Thanks to our incredible patrons for making our show possible. If you want to support the show, join us over at patreon.com/eons!

@leeleaman8057

Жыл бұрын

Thanks to the Patrons for keeping this going for us all

@highfive7689

Жыл бұрын

Applause to those that make it possible for us to enjoy your brilliant EON productions.

@andrewfong894

Жыл бұрын

In the next video like this can you tell us the origin of the other organelles

@nna00100

Жыл бұрын

Can you do one of these for viruses. I know they don't fit in the "Tree of Life" and they are not really "alive" but they have evolved (not really I know) over time right?

@JENKEM1000

Жыл бұрын

There's a few papers that put the fundamental split between bacteria and archaea into doubt. The extreme genetic divergence could stem from extreme selection pressure instead of length of time. Archaea might just be another, slightly unusual, bacterial family.

If pigeons get to be dinosaurs, then I want to be Asgardian.

@fernandoc4741

Жыл бұрын

So cladistic tells us: We are Asgardians Dolphins are Fish Cave Man lived with Dinossaurs, You can tell your phisicians that you eat (almost) only fish and vegetables.

@russellwhisenant5554

Жыл бұрын

@@fernandoc4741 It feels so wrong, but technically yes.🤣

@morewi

Жыл бұрын

Lucky for you pigeons aren't dinosaurs. Theres at least a 150 million year separation between the two.

@krankarvolund7771

Жыл бұрын

But if you're asgardian, then pigeons are too :p

@krankarvolund7771

Жыл бұрын

@@morewi No, they're dinosaurs, just as you and I are mammals, even though there are 150 millions years between us and the first mammals ^^

Maybe the real Archaea were the lifeforms we found along the way

@furby9284

Жыл бұрын

Maybe the real Archaea was inside us this whole time.

@nicklindberg90

Жыл бұрын

It's all about the Archaea, not the destination

@xthevenomouskissx

Жыл бұрын

I'm absolutely crying 😂

@datuhuginn5079

Жыл бұрын

Damn! Beat me to that comment! LMAO

@Theonetrueerenyeager

Жыл бұрын

And the lifeforms that evolved.

Sidenote: Lokis castle is such an awesome name for a field of underwater hydrothermal vents.

@Kai_LTC

Жыл бұрын

I got excited about this name almost more than about the main topic of the video (and the main topic is absolutely exciting to begin with)

@abstract5249

Жыл бұрын

It doesn't make sense though because castles don't exist in Norse mythology. Norse gods lived in large houses made of wood like Norse kings in real life. Castles weren't built in Scandinavia until the arrival of Christianity, which introduced the concept of erecting buildings out of stone (cathedrals, fortresses, etc).

@GALA89

9 ай бұрын

​@@abstract5249🤓

@gloomyeyes1527

7 ай бұрын

@@abstract5249 but its awesome

@abstract5249

7 ай бұрын

​@@gloomyeyes1527 It's awesome, but unrealistic even from a mythological perspective. Since Norse mythology existed before Christianity was introduced to the region, its authors wouldn't have had any notion of castles or cathedrals. These elements were later added by authors and artists from the modern period (15th century onward), and largely by people outside of Scandinavia.

The idea that us eucaryotes are the crossing of the bacteria and archaea branches feels... right somehow. The branches weaving together to make something else greater than either branch would create alone.

@majormononoke8958

Жыл бұрын

lol, but wouldnt all three life forms come from an ancient prelife form, no matter where they come from ?

@Leto_0

Жыл бұрын

lol...

@rasmusn.e.m1064

Жыл бұрын

It definitely makes the most narrative sense. We are introduced to two characters, and lo and behold; those exact two characters end up together.

@INTERNERT

Жыл бұрын

like a dnd character who is multiclass

@dmitryche8905

Жыл бұрын

Ancient archaea ate a bacterium and a virus and mutated into eukaryotes

It's kinda cool to think that we are all complex Archea colonies.

@dustyowl99

Жыл бұрын

we aren't

@derpychicken2131

Жыл бұрын

@@dustyowl99 virgin NOOO IM NOT A STINKY BACTERIA IM NOT ONE OF THEM IM A SPECIAL MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM vs Chad: Yes, I'm a cool highly evolved archea colony

@killermakd2015

Жыл бұрын

@@derpychicken2131 illiterate

@EMandMmms

Жыл бұрын

No one is saying we're archaea colonies, we're not, we're multicellular eukaryotes. Colonies are only for unicellular organisms. All these researchers are suggesting is that eukaryotes evolved from a branch within Archaea, as opposed to Eukaryotes being a separate domain that is closely related to Archaea. Which is still extremely cool!

@derpychicken2131

Жыл бұрын

@@EMandMmms Why is it that colony is only reserved for unicellular organisms? What about the many colony forming hymenopterans like bees and ants? What about the multicellular organisms that function in colony like structures of thousands of individuals like SPS corals and siphonophores? Are they not colonies?

Asgardarchaea also contains Wukongarchaea. The other members are mostly named after Norse gods. Sun Wukong must have gotten around.

@patchyworx

Жыл бұрын

Maybe he took his monkeying around a little too far north

@Aereto

Жыл бұрын

Trickster gods like to be elsewhere

@brandonn.1275

Жыл бұрын

He must of made it way up north on his journey to the west

@anastasial7687

Жыл бұрын

@@brandonn.1275 LMAOOO

@TerkanTyr

Жыл бұрын

That would mean the chance of Loki having seduced Wukong is over 0%.

So you mean to say Eukaryotes may be the result of an Archean getting freaky with a Bacterium? *Loki approves of this*

@AramatiPaz

Жыл бұрын

OMG, you just... the bizzare descendance makes it too much perfect to be named Loki.

@semaj_5022

Жыл бұрын

Well thankfully none of us are eight-legged horses. That I'm aware of at least.

@stephenderry9488

Жыл бұрын

If by "getting freaky" you mean engulfing, imprisoning, enslaving and exploiting, YES!

@TheBanMan

9 ай бұрын

​@@stephenderry9488So basically, a form of vore?

If the endosymbiont theory is correct, then Eukarya would be formed by fusion of two branches of Bacteria and Archea, rather than coming from just one of them

@BigEvan101

Жыл бұрын

Most DNA would probably be from the archea though

@MarioRodriguez-ow9rl

Жыл бұрын

@@BigEvan101 Mitochondria (the "bacteria part") have their own DNA and some of their genes were also transferred to the nucleus. We have DNA coming from both Archea and Bacteria, and we cannot be alive without the mitochondrial genes

@MrThatguy333

Жыл бұрын

Yes!

@sirlancelet9167

10 ай бұрын

some mtdna has even been absorbed by our nuclear dna, so we truly are part-bacteria

@Gelatinocyte2

4 ай бұрын

The host cell that engulfed a bacterium is believed to be an Asgard archaean. Also, the reason why Eukaryotes were in a third domain of their own was because, at the time, nobody was really sure where they came from, and just had them be descendent directly from LUCA instead; we now know that the First Eukaryotic Common Ancestor was likely an Asgard archaeon that somehow changed its membrane lipids and developed a nucleus, and later on acquired its first endosymbiont. Eukaryotes really should be under domain Archaea, the nucleus/host cell has hallmark archaeal traits (e.g. their ATPases, their method of DNA replication, their method of gene transcription) that's unique to them and not common in life due to horizontal gene transfer (some other archaea species not closely related to Asgard also have bacterial traits, some of which are unique to their species).

Man I love how science progresses. When I was in HS there was no domain just Kingdoms. Who knows what will change in the future. Really interesting for us science fans.

@freedem41

Жыл бұрын

I recall that time but even then at the base of that tree was a trunk that was a confusing mess before it got to the two branches of plants and and Animals and fungi were an early branch of the plant side of that tree. Not realized at the time was how long and complex that trunk was before it got to the branches.

@eriks8382

Жыл бұрын

I’ve never heard of domain in my life

@i_am_an_idiot_but

Жыл бұрын

Oh there are a lot more than that lol

@johnmcguire4422

Жыл бұрын

And the beat goes on! To be continued…

@jitendrasingoriya515

Жыл бұрын

When i was in school pluto was a planet

Wouldn’t we be part of both domains if our mitochondrial DNA is from an ancient bacterium?

@jcortese3300

Жыл бұрын

S-s-s-s-sort of. There is a difference though. If a bacterium had ingested an archaean, that'd be different from what happened, which was an archaean ingesting a bacterium. We're closer to the diner than the dinner, I think.

@patrickmccurry1563

Жыл бұрын

@@jcortese3300 Ingest and incorporated rather than digested. We refer to mitochondrial DNA as part of our DNA. Closer but in a way, I agree that we kind of qualify as both.

@jcortese3300

Жыл бұрын

@@patrickmccurry1563 Um, I said ingested? And I'm pretty sure that eating it was probably the intention. :-)

@LuisAldamiz

Жыл бұрын

I agree.

@LuisAldamiz

Жыл бұрын

@@jcortese3300 - It was not "ingestion" but symbiosis.

Lovecraftian plot twist: we are Old Ones

@eljanrimsa5843

Жыл бұрын

They have found Loki's castle in the Arctic. Wait until they find Ctulhu's nightmarish palace in the Antarctic

"They're called the Asgard Archaea because they're all named after Norse gods" *me, looking at Wukongarchaeota quizzically*

@Eddies_Bra-att-ha-grejer

Жыл бұрын

That one was likely added later.

@eljanrimsa5843

Жыл бұрын

Nobody knows where this came from

2:33 "Most folks only think about microbes when they're doing something to or for them - like, causing disease or making beer." ... or doing both, e.g. Auto-Brewery Syndrome.

So does that mean we're Archaeaologists? If eukaryotes are a fusion between archaeans and bacteria, then technically we're both. It's the dreaded C++ diamond inheritance problem.

@SimonClarkstone

Жыл бұрын

Mitochondria are a component / field, not a superclass, so there's no true diamond inheritence.

@kwanarchive

Жыл бұрын

@@SimonClarkstone It's a mixin.

@kamoroso94

Жыл бұрын

Composition, not inheritance!

@gvasilyev84

Жыл бұрын

Some biologists argue that the cell nucleus structure is very reminiscent of a virus, it evolved from a virus, so we might as well be a virus. Turns out Agent Smith was right all along!

@10Tabris01

Жыл бұрын

*Frantically looks for bullwhip*

I had no idea that archaea had only been part of the tree of life since 1990; that was so recent when I was in school.

@Phorlakh

Жыл бұрын

When I was in middle school they were still teaching kingdom monera. I didn't learn that archaea were a thing until college, circa 2002. Next generation sequencing has been revolutionary in our understanding of microbes. My thesis was mostly just complaining why taxonomy is a nightmare for Pseudomonas...something Woese pointed out in the 70's with DNA hybridization. Imagine what he could have done with today's technology.

@Sam_Sam2

Жыл бұрын

@@Phorlakh when I was in 8th grade(freshman now) I remember getting a book from a the school library about monerans and gaskins about how outdated it was. I wonder how soon somebody will do that with our current books.

@davidwright7193

Жыл бұрын

I matriculated in 1990 and was taught about archaea as a domain at school and had been aware of them since at least 1986. They were just a few types of weird stuff at that stage. It really depend on how up to date your syllabus was. By the time I was in college it was fairly clear that archaea were closer to eukaryotes than bacteria.

@down-to-earth-mystery-school

Жыл бұрын

Now that I’m 50, this is the first I’m learning about any of the domains - fascinating!

I showed my friend your episode about giant viruses and they would like me to ask: if they did evolve from single celled organism, where in the tree of life would they fit?

@orsonzedd

Жыл бұрын

I mean from whatever organism they evolved from.

@aguyontheinternet8436

Жыл бұрын

@@orsonzedd are you the friend lmao

@user-qy3jq9kr1d

Жыл бұрын

They’re not considered living organisms, so they aren’t part of the tree of life.

@individual1st648

Жыл бұрын

@@user-qy3jq9kr1d not by everyone Giruses are very similar to bacteria, sometimes even bigger (in size and in genome) than them, and some regular viruses actually infect some of them too and have the funny science name "virophages"

@Nora-transspire

Жыл бұрын

@@user-qy3jq9kr1d I wanna see the viral tree of unlife then :P really, the evolution of viruses is super interesting, especially since they aren't (as) alive

I was interested in the genes that were previously only thought to exist in eukarya. That sounds awesome.

It would still be appropriate to have three domains especially if the theory that eukaryotes are the result of a obligate symbiosis between archaea and prokaryotes. At that point they would not really belong to one domain or the other but instead are the result of a chimaerization, meaning they don’t belong to one or the other, organelles wouldn’t be possible without prokaryotes and the living cell would not be possible without the archaea. Instead the bifurcation should look like a joining of the two branches.

@a2izzard

Жыл бұрын

By that logic; wouldn't lichen be considered a new kingdom because they are a cross between fungi and plants?

@adamwu4565

Жыл бұрын

@@a2izzard Not yet. Lichen haven't merged their genomes at a cellular level, the way the archeaon and bacterial genomes merged in eukaryotes (where most of the original bacterial genes in the ur-mitochondria migrated over time to the nucleus of the eukaryote and fused into the original archaeon genome that was already there) leaving only a few genes behind in the modern mitochondrial genome. The fungal and plant cells in lichen are still distinct within the body of the lichen. Give them more time associating with one another though, and who knows? (We can ask a similar question about the algae and cnidarian cells that make up corals).

@adamwu4565

Жыл бұрын

Right now it's pretty much an arbitrary definitional convention arrived at mostly by historical fiat that since the archaeon was the host cell into which the bacterium moved (and who was the "active" partner. Did the archaeon "swallow" the bacterium, or the bacterium "invade" the archeaon, or did they sort of just merged after living peaceably side by side for a long time), it's the archaeon that counts as the primary organism in the partnership and it's lineage should be considered the ancestral one.

@CL-go2ji

Жыл бұрын

That makes sense.

@Gelatinocyte2

4 ай бұрын

@@adamwu4565 some plants haven't yet merged their chloroplasts' DNA into their own, yet they still count as belonging under the Plant kingdom.

What I love about the electron microscope images chosen by this video for Asgard archaea (imachi et al) is that this was also the first time when researchers observed a bacterium to be living in syntrophy with an archaeon, lending another possible step to how endosymbiosis/eukaryogenesis may have happened.

I like PBS Eons because the hosts never look like they are reading lines. Looks like they really know this stuff and like talking about it.

Now this is premium content I absolutely love to see the recontextualization of our world that comes with cladistics and placing eukaryotes (almost certainly) within archaea is such a great example of this. And why shouldn't we understand ourselves as descended from archaea? It's simply true!

Wait a second I just realized the Tree of Life has been redrawn since last I checked, amazing! Bacteria & Archaea are now their own domains entirely

@AramatiPaz

Жыл бұрын

I think that one os my favorites videos, AcapellaScience's Animalia, migh be a lil outdated.

Perhaps we should classify bacteria and archea the same way the Mer from “The Elder Scrolls” universe classify their deities, Aedra(Our Ancestors) and Daedra (Not Our Ancestors)

@shadowsonicsilver6

Жыл бұрын

Aren’t the Aedra and the Daedra just two different sides of the same coin?

@amyadmirer

Жыл бұрын

Your nerdity is so nerdy, I think you belong here

@allangibson8494

Жыл бұрын

The problem is ancestries turn into tangles (and worse with horizontal gene transfer (which has happened repeatedly and more recently than anyone imagined thanks to retroviruses moving entire genes between completely unrelated genera).

@Gabu_

Жыл бұрын

@@shadowsonicsilver6 Yes and no. In The Elder Scrolls mythology, the Aedra were the ones to give up part of their powers to form the world and everything in it, while the Daedra chose to stay as rulers of their own individual, distorted realms. Adding to it, every Aedra (except Shor/Lorkhan, the first King of Gods) came primarily from the primordial divine entity Anu, a counterpoint to every Daedra coming primarily from Padomay, the primordial divine chaos. Never expected to have a discussion about Elder Scrolls lore in a PBS Eons channel, though.

@brianroberts783

Жыл бұрын

Glad to see I'm not the only one who likes to treat fantasy lore and real world lore the same way.

I was just wondering if those circles, or domains, could be looked at more as Venn Diagrams? The overlap would be from the genetic transfer of information that comes from symbiosis, or in some cases, infection and parasitism. That would probably affront our sense of placing everything in distinct categories but it would acknowledge that there is an ecology of interrelationships that ultimately affect genetic outcomes.

I thought this was a video from Journey to the Microcosmos when I saw it. Just coincidence that you put out a video about microbes right when I have just realized how amazing of a world it is. Microbes are definitely under appreciated, it's crazy how few views that channel gets for how amazing the subject matter is. There's so much microbe diversity it's mind-blowing, you can discover things completely new to science just as an amateur because there's so many and they are everywhere, and yes, they seem to have been neglected compared to some other scientific fields unfortunately. Very interesting video! Ope, just saw the recommendation for that channel at the end, that's great, more exposure for a wonderful channel.

@ShirinRose

Жыл бұрын

I also thought this was a Journey to the Microcosmos video before I read the channel name

Excellent, as usual ! Will make sure to use this video in my biology courses . Keep up the AMAZING work !!

This was so cool! Evolution of the immune system at some point?

@arta.xshaca

Жыл бұрын

I know right? I've been my entire life...

3:30 -- This was the first question that formed in my head while watching ("If bacteria make us sick and archaea don't, maybe that's because we're further away from bacteria"), and you answered it before I even asked. 🙂 Kind of like how we're very far away from fungi, and they seem to either want to kill us or make us trip balls.

@kalem_tapi_kritis

Жыл бұрын

Well, protozoans and fungi are much closer to human than archaea, and many of them still can make us sick

@amyadmirer

Жыл бұрын

The fungi part doenst make sense, because we are closer to fungi than we are to more primitive archea

@The1stlizardking

Жыл бұрын

Not a bad line of reasoning, but consider that Fungi and Bacteria make us sick typically because of toxins they produce when they are breeding at a rapid level within our systems or the large number of them present within the organ system they infect. Also comparing biological pathogens with abiotic pathogens such as viruses and prons and closer relation typically mean there is a HIGHER chance of causing illness to the organisms. Also, we are not as far away on the tree of life from fungi as you might think based on cell structure and genetic evidence. :)

@amentrison2794

Жыл бұрын

So I'm currently taking a third year microbiology course and the prof had us watch a short video on archaea by the Microbiology Society called, "Why don't archaea cause disease?". Basically the situation as I've learned from the lecture we did on archaea is that we really don't know much about them in comparison to bacteria, with like 90% of the strains that we can grow coming from only 4 of the over 80 phyla we've identified so far. With the answer to the question "why don't archaea make us sick" being "maybe they don't but maybe they very well do and we just don't have the solid evidence yet to unravel any potential hints". When they said in the episode that archaea are still an active area of research with their phylogeny still being debated, they really meant it. So you're right to think that, some researchers think that too which is why it was said in the episode, but again this area has a lot of debate going on right now.

@Heroesflorian

Жыл бұрын

@J Cortese that statement doesn't make sense in several ways. For one, as was already pointed out, that fungi are closer to us than primitive archea. But also, plants and animals are, too, and there's definitely some plants and animals that can make us sick or even kill us (even if we ignore large predators that might just simply eat us - which still counts, though!). And third, there's a wide variety of fungi that are regularly eaten by humans as regular food, i.e. for nutrition without sickness or hallucinations and sometimes even with additional health benefits.

As a Norwegian, it was fun to see that they used names of our Norse Gods, that really made me smile

Maybe it’s my age but this title means Stargate SG1 rather than MCU to me 😁 On a more serious note, thank you for sharing this fascinating summary.

I found this channel all thanks to journey to the microcosmos 😃😃 And trust me, both of the channels are absolutely mesmorising and informativly interseting 😁 I'd just like to give a big thank you for sharing the infomation and developing my interest in this subject 😄💚

This show has taught me so much

love you guys and your videos. thank you for your hard work and creative minds!

Aaaw yes, always ready to learn something new with these vids, they way you awesome people present and deliver information is awesome! Great stuff :3

Wow this was a very cool and educational video. I never knew any of this information previously, and found it fascinating. I was having difficulty remembering the name of what our domain was coined as, Eukaryotes until I realized it could be remembered mnemonically as 'You carry oats.' Thank you for this informative and easily digested video for laymen like myself.

I love eons, i love the presenters they’re so real so easy to watch and listen to, i’m hooked and learning.

It actually makes sense. The species wouldn't all diverge at the same time, if they did in fact all come from a common ancestor. So, either two groups happened independently, or after the first split, there was a period before another branch sprouted.

They named one of those Archaeota after Sun Wukong, but it still gets lumped in with Asgard.

@brianroberts783

Жыл бұрын

Even in his own myths and stories Sun Wukong moves around in multiple pantheons, so it sounds in character to me.

@smockboy

Жыл бұрын

Clearly it was during his 'Journey to the West' phase.

Part of why the Asgard archaeota are such a cool and promising new field of research is how they relate to how endosymbiosis works. Eukaryotes could gain endosymbiotic organelles (like mitochondria) because they have, and whatever their ancestors were also must have had, the ability to engulf things. For this, you need a dynamic cytoskeleton - a kind of internal scaffolding that can be built and rebuilt quickly to change the cell's shape, form membrane-bound compartments, and move things around inside the cell. Bacteria don't have this kind of machinery, so they can't eat anything - just suck up molecules through their cell membranes. But, as the video touched on, the Asgard archaeota have some genes previously only known in eukaryotes, and these very notably include some of the genetic machinery needed to build a dynamic cytoskeleton. This strongly indicates that there exist or have existed Asgard relatives that *could* swallow stuff, and that this led to the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotes.

That is both awesome and giggle worthy because of the naming... but can we also just stop and appreciate that ONE of those "Asgardians" is named Wukong!!

Another great show, always a fun and interesting experience.

Excellent content, please keep this up!

As a working biologist I don’t have time to do the readings I’d like to to keep up to date. But I’ll definitely be making time to read up on the Archea. Love your work. Thank you.

@SuperGundry

Жыл бұрын

I love the feeling of, yep that’s how I was taught, oh wait, there’s more!

Thank you for this new update!

Lmao Kallie with the scale bar at the beginning, you really are so damn excited about that thing xD. I kept laughing about it every time you brought it up on the stream while I was cooking dinner, thinking of all the times I've used various common objects as scale bars because I didn't have a ruler or something to put in the photo instead. Those who can afford the donation will greatly benefit from this if they take a lot of photos that need scales in them :)

@emimimimimimimi

Жыл бұрын

What even *is* a scale bar? I've never heard of them

@jared_bowden

Жыл бұрын

@@emimimimimimimi I never have either, but I think it's just a checkered object of known size, used in photography so you can know the scale of the photo afterwards.

@brianroberts783

Жыл бұрын

But I thought bananas had become a universal constant for scale.

@Sunset553

Жыл бұрын

Oh, I thought it was for weighing things. The announcement needed another sentence lol

Awesome channel with awesome content and great quality as always say 🌍

We were recently talking about these archaea in one of my microbiology courses, it’s very cool to see that we might be getting closer to finding our last common ancestor with the archaea! In my classes, it’s taught that it was most likely an archaea that underwent endosymbiosis, though eukaryotic cell biology is different enough that I doubt we’ll be shifting to a two-domain system anytime soon.

Hmm. Most scientists regard the "three domain hypothesis" as oversimplistic. Alpha-proteobacteria, which gave rise to mitochondria, also contributed genes to our nuclear genome. In eukaryotes, when you look at all prokaryotic-derived genes, anout 60% are eubacterial in origin (most of our metabolism) and only 40% are archaeal-derived. So to say that we are archaeal, overlooks the fact that we have more genes from eubacteria. Most scientists now think of eukaryotes as true fusions between the two. And yes, PART of our lineage is from the asgard.

@islandfireballkill

Жыл бұрын

Even a tree is a very debatable and a very human centric way of picturing life. Multicellular life is wayyy less diverse than microbes. Bacteria and archea do a lot more fancy completely crazy different things than animals and plants do at the fundamental levels. It's like trying to organize different cars you see around in your neighbourhood and stumbling upon an airplane, a tank, a submarine, a catapult , a helicopter, and an underwater hyperloop and labeling collectively them as military. Particularly a tree doesn't make sense when considering that unicellular organisms can exchange genes horizontally and absorb it from the enviroment which is magical and messes up using genes to identity life.

@Gelatinocyte2

4 ай бұрын

@@islandfireballkill underwater hyperloop? You mean the Watergate submersible?

@Gelatinocyte2

4 ай бұрын

Aren't some of those eubacterial genes found in some archaea too? What about the chances that those genes were convergently evolved, rather than inherited? Also, you're overlooking rRNA lineage; we're most definitely more related to archaea, because not only are Asgard (and some other related lineages of archaea) the only prokaryotes that have "eukaryote signature proteins", their ribosomes also happened to be ancestral to our ribosomes. When we're looking for genetic relationships between organisms, we're not just looking for the coding genes, we're looking for as much of the entire DNA sequence (genome) as possible. Bacteria tend to have shorter genomes, and I honestly don't know if any of them have most/all of their entire genome that is a significant chunk of that 60% in eukaryotes.

6:56 Wukongarcheota says hi

I love your Videos! Thank you for enlightining us!

"this archaea species group are related, let's name them with norse gods theme" "uh, wukong archaea might also be in this group" Welcome to Valhalla, Sun Wukong!

Yes! Finally new episode! ❤️❤️❤️

i love the lone sun wukong in the mess of asgardians

@wildmen5025

Жыл бұрын

I'm glad someone else noticed that the Great Sage Equal of Heaven had snuck into Asgard 😂

When I got my tree of life cladogram tattoo, I knew I'd anticipate with excitement and dread the day that it becomes inaccurate. There was a kerfuffle a while ago about porifera/ctenophora positions, but that's small potatoes compared to this!

Ah yes, Sun Wukong the Monkey King. Mischievous fellow and stalwart member of the Asgardians.

I always knew I was IKEA

You guys are amazing

Actually, when it comes to the microbiology research, it is a current consensus that Eukaryotes come from Archaea, and are a sister group of Asgard! Of course, everything is debatable, however, cultivation-independent methods of researching microorganisms (so basically experiments on DNA and RNA of high accuracy) confirmed that. We are way, way further away from Bacteria than we originally thought, and when it comes to our legacy - we are nothing but just a small part of a huge domain... It is weird to think that we are not as special as we thought throughout the whole human history, but it's also fascinating how much we actually don't know about the world we live in. (Main) sources: Zaremba et al. (2017) - Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity Castelle, Banfield (2018) - Major New Microbial Groups Expand Diversity and Alter our Understanding of the Tree of Life (

mindblowing 😎👍 I look forward to whatever more is discovered about Archaea and if Eukaryotes are actually a branch within Archaea.

Would study of this make someone an Archea-ologist?

@Andreas_42

Жыл бұрын

Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of Asgardarchaea 😉

Hello my fellow archaea how are you all doing.

@LuisAldamiz

Жыл бұрын

Well enough, thank you for asking.

Thanks for the Shows

That’s so cool! This video blew my mind

The book- The Suprising Archaea, by John Howland, talked about this 40 years ago

@r.d.whitaker5787

Жыл бұрын

I was wondering where I had heard something about this before. Edit: I just found it on thriftbook for $6.29 📕

Great episode! If anyone would like to take a deeper dive into how eukaryotes may have evolved from an archaea having a bacterial endosymbiont, I highly recommend the book,"The Vital Question", by the biochemist, Dr. Nick Lane> :)

I think we should solve this debate once and for all with a hammer throwing contest.

great stuff! thanks!

Seems like Sun Wukong, the fabulous Monke King, is the odd archaeota out, being decidedly non-Asgardian. What if we all came from him?

I know it’s not the same thing, but it reminds me of the symbiotic relationship we have with our gut bacteria

@stephenderry9488

Жыл бұрын

Bacteria are so chill, they'll just do their chemical processing thing anywhere. In the ocean, on land, in deep underground rocks, in ice, inside an archaean, in a plant cell, in your gut, all over that pizza you forgot was under your bed...

Like Thor said, Archea isn't a place, it's a people

more bout this please !

I am archaea

@dasmysteryman12

Жыл бұрын

I'm archaea too!

@YourCapybaraAmigo_17yrsago

Жыл бұрын

Yeah.... Me too. I'm archaea af

@sythrus

Жыл бұрын

And you will soon all be crab

@Dylan-vd6rz

Жыл бұрын

I are baboon?

This video is also called “How to tell when Millennial nerds took over naming scientific discoveries: look for possible comic book or meme references” 😂 love it!

@svallee

Жыл бұрын

We are all Asgardians from the Jedi branch, closely related cousins to the Yu-Gi-Ohs.

@Kai_LTC

Жыл бұрын

This video is rather called "How to tell when scientific expedition from Norway took over naming their discoveries: they know that when someone mentions Loki, Odin and Thor, comics are NOT the first that comes to mind"

@kyjo72682

Жыл бұрын

Those are references to Norse mythology, not comics...

@Gelatinocyte2

4 ай бұрын

They were called Asgard because they were first discovered in "Loki's Castle" (the hydrothermal vent system), and is also in reference to or influenced by the region's folklore/mythology (Scandinavian).

Thank you.....that was fascinating.

Always amazing. Thank you,.

I am terrible at remembering the host's names! Regardless, the bit of warmup put at the end was so fun! And as always the science was fascinating 💖

So... We could have all come from Asgard?

If "Archaea" means "The Old Ones," then to hell with the Asgardian references: we're due for some CTHULHU jokes!

Thank you for qualifying the "if you're from planet earth" bit, fellow humans.

My favorite part was when the archae bateria said "It's archean' time"

@piratedgenes

Жыл бұрын

and then archaed all over the seas and land?

As a complex collection of molecules arranged in patterns that form multiple cells, I have always wondered how it feels to be a single celled collection of molecules arranged in patterns, like when you bump into somebody else, is it like NO YOU ARE SO DIFFERENT or is it like HEY WHOA ARE WE FORMING ANOTHER BRANCH OF LIFE OR ARE YOU JUST HAPPY TO SEE ME

excellent work

So interesting and exciting, We have so much to learn!

And to think that just a few years ago my school was teaching me the terribly outdated 5 kingdoms classification

Makes me wonder... maybe its possible to (somehow) trigger endosymbiosis in a lab, turning outside bacterium to an organelle

@stephenderry9488

Жыл бұрын

For around 4 billion years bacteria and archaea were the only life on Earth. Floating around, bumping into each other. So far as we know, in all that time, this engulfment incident happened in such a way as to create a new evolutionarily successful lineage once. When we think about life evolving on other planets, the millions of billions of planets with similar conditions to primordial Earth, it's this kind of rarity that should give us pause, particularly as there were other improbable events within the same timescale, that to our knowledge only happened once (or 25 times in the case of multicellularity). Events we have also yet to produce, trigger or recreate in a lab.

@GeoffryGifari

Жыл бұрын

@@stephenderry9488 Which would make it even cooler if we can actually do such a thing!

Awesome! I'll be an Asguardian! Now we just need to find out what type of bacterium became the mitochondria!

NGL, I am (was, by the time ya'all read this) browsing YT late at night, and am tired.... I read the title as 'Are we all actually Asgardians', from PBS Eons... and was SUPER intrigued based on THAT. Still watched the vid once I realized my mistake, still loved it...

We can't all be archea John Green said we're all fish...

@ericvulgate

Жыл бұрын

Fish come way later, this wouldn't change that. It would just shift where fish (and us) are classified.

@wildmen5025

Жыл бұрын

Fish are eukarya. Which under this proposed model would also be archaea

Metallic Archaea? That's the only kind I know, didn't know archaea were real.

[Inhales] NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO[runs out of air][inhales again]OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO[collapses]

Her: “Perhaps the tree of life only has two domains afterall” Graduate Biologist: “Oh, you can't do this to me... I-I studied this three way domain! YOU KNOW HOW MUCH I SACRIFICED?”

Ahh, but (according to some recent analyses) it’s looking increasingly likely that the Archaea aren’t monophyletic.

@darcieclements4880

Жыл бұрын

Oh thank you for making me not the only one here aware of this. This entire episode makes me angry cry it's so misleading.

@run_sun

Жыл бұрын

I would love to know the reference of this (either doi or author + research article title)

@oosakasan

Жыл бұрын

I would also like a reference for this because I haven't found anything.

@adamrodaway9116

Жыл бұрын

OK. This is a bit complicated but I’ll do my best. To some extent this depends on what you mean by Archaea. As this video says, it’s looking pretty clear that eucarya (at least when it comes to nuclear encoded genes) are a sister group to Asgard. This is not consistent with a 3-domain model with monophyletic clades: (eu)bacteria, archaea, eucarya. From multiple studies (most of which focus on ribosomal gene sequences) imply that there are two clades: bacteria and non-bacteria, with the latter containing archaea and eucarya. If eucarya are are defined as a domain and archaea are defined as non-eubacteria prokaryotes, then eucarya are monophyletic and archaea are paraphyletic. The alternative is that eucarya are a sub clade of the non-bacterial clade (which would then be a monophyletic archaea). For a discussion, see DOI fmicb.2018.01896.

@adamrodaway9116

Жыл бұрын

But it gets more complicated….

This made my heart jump to see… I study Archaea!!!!!!!!!

@nnbmx

Жыл бұрын

Here History of Science studying their discovery

I love this presentation. I'm not a biologist, I'm an inventor. But around a year ago I watched a video "The whispering Mitochondria" In which evidence had been found for inter-mitochondrial communications. The implications are still filtering through to me but my initial intuitions on watching the video were that for us to co-evolve with a Mitochondria symbiont that can communicate, and with it present in every live human cell, it's a no-brainer that out human DNA brain cells and nervous system cells are most likely in communications with our mitochondria and that instantly solved a nagging question I'd had about how the information dense data representing instincts might pass the bottle neck of conception without requiring the overhead of DNA encoding. i.e. The mitochondria carry that information. It also poses a potential location for deep memories that are recalled only after a sleep for example. And more recently, I've been consolidating my Mitochondrial theory to consider the idea that our Mitochondria implement an organic operating system that locks into the hardware comprised of their and our DNA. We also have to be very aware that like fungi, animals(including humans) are not represented by their superstructure's DNA alone. When we are conceived, we are the prospects for survival and growth of a colony numbering in the billions of Mitochondria. As a male may be considered a sperm delivery mechanism and a female a baby factory, together we are also a host mechanism for the care and propagation of a symbiont we have co-evolved with. It cannot be overstated how important this is. From our humanocentric egotistical vied of self, of id, we have ignored our components. There are a few other things I've encountered which my intuition tells me are potential confirmation links. I'm not spiritual, but there will be a flurry of investigations if my Mitochondrial theory is proven, for example an info tech acquaintance of mine, when I mentioned my theory, he said it would explain foreign memories gained by organ recipients. Without a mechanism for cellular memory organization and recall extraneous to brain and nervous system this is a whacko theory but with? it could bear investigation. Ancient privative practices of cutting the hand and sealing brotherhood in a handshake gain new context. I love how for my whole life I have been immersed in a sea of human discovery. Luka Turin's theory of scent is another favorite of mine.

Really interesting video thankyou

Danke!

I think the 3 domains the way they are still makes the most sense. they are on the same branch and its more useful separate with how big the differences are between the 2.

For all the reasons and more I love PBS

you carry oats; i carry oats; we all carry oats!