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@Massimo2.0-zj1qy

2 ай бұрын

Believing that animal life evolved before the Ediacaran makes more sense in my opinion, I can't see multiple phyla of animals appearing just in a few million years during the ediacaran, unless phyla are not true groups of animals.

@drstone3418

2 ай бұрын

Maybe prokaryotic animals

@drstone3418

2 ай бұрын

I consider everything before the year 5 of a decade

@cocktailpartiesnz8079

2 ай бұрын

I like trains.

@PainterVierax

2 ай бұрын

Thank you Eons team ! The SpaceTime team really should have consulted you for the script of their Silurian Hypothesis video released 2 months ago. Matt saying there was no life in the Precambrian and that only Australia and Scotland are the only continental plate older enough was infuriating.

I like animals

@smokingsnake8276

2 ай бұрын

Me too buddy lol

@Geordie_Boy01

2 ай бұрын

Same, they taste great

@starryJulyNIghtSky

2 ай бұрын

i like turtles

@TRUMAN_THE_TRUE_MAN

2 ай бұрын

Didn’t ask + my content is way better than PBS 😎🥱

@leeleaman8057

2 ай бұрын

I like eons!

Something about this just made me smile. The complexity of animal life today and the little blobs of cells that came before us, both experienced a pond. Idk, life is magical and sometimes the past doesn’t feel so far away.

@CatMowpurr

2 ай бұрын

You clearly didn’t evolve tho

@ayushsharma8804

2 ай бұрын

Idk man, maybe you didn't

@ACometsShadow

2 ай бұрын

@@CatMowpurryou go little buddy! im sure this comment will make your parents finally love you

@CatMowpurr

2 ай бұрын

@@ACometsShadow Why would I need that when I already got your mom’s tender lovin’?

@TheNebulaEffect

2 ай бұрын

@@CatMowpurr Says the evolutionary dead end.

This is the kind of news that makes one wish it was actually possible to talk to the dead. I can just imagine how excited Darwin would be to get periodic updates on just how freaking right he was.

@LuisSierra42

2 ай бұрын

Would be better to talk to our prehistoric ancestors

@edgytoucan3444

2 ай бұрын

@@LuisSierra42 mmyes a great conversation “what’s your name?” “OOMGA BOOMGA.”

@king4bear

2 ай бұрын

It bothers me tremendously that he’ll never know the full story of our ancestry. The man deserved to know.

@johannageisel5390

2 ай бұрын

I wish that too! I would LOVE to tell Einstein we have observed gravitational waves. As far as I know he was still thinking they could never be measured, but our technology has improved so much in the last few decades.

@LuisSierra42

2 ай бұрын

@@edgytoucan3444 What if they had language? there's simply no way of knowing unless we see it for ourselves

As a developmental biologist, molecular clock studies have long suggested that animals split from choanoflagellates >800 million years ago. There's evidence of something like 10 whole genome duplications, and many of the important signaling proteins involved in animal multi cellularity during that time, these genes would not have been selected for if these organisms were living as single celled organisms. It makes a lot of sense to me that the systems that pattern embryos would have taken at least a couple hundred million years to reach the level of sophistication seen in all modern animals, including sponges. If all of this happened in little multicellular ball like organisms that look vaguely like blastulas - which is the stage when these pathways are particularly active, that makes a lot of sense. Molecular clock studies often put the dates for these major milestones way earlier than fossil evidence. Paleontologists often respond by saying that molecular clock studies must be flawed (they are not perfect), but the fossil record is also incredibly biased towards large bodied animals with hard bones and shells, it's a little niave in my opinion that we will find fossil representatives of every major evolutionary transition at the earliest time point.

@stacie1595

2 ай бұрын

This is such an interesting comment! I am simply a lay person but it did stand out to me that those cells started as singular and became multicellular throughout their life cycle, just as animals do! We all start as a sex sell and become these incredibly complex life forms so it's not surprising to me that earliest ancestors started much the same.

@Psycandy

2 ай бұрын

what's a molecular clock? and i agree, the fossil record is a sketchy view of a tiny part of what was mostly marine life, we need to transcend fossils altogether to find the complete picture. And we should seed planets, coz no-one else is going to.

@roseannelajara8659

2 ай бұрын

Glad to see other people also see the resemblance to blastocysts! (Except I couldn't remember the word, so my brain was like "pre-anus embryo!" 😅)

@BenTajer89

2 ай бұрын

@@roseannelajara8659 Don't mean to be pedantic, but "blastocyst" refers specifically to mammalian embyros, because these embryos embed in the placenta forming a "cyst", the ball of cells found in almost all other animal groups is called a blastula.

@BenTajer89

2 ай бұрын

@@roseannelajara8659 Also my blastula comment makes it seem like I subscribe to Haeckle's flawed "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" hypothesis. I don't, but studying the pathways that patterned embryos I have wondered the situation where they all started. The problem with embryonic patterning genes, is that they are the ultimate chicken and egg question: you seemingly can't get the patterns without the genes, and but you wouldn't select for the genes without the patterning. There are three signaling pathway families: TGF-beta/BMP, Wnt, and Shh, that were made almost completely from scratch between the split with choanoflagelates. Each one of those signalling pathways needs about 4-6 minimal unrelated gene components in order to work. So to me it seems natural that there had to be a long period of time where these systems evolved and played out. And I've wondered, what the heck did this animal (can it even be called an animal) look like? One appealing answer is that maybe they looked like sponges. From a signaling standpoint that would make a lot of sense because a morphology based on repeating units would be more robust to screwups than a more symmetrical body plan. But there's a decent amount of evidence that that sponges didn't come first. The other alternative is that it was maybe something with a single axis, but also very small.

This stuff gets me hyped for no reason. Well there is a reason; NATURE IS AWESOME

@junkequation

2 ай бұрын

HELL YES BROTHER

@mkhanman12345

2 ай бұрын

what do you have to do with anything

@SunshineMoon_._

2 ай бұрын

@@mkhanman12345what do you have to do with anything

The frequency of the phrase "the Scottish fossils" puts me in mind of a euphemism for one of Shakespeare's plays.

@anaveragesoviettankfromthe70s

2 ай бұрын

Oh yeah, Macbeth...

@aussie405

2 ай бұрын

Don't mention the Scottish fossils!

@biggestnoob4704

2 ай бұрын

Animals started in Scotland, therefore we're all indirectly Scottish. SCOTLAND FOREVER!!!

@kellydalstok8900

2 ай бұрын

@@anaveragesoviettankfromthe70s Aahhhhh! Hot potato, orchestra stalls, Puck will make amends! Ooh.

@Ayeskint

2 ай бұрын

@@biggestnoob4704 Wha's like us?🤘😁

Ragged Scottish Microfossils was my favorite punk band, back in the day.

@GordonPavilion

2 ай бұрын

Their first album was better than the second one.

@friscowolf2917

2 ай бұрын

I was into Nazareth back in the day.

@lesleyedgley8371

2 ай бұрын

👏👏👏👏😆

@Lotsofleaves

2 ай бұрын

Waaaay back in the day 😂

@matthew3136

2 ай бұрын

RSM. Classic.

ive got no clue how people dont find this interesting, i love learning about how we managed to get here :)

@whatabouttheearth

2 ай бұрын

See Aron Ra's 50 part series 'Systematic Classification of Life' if you wanna get blown away

@LuisSierra42

2 ай бұрын

Who doesn't find this interesting? this channel has almost 3 million subs

@elijahisconfused

2 ай бұрын

@@LuisSierra42 my family and some friends lmao, they don't really care for things like this

@djj949

2 ай бұрын

@@elijahisconfused lol, mine too. Tried to shame me for not being with creationism.

@gokulpillai3734

2 ай бұрын

Religion is to blame here for the lack of curiosity in the majority

Gotta dig that fossil-themed sweater!

@Canal1clasesdeembrio

2 ай бұрын

Thinking the same

@erincoulter9609

2 ай бұрын

I NEED one! I was waiting the whole video in case it was some mercy lol

@pixelmace1423

2 ай бұрын

Of course, how else will you take them out of the ground?

@erincoulter9609

2 ай бұрын

@@pixelmace1423 lmao

@Ilikebeenz123

2 ай бұрын

For real i need that sweater

Scotland is quite the place for finding "earliest" stuff. The earliest evidence for houses there is fascinating, and these fossils are even more interesting. Having gone to college in the 1980s, I’m continually amazed by everything that has changed and emerged in our understanding of biological over the past 40 years. Jeez, 40 years? How can I be that old? 1984 was just a few years ago! Seeing Footloose in the theater and going immediately to buy the soundtrack LP. Buying my first CD player and the soundtrack to Purple Rain on CD, then playing it LOUDLY over and over and over…along with Madonna’s Like a Virgin CD and Tina Turner’s Private Dancer…man, that was a great year.

@dionysusnow

2 ай бұрын

Know what you mean. there is a location in my brain that still thinks CD's are futuristic.

@andrewhoward7200

2 ай бұрын

College in London in the 80's: Space Invaders, Madness, Ska, my first motorbike and sexual experience, Marxist mumbo Jumbo and Palaeontology,most of which I've forgotten or is outdated. It's not Camels whose Joints Creak but mine. Camels Ordinarily Sit Down Perhaps Their Joints Cream Early Oiling Might Prevent Permanent Damage, or similar.

A new species of Pterosaur was found in the north west of Scotland recently too, seems it’s just teaming with hidden life up there !

@neiloflongbeck5705

2 ай бұрын

They might even find the protohaggis, the Haggiosarus.

@klaudialustig3259

2 ай бұрын

Or teeming with eager paleontologists ;)

@davidgantenbein9362

2 ай бұрын

Shouldn’t it be „hidden dead“?

@naamadossantossilva4736

2 ай бұрын

I am surprised it wasn't scoured.England is just down south,one would expect their scientists to go up there.

@mathieu4432

2 ай бұрын

Oh sure everyone beleive all those things live there. But just cross the pond in the same mountain range in appalachia and nobody beleive bigfoot exist!!! THE INJUSTICE!

Makes sense that cells started clumping and starting to work together for a long time before making the big jump to becoming a single organism... which seems to have required quite a difficult set of circumstances to perfect before it all worked, but lead to massive flexibility and hence the Cambrian explosion.

@arta.xshaca

2 ай бұрын

Why did such multicellularity, with conglomeration and, later, specialization, emerge? Not just in animals, but also Symbiomycota (biggest fungi subgroup), Embryophyta (plants), Eurhodophytina (biggest red algae subgroup) and Phaeophyceae (brown algae). What advantages did it confer?

@albertoserrano67

24 күн бұрын

Maybe its like forest floor mold that isn't one entity but made up of various molds that do different jobs to keep the mold fed in a symbiotic relationship that could have evolved further in animals in a similar manner over time

People living on the other side of the world love this presenter/host. She speaks clearly and her enunciation is superb. Me and my children can understand her even without subtitles 😊

I find mind blowing how you could theorically go back generation to generation long enough where you would find yourself being a single celled organism.

Stuff Just Keeps Getting Older

@dforrest4503

2 ай бұрын

As do we

@RooneyRen

2 ай бұрын

that is how time works haha (ik what you mean though)

@ufosrus

2 ай бұрын

Yes. A nd we're also starting to find out that we're much older than we thought.

As someone from the NW coast of Scotland, I can guarantee you there is lots of animal life EVERYWHERE.

Since I became a teenager, I haven't considered paleontology interesting, but videos of Eons are so well made that I have already watched lots of them. Thank you for your work.

smol anecdote, the thing at 2:25 is an animal but is also a single cell, but it is multi-cellular in the same sense that snake are tetrapod, as it actually evolved from simple jellyfish which turned to a parasitic lifestyle, becoming simpler and simpler as it had no need to make any effort anymore, until at some point it turned back to a unicellular organism

@sarahblack9333

2 ай бұрын

"but it is multicellular in the same sense that snakes are tetrapods" is such a cool phrase

@vigilantcosmicpenguin8721

2 ай бұрын

reject animality. return to cell.

@krokuta3355

2 ай бұрын

What's its name? :)

@wuasqi2665

2 ай бұрын

what's the name of this animal?

@zeaxanthinepoxidase

23 күн бұрын

​@@wuasqi2665 not sure but it looks like a myxozoan

I'm both completely astounded about the fact that life, especially animals, was able to survive and thrive so long ago already in freshwater. At the same time, it makes complete sense considering the extreme environments life has been found today.

It’s recently been shown that sponges possibly went back 750 million years, if not even older. Them and comb jellies were likely the first forms of life, and the life forms that survived Snowball Earth. Before that and multicellular life was little more than amorphous blobs of cells. Eyes, skeletons, and differentiated tissues only evolved during the Ediacran and Cambrian periods. Comb jellyfish were basically bigger cells with cilia and everything, whereas sponges had harder tissues, but had no symmetry whatsoever.

@michaelmoore7975

2 ай бұрын

Scroll up to my comment just a couple minutes before yours. See what you think.

@michaelmoore7975

2 ай бұрын

Do this: average tectonic movement = 1 inch per year. How many years of tectonic movement makes 1 complete trip around the earth? Multiply circumference in miles 24,901 x feet in 1 mile 5280= 131,477,280 earth circumference in feet. Multiply x12 to get inches in Earth circumference = 1,577,727,360. Using average 1 inch of tectonic movement per year, and there are 1,577,727,360 inches in earth circumference means it takes that many years for 1 complete trip around the earth. But tectonics start as 2 plates moving away from each other at a common source of newly made earth. Meaning the plates will meet again in half the circumference. So divide inches 1,577,727,360 by 2 = 788,863,680. It takes that many years for the 2 plates to meet on the other side. Those plates subduct, travel vertically to be churned up and later become new earth again. And that's the reason the fossil record cant really go much further back than 788 million years. Because all living things get churned up and evidence destroyed. But there are pieces of plate that churn under but reappear mostly intact. So there are anomalies of creatures without prior history. And tectonic movement is not the same everywhere but 1 inch per year is ok to use just for a rough estimate and pretty closely matches the fossil record.

@jamietigges2154

2 ай бұрын

@@michaelmoore7975 Yes and no. The center of land mass for each plate, called the shield or craton, generally does not go through subduction. The cratons host some of the oldest known rock formations from 3-4 billion years ago. While the process you mention is certainly part of it, I would argue weathering and erosion processes are a larger reason why we don't find many older types of fossil. If not for erosion we would expect to find more in these older rock formation areas.

@s1rand0m

2 ай бұрын

​@@michaelmoore7975tldr, spongebob could have been around even before those 750 million years but the remains are gone now, or did i get you wrong? :D

@michaelmoore7975

2 ай бұрын

@s1rand0m Could have? I'm pretty sure that proto-Bob and proto-Patrick episode was scientifically spot on. But prehistory progenitor sponge polyps should go back that far, by my reckon. Rough reckon, anyway.

I must say Kallie's shirts are so cool

The most likely greatest "what-if" question ever: What if the Ediacaran lifeforms turned out to be the success?

@SamudraSanyal

2 ай бұрын

Well they were successful for millions of years. But then someone ruined the party by eating his neighbor.

@theonebman7581

2 ай бұрын

​@@SamudraSanyalDon't you just hate it when that happens? Really ruins a Tuesday

@deano1873

2 ай бұрын

Ediacarans are the Beta version to complex life... cool but kinda glad we moved on from them. You don't want to be born as a sea pen do you?

@lerneanlion

2 ай бұрын

@@deano1873 By "success" I mean what can they go from there if they are allowed to evolve further.

@lerneanlion

2 ай бұрын

@@SamudraSanyal I meant where can they go from there if they are did not go extinct. Do they have what it takes to turn into something like the Trilobites, Hallucigenia or the Anomalocaris?

This, that is the Burgess shale and Ediacaran deposits, Cambrian explosion and the evolution of metazoa is something I studied extensively before switching to geophysics for grad school. No one, that I know of, within the field thinks metazoa magically appeared, the issue is we had no fossils, certainly not of the quality of the Burgess or Ediacaran deposits. We always assumed that colonial forms were extant long before things as complex as hallucigenia or anomalocaris, we just didn't have fossil evidence. Also, Darwin never really went into this, the book is titled On the Origin of Species, not the origin of life, or animals. He proposed the process of speciation from preexisting forms through environmental pressures, i.e. survival of the fittest, that is those best suited to fit the conditions within which they existed.

@michaelmoore7975

2 ай бұрын

Do this: average tectonic movement = 1 inch per year. How many years of tectonic movement makes 1 complete trip around the earth? Multiply circumference in miles 24,901 x feet in 1 mile 5280= 131,477,280 earth circumference in feet. Multiply x12 to get inches in Earth circumference = 1,577,727,360. Using average 1 inch of tectonic movement per year, and there are 1,577,727,360 inches in earth circumference means it takes that many years for 1 complete trip around the earth. But tectonics start as 2 plates moving away from each other at a common source of newly made earth. Meaning the plates will meet again in half the circumference. So divide inches 1,577,727,360 by 2 = 788,863,680. It takes that many years for the 2 plates to meet on the other side. Those plates subduct, travel vertically to be churned up and later become new earth again. And that's the reason the fossil record cant really go much further back than 788 million years. Because all living things get churned up and evidence destroyed. But there are pieces of plate that churn under but reappear mostly intact. So there are anomalies of creatures without prior history. And tectonic movement is not the same everywhere but 1 inch per year is ok to use just for a rough estimate and pretty closely matches the fossil record.

@yxx_chris_xxy

2 ай бұрын

@@michaelmoore7975 There are fossils of cyanobacteria that are 3.5 billion years old. That's many fortnights in imperial units.

@brothermine2292

2 ай бұрын

Speculation: Multicellular life arose due to the packing of single cells for generations at a source of nutrients. Although initially competitors for the resource, evolution could change their descendants to cooperators to enhance each other's survival.

2:14 look at how it just keeps moving forward

That Trilobite shirt (or sweater?) is totally boss!

Last time I was this early, we didn't know if Ediacaran biota produced collagen.

What a very cool video! To have found these fossils at all is amazing, but for them to be so clear is so much more astounding! Thank you, Eons, for all you do. ❤❤

Yess I've been waiting for this topic to be covered!! Great video!

This is unbelievably cool. Thank you for this, Eons 🙏🏾

Those photograph capturing sounds with each image is something I'm noticing more and more.

Great episode! Much of my own schooling predates these findings, so it's really cool to see how our models on the emergence of animal life have gotten better!

This is intriguing - there's so much more to learn about the events of Earth's vast history.

I wrote my dissertation on this sort of thing. Great to see you cover this topic.

It's amazing how far palaeontology has grown as a field over such a short time, from such humble beginnings.

Thank you eons! I really needed a cheer up today :)

@dr4d1s

2 ай бұрын

🤗

@OceanMachine_

2 ай бұрын

Take care of yourself; I hope you have a better day. :)

@leeleaman8057

2 ай бұрын

@@dr4d1s aw thank you, much appreciated 🤗

Eons is great. Thanks to the hosts and all the researchers. You make a wonderful series.

I knew Chixulub was in the spring, but I don't know HOW I knew that... I'm going to assume I watched a PBS Eons video about it at some point.

@sion8

2 ай бұрын

SciShow has a video on this.

@Elora445

2 ай бұрын

@@sion8 Wow, so they had a video that contained correct information? I'm impressed.

@sion8

2 ай бұрын

@@Elora445 🤨

Lovely. Thank y'all for sharing this with us.

Kallie's shirt is awesome! I have a similar one with short sleeves.

can we just take a sec to enjoy Kallie's awesome print?! And when do we get to see that giraffe shirt, that didn't quite make it through the complex history of how the video of the evolution of the giraffe's long neck came into existence?

Pausing a moment to give props for the material of her shirt, which is printed with trilobites. Somewhere there is a nerd who talked the head of a design department into that. Cheers.

If that sweater isn’t for sale on your store, I’m going to riot

@mkhanman12345

2 ай бұрын

it is on sale.

Thank you, PBS and staff!! I love you all!!

As I understand it, the Cambrian explosion is not the the appearance of animals, but the emergence of hard structures in animals, like shells, exoskeletons and skeletons. It's a certitude that soft body animals existed long before, even during the early Precambrian.

Thank you so much.......the pre-Ediacaran is fascinating.

A) That's awesome!!! B) I love the sweatshirt..., I want one!!! I don't see it in the shop..., where did'st thou procureth it...?

The deeper we look into biology, time, evolution, the more amazing life is! Never lose your awe.

I just gotta say, I love that shirt you've got there, I kinda want one for myself now. It's such a fun design that works quite well.

Where did you find that shirt? :OO I *need* it in my life!!!

I'm currently learning about evolution and the organization of species (Dominion, Filo, Kingdom, etc...) in Highschool and this channel has really made me much more curious about and interested in the subject. Thanks guys ❤

Very interesting thank you PBS eons for covering this topic

Gotta say, some of the fossils of the Bicellum brasiseri and the live holozoans resemble the blastula of early embryos.

That is a very nice shirt! And as always the video is superb.

This is so cool! And Kallie, please share: *where* did your amazing sweatshirt come from - it’s glorious!!

@sonavvs

2 ай бұрын

100% agree with you, that sweatshirt is awesome! Edit: Found it! Look for 252mya cambrian explosion unisex sweatshirt

I really like your alls' content. I always learn something new. Thank you for the great work that you all do.

Fascinating. Thank You.

I love how this came just during dinner time (I'm from India) and this has happened for other videos from you. Love you for that lmao

"A long microscopic fuse to the cambrian explosion" Awsome way to put it! Btw, I love that sweater 😍

Please keep up this length of videos!

This video is great!! Never fails to make me smile! :)

2:13 thats a spikey goopy

@klaudialustig3259

2 ай бұрын

This was CGI, right? Not real footage?

@ThatOneEyedDog

2 ай бұрын

@@klaudialustig3259 nah bro its real I went back in time to take that video

@MandrakeFernflower

2 ай бұрын

My boi Hallucigenia sparsa

@petsgamesandrobots438

2 ай бұрын

don't let that thing attach to your spine

A million years to figure out how to coordinate multicellular life! A MILLION YEARS! Fascinating stuff.

I'm surprized that extremely hearty Tardigrades weren't already tumbling about in that microbiota! (LOVE the design on the shirt fabric.)

Every episode gets better!

>Early animals 'how do you life?' >500 million years later. 'Ohhhh, I get it now.' >Cambrian explosion.

This channel gives life to my own. Everything today seems barren, but strip back the immediacy of NOW and so much time flourishes with life. In the hardest places to live. ❤❤❤

Biology is like that chill dude on the science major group

TALK EDIACARAN TO ME!!!

I want a trilobite shirt....

@frip1080

2 ай бұрын

Its the Cambrian explosion sweatshirt from 252mya! Ive got the Christmas ammonite one

@darktara7171

2 ай бұрын

@@frip1080 Thank you, I hoped to find any leads to it in the comments! Its so cooooool!

@RealMTBAddict

2 ай бұрын

So make one

Amazing video, such great stuff! I wonder what the circumstances were for the change. Perhaps the development of a new protein or something similar. So many extinction events too. It’s so humbling to think we are only because of it

delicious segment, ty

See Aron Ra's 50 part series 'Systematic Classification of Life' for a longer overview 😎

Wow, what a nice blouse.

Great info presented highly entertainingly. You are firing on all cylinders 🙂

Love your top! Being a Cambrian fauna freak, I think that would be an awesome sweater!

Aha! Scientists discovered something new and therefore they were wrong and had a conspiracy and therefore the universe must have been made by a ghost! Sorry, I’m just trying to learn how theists think.

@FatApatosaurus

2 ай бұрын

Don't, you'll get brain rot.

First!

@Wolfie54545

2 ай бұрын

True

@SuperGalliam

2 ай бұрын

2003 called

@RealMTBAddict

2 ай бұрын

One comment on this channel. You must have a great life lol

@whatabouttheearth

2 ай бұрын

7,563rd ... it uploaded only 37 minutes ago! 😂

@BackYardScience2000

2 ай бұрын

Nope! Time stamps show you being second....

That was so interesting. Thank you for it.

Love the shirt, great video as always.

Best video yet, really enjoyed ❤

i love the vids that are 10+ minutes

I'm in love with your sweater!!!

Awesome. Thank you.

You're going to make kurgestat have to re-do their awesome hour long video sooner than they expected!

This video was utterly fascinating. I'm so glad that animal life started 1 bya instead of 0.6 bya. This just makes total sense.

The bloopers are great!

Fascinating, fascinating, fascinating...

YAY! Best way to start my day!!

This was fascinating

I love watching these videos to eat and sleep to ❤

Amazing, thanks!

I love PBS EONS!!!

Excellent presentation👏

Great job as always …

You have a super cool job. Awesome shirt btw

I have been waiting for THIS effing video🎉🎉🎉🎉 I'm so excited

I love the sweater you’re wearing! It’s so cool!!

It seems expected that you would find life and new lifeforms evolving in evaporating ponds. Early life seems to cluster/congregate in areas where water undergoes a phase transition. Life seem to exist and increase complexity whenever this energy gradient is available.

Omg i love that sweater!!