111 ай бұрын

    I like the little comments. It gives the people character.

  • @ZoltarWOT
    @ZoltarWOT9 ай бұрын

    great content as always

  • @daveh4766
    @daveh476610 ай бұрын

    Less than 1 minute into this vid and I'm subscribed. Can't wait to check out your other ones!

  • @thomasnelson6161
    @thomasnelson616111 ай бұрын

    The battle of the boyne did, however, result in a very solid irish folk song 👌

  • @davelong9055

    @davelong9055

    9 ай бұрын

    Lervish

  • @thomasnelson6161

    @thomasnelson6161

    9 ай бұрын

    @@davelong9055 ¿que?

  • @davelong9055

    @davelong9055

    9 ай бұрын

    @@thomasnelson6161 Shrit

  • @thomasnelson6161

    @thomasnelson6161

    9 ай бұрын

    @@davelong9055 you've lost the plot, sir.

  • @davelong9055

    @davelong9055

    9 ай бұрын

    @@thomasnelson6161 I am the plot.

  • @napoleonibonaparte7198
    @napoleonibonaparte719811 ай бұрын

    I want to know what William had for picnic that made it necessary to have one in front of the Jacobite army.

  • @50shekels

    @50shekels

    11 ай бұрын

    Valour

  • @nvelsen1975

    @nvelsen1975

    11 ай бұрын

    His horse required a rest from carrying the weight of his giant titanium balls. 😉

  • @paulkirk7120

    @paulkirk7120

    11 ай бұрын

    What is known in modern parlance as 'Absolute Shithousery'.

  • @Marveryn

    @Marveryn

    11 ай бұрын

    true brittish monarch stomping for tea while surveying the battlines

  • @sjonnieplayfull5859

    @sjonnieplayfull5859

    10 ай бұрын

    Maybe there was a cute girl with him that needed to be impressed...

  • @user-qn3il3tk7n
    @user-qn3il3tk7n9 ай бұрын

    Thanks for all your hard work. Great content, as ever!. Thanks for all your hard work. Great content, as ever!.

  • @Bellinghamspence
    @Bellinghamspence10 ай бұрын

    I never knew much about this era. This was a well done informative video.

  • @markstott6689
    @markstott668911 ай бұрын

    William of Orange landed at Brixham, a fishing village at the southern end of Torbay. There's a bloody great statue on the keyside commemorating the fact.

  • @trueblue3719

    @trueblue3719

    10 ай бұрын

    He did and he then landed at Carrickfergus in Northern Ireland where there is also a statue to remember the glorious revolution.

  • @markstott6689

    @markstott6689

    10 ай бұрын

    @@trueblue3719 Awesome 😀

  • @charlesstilesmysterydinersfn

    @charlesstilesmysterydinersfn

    10 ай бұрын

    ​@@trueblue3719yup. Got a picture with the statue there, and at Kensington Palace too.

  • @willfoster2635
    @willfoster263510 ай бұрын

    Fantastic and much appreciated. I live in Belfast, Northern Ireland and we were never taught this at school, yet we were Protestants!! Many thanks.

  • @charlesstilesmysterydinersfn

    @charlesstilesmysterydinersfn

    10 ай бұрын

    I'm a Protestant in County Londonderry and we learned it in school. Perhaps you should've went to a better school.

  • @captainchaos3053

    @captainchaos3053

    10 ай бұрын

    What school did you go to?

  • @willfoster2635

    @willfoster2635

    10 ай бұрын

    @@charlesstilesmysterydinersfn Well you didn't learn grammar. it's LEARNT, not learned.

  • @willfoster2635

    @willfoster2635

    10 ай бұрын

    @@captainchaos3053 It was in Belfast. We weren't taught about the Battle of the Boyne because it may heighten tensions outside. We lived near an interface.

  • @captainchaos3053

    @captainchaos3053

    10 ай бұрын

    @@willfoster2635 OK but what era are we talking because this is not specifically Irish history and had profound effect across Europe.

  • @maribelfarnsworth4565
    @maribelfarnsworth45659 ай бұрын

    Thanks for a clear and succinct account of this important battle.

  • @johnaverhall3430
    @johnaverhall34307 ай бұрын

    Great video!

  • @matthewbarry376
    @matthewbarry37611 ай бұрын

    I'll make some corrections: Tyrconnel is actually Tírconaill. Its pronounced Tear-Connell. Its a place not a title, its called Donegal today in English. The title and man your thinking of is the 1st Earl of Tyrconnel Richard Talbot. Also Niall O'Neill Lord of Clandeboye has a portrait painting of him so you can use it if you want.

  • @personperson143

    @personperson143

    11 ай бұрын

    Shut up fenian NO SURRENDER 🇬🇧🇬🇧🇬🇧🇬🇧🇬🇧🇬🇧🇬🇧

  • @jamesschaller753

    @jamesschaller753

    11 ай бұрын

    Source: trust me bro

  • @paulkirk7120

    @paulkirk7120

    11 ай бұрын

    Indeed, but it is shorthand to refer to him as Tyrconnell in the same way that Archibald Campell, Earl of Argyll would be known simply as Argyll or John Churchill Earl of Marlborough as Marlborough.

  • @jamesgreaney7615

    @jamesgreaney7615

    10 ай бұрын

    It *was* a title, too.

  • @jamesgreaney7615

    @jamesgreaney7615

    10 ай бұрын

    @@jamesschaller753 he's right about everything (except Tyrconnel was indeed a title named for the place) so what are you dubious about?

  • @mercianthane2503
    @mercianthane250311 ай бұрын

    Somehow the story of medieval Ireland is often overlooked. We know about the norse and their raids, the rivalry between France and England and many other conflicts; but when it comes to Ireland, we barely see anything. This is fascinating.

  • @prestons9305

    @prestons9305

    11 ай бұрын

    There's many books of recorded history of Ireland. You haven't made the choice to go check em out.

  • @owenlindkvist5355

    @owenlindkvist5355

    11 ай бұрын

    @@prestons9305 Many books and contemporary focus are two different things, mate

  • @curlywurly1767

    @curlywurly1767

    10 ай бұрын

    Check out books by Jonathan Bardon. Very informative.

  • @mercianthane2503

    @mercianthane2503

    10 ай бұрын

    @@curlywurly1767 Noice! I will

  • @sjonnieplayfull5859

    @sjonnieplayfull5859

    10 ай бұрын

    ​@@mercianthane2503well, fhere is always Tristan and Isolde...

  • @moinmavini335
    @moinmavini33511 ай бұрын

    It is not necessary to hope in order to act, Nor to succeed in order to persevere. This soooo connected to me

  • @davidhunt8685
    @davidhunt868511 ай бұрын

    Great job, thanks

  • @dschaub9535
    @dschaub953510 ай бұрын

    The guy who patched up William of Orange was Dr Albert Wakefield. He is in my family tree on my fathers, mothers side. William ended up giving the land that comprised the battle to Dr Wakefield as he was “so impressed with the skill of the dressing.”

  • @stephenwhyte8328

    @stephenwhyte8328

    10 ай бұрын

    A family tree that goes back to 1690 😂 Bullshit!

  • @dschaub9535

    @dschaub9535

    10 ай бұрын

    @@stephenwhyte8328 Your family tree has no roots?

  • @dschaub9535

    @dschaub9535

    10 ай бұрын

    @@bfc3057 To the victor goes the spoils. I guess. I had never heard of this battle until reading some genealogy paperwork that my late aunt had. I looked it up on KZread and son of a “b”.

  • @dschaub9535

    @dschaub9535

    10 ай бұрын

    @@bfc3057 Descendants emigrated to America between 1768 and 1773 It says Dr Albert Wakefield only had one child. A son named Robert who died in England in the prime of his life from a battle wound. It states that he had at least three children…

  • @dschaub9535

    @dschaub9535

    10 ай бұрын

    @@bfc3057 I too live in the United States.

  • @icecoffee1361
    @icecoffee136111 ай бұрын

    I live near Hoylake and where king William set sail is now called the kings gap 👍🏻 Great episode as always 👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻

  • @kevinjerome73

    @kevinjerome73

    10 ай бұрын

    Great golf course in Hoylake

  • @paulbarron9745
    @paulbarron974511 ай бұрын

    Love these little history videos.

  • @stevelebreton3489
    @stevelebreton348911 ай бұрын

    Thanks for the video

  • @imperatorscotorum6334
    @imperatorscotorum633411 ай бұрын

    Hope to see a video on the Battle of Aughrim

  • @dendradwar9464

    @dendradwar9464

    11 ай бұрын

    Much prefer to see a video on Yellow Ford .. the Irish Cannae .. complete destruction of the English army in Ireland ..

  • @wedgeantillies66
    @wedgeantillies6611 ай бұрын

    A very succinct and informative video on a defining moment in British history, that set the seal on the centuries old transformation of Britain from a absolutist to a constitutional monarchy. As William's victory at the Boyne ensured the permeance of the glorious revolution of 1688 and constitutional tenants enshrined in it agreed between Monarch and Parliament and prevented any return to the rule of an absolutist type monarch like James II, had been.

  • @BallymoreBoy101

    @BallymoreBoy101

    10 ай бұрын

    and there was me thinking that the recent Civil War and disposal of treasonous Charles I had fatally weakened pretensions to royal absolutism!

  • @wedgeantillies66

    @wedgeantillies66

    10 ай бұрын

    @@BallymoreBoy101Think you find that Charles II was able to dissolve parliament in 1679, 1680 and 1681 and ended up ruling on his own until his death in 1685. Due to refusing to allow Parliament to pass the exclusion bill that would have prevented his brother and heir James from succeeding him on the throne in favour of a protestant heir. While at times throughout his reign, he and Parliament butted heads over laws, policy and financial matters. His successor James II, would go much further in terms of trying to rule by in affect an absolutism style of government, backed up by an massively increased military and reintroducing Catholicism, threatening the very foundations of the Hybrid Absolute/Constitutional monarchy and protestant faith that underpinned it, that led to the glorious revolution.

  • @muratlokmanoglu
    @muratlokmanoglu7 ай бұрын

    Tarihsel olaylar, bu şekilde anlatıldığında çok daha ilgi çekici bir hal alıyor. Teşekkürler.

  • @mohammedsaysrashid3587
    @mohammedsaysrashid358711 ай бұрын

    Super formative historical coverage video about early stages of world competition between France 🇫🇷 and England 🇬🇧......thank you (History Marche) channel for sharing this wonderful episode 0:28

  • @pauls3204

    @pauls3204

    10 ай бұрын

    That not the English flag mate

  • @DanMac-lh7tl

    @DanMac-lh7tl

    8 ай бұрын

    that was not early stages of world competition between France and England. It was a battle between forces supported by the House of Bourbon and the House of Hapsburgs. Both Catholics. William was also supported by the Papal states and Pope. England was just a playing field for the bigger European states in that battle.

  • @jimarnn1938
    @jimarnn193811 ай бұрын

    Sacrificing to the algorithm in the hopes it brings more of these history bits.

  • @CloneTrooper5566
    @CloneTrooper556611 ай бұрын

    Can you do one on the winged hussars. I really wanna know why they were so famous.

  • @frederickwood9116
    @frederickwood9116Ай бұрын

    More than I remember from school. Thanks for the material

  • @desfoley6335
    @desfoley63359 ай бұрын

    I live in Tullyallen, which is the village where the Williamite army camped before the battle. I regularly cycle down "King William's Glen" the mile long descent through the woods to Oldbridge, i didn't know it was there that he was hit with the cannonball. Oldbridge house is open to the public and has lovely walks around the grounds and there is a Visitor Centre too, nice place to find out more about the battle👍

  • @thamjorran2118
    @thamjorran211811 ай бұрын

    There is a commemoration of Williams landing at Carrickfergus on 10th June

  • @trueblue3719

    @trueblue3719

    10 ай бұрын

    The royal landing a great day out 🏰🇬🇧

  • @aadityapratap007
    @aadityapratap00711 ай бұрын

    The Battle of the Boyne in 1690 stands as a historic turning point, much like the transformative Crusades in Europe. Just as the Crusades reshaped the geopolitical and religious landscape of medieval Europe, the Battle of the Boyne left an indelible mark on the balance of power, religion, and politics in its own right.

  • @jamesgreaney7615

    @jamesgreaney7615

    10 ай бұрын

    I'd dispute that since Aughrim is regarded by Irish historians as *much* more decisive than the Boyne. The Boyne allowed the Williamites to take Dublin but the Jacobite army survived and received significant reinforcements from France. Had the Jacobites won Aughrim (as they came to close to doing) there would only have been a token garrison in Athlone between them retaking Dublin.

  • @paulkirk7120

    @paulkirk7120

    10 ай бұрын

    ​@James Greaney the Irish received no further soldiers from France and of the 6-7000 who were at the Boyne, they retreated into the west and evacuated from Galway at roughly the same time that the Williamites were taking part in the first siege of Limerick.

  • @paulkirk7120

    @paulkirk7120

    10 ай бұрын

    ​​@@jamesgreaney7615 Aughrim is much more important in Irish History, less so in European history. Had they won, then yes, Aughrim would have been more important on the world stage. But they didn't and thus it isn't.

  • @user-xo7gs1nx4p
    @user-xo7gs1nx4p2 ай бұрын

    This really is one of the best history channels on you tube

  • @karstenengelmann925
    @karstenengelmann92511 ай бұрын

    Amazing! Well done!

  • @5thMilitia
    @5thMilitia11 ай бұрын

    Seriously impressive that the Dutch are only first mentioned at 17:23. And any explaination of the Glorious Revolution is incomplete without explaining the 1670 treaty of Dover and the Dutch trauma of 1672

  • @tjclarke1892
    @tjclarke189210 ай бұрын

    Small note. James didnt promise anything but religious tolerance. He himself didnt want to support the undoing of the land confiscations, this undermined most of his support and why not many actually supported him

  • @markchambers3833

    @markchambers3833

    9 ай бұрын

    That may be what James II promised, but by 1688 his word was worth less than the air on which it was propelled.

  • @tjclarke1892

    @tjclarke1892

    9 ай бұрын

    @markchambers3833 Yes that was sort of what I was getting at. The idea that all irish catholic supported him isn't true and many were apathetic to an English king outright

  • @paulduffy4585
    @paulduffy458510 ай бұрын

    The power shift was from Catholic southern Europe, Spain and Rome, to Protestant northern Europe, Germany, the Netherlands and the burgeoning power of the City of London.

  • @stevenmqcueen7576
    @stevenmqcueen75767 ай бұрын

    excellent video.

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