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RECORDED ON NOVEMBER 27th 2023.
Dr. Zachary Garfield is Assistant Professor at Mohammed VI Polytechnic University in the Faculty of Governance, Economics and Social Sciences, and co-director of The Omo Valley Research Project. He investigates how behaviors such as leadership and followership, social learning, decision-making, and economic strategies are related to group-level pressures stemming from, for example, social contexts, network dynamics, political structures, and cultural norms.
In this episode, we start by talking about leadership from an evolutionary perspective. We discuss how to identify a leader, hypotheses for the evolution of leadership, whether it is an evolved adaptation, how leadership works in small-scale egalitarian societies, the social functions of leaders and their psychological traits, and how societies transition to more inequality and how leaders become more coercive. We also talk about the universal and variable dimensions of leadership across societies, and differences between men and women leaders. We then discuss reputation and different reputation domains in human societies, and the different ways people deal with conflict resolution. Finally, we discuss whether leadership correlates with age.
Time Links:
00:00 Intro
00:44 Leadership from an evolutionary perspective
06:20 How to identify a leader
09:03 Hypotheses for the evolution of leadership
12:43 Is leadership an evolved adaptation?
15:18 Leadership in small-scale egalitarian societies
18:26 The functions of leaders
21:14 The psychological traits of leaders
30:12 How leaders become more coercive
33:12 The universal and variable dimensions of leadership across societies
35:58 Differences between men and women leaders
50:41 Reputation and domains of reputation in human societies
59:42 How people deal with conflict resolution
1:14:53 Does leadership correlate with age?
1:19:14 Follow Dr. Garfield’s work!
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The Omo Valley Research Project: bit.ly/48KQB6b
ResearchGate profile: bit.ly/3SJIzmb
Twitter handle: @zhgarfield
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Пікірлер: 6
Great episode, but allow me to present a few remarks: At least some egalitarian HG societies completely lack leadership, such as in the Bayaka Mbendele, Twa or Hadza. In fact the complete lack of leadership is what makes these groups egalitarian. Leadership implies dominance, and there are mechanisms that prevent emergence of any sort of dominant behaviour within these groups ( like"reverse dominance" and "demand-sharing"). You can not have leadership within a society that is nomadic and out-group social where nobody has control over other and everyone is free to join and leave the group. I think it's contradictory and even misleading to affirm that egalitarian societies "hold leaders in check" when leaders can not even exist in the first place. What the interview calls "leaders" are not actually leaders, but simply egalitarian member of a group. If there are no hierarchies or authority, leadership is also an obsolete definition. Just my personal opinion, not meaning to invalidate mr. Garfield's views in any way.
@divinegon4671
Ай бұрын
It’s very difficult to see how this would be feasible. I don’t doubt your four examples, but I do doubt this way of living wouldn’t be possible for a much larger, more longer-living society with a vision of the future. Human beings seems to have a very natural, ingrained hierarchical system for other humans within their brain. Do these tribes just suppress that part of their brain? I don’t understand
@xumara
Ай бұрын
@@divinegon4671 I would argue that what you call "ingrained hierarchical system" is a product of a recent cultural evolution brough upon us by farming and sedentarism, while in contrast, egalitarian non-hierarchical systems have been in place for most of human evolution. When humans were nomadic hunter-gatherers living in small bands, egalitarianism enabled us to evolve through cooperation. Even today, there are still many egalitarian HG societies that have survived and thrived continuously for hundreds of thousands of years. So egalitarianism has been ingrained in human brains way before and much longer than authoritarianism and hierarchies. Of course, large-scale societies have in fact formed as a result of hierarchies and authoritarianism, but is debatable whether living in larger societies equals better well-being. For once, the cost of living in larger societies also implies the loss of freedom for many, and priviledges for others. Larger societies do not necessarily mean they are superior to smaller societies, nor that humans should always strive for larger population sizes. I would personally argue that less is more.
@divinegon4671
Ай бұрын
@@xumara I’d love to read your post, but you need to break up your ideas into smaller chunks. One big block of text makes it unappealing. Goodbye
The type of leadership depends on the environment. Leading a group of criminals requires a higher degree of crime, cruelly and irrational animal vileness, usually thieves rely more on the destructive irrational meanness, but in human gatherings that consist of a larger number of people, leadership requires wisdom resulting from accumulated experiences. The number may be less, but the environment requires mind and wisdom, so individuals agree. This group emphasizes the importance of reason and wisdom for leadership, but that is not necessarily the rule. A group of criminals or one criminal may lead a state, and the strategy is the life of harmful parasites, where that society lives on the misfortunes and tragedies of other peoples, and the ruling group blackmails that society by threatening them with the loss of their luxury life through the abandoning the life of harmful parasites. Leadership of an individual is no longer possible with modern complexities. Rather, it requires a group and an individual at the forefront.
There is no big difference between humans and the rest of the irrational animals with regard to leadership. Usually the most powerful, violent and meanest is the one who leads, but some animals are led by the most skilled and experienced and not necessarily the most powerful, especially among animals that need to cooperate in hunting operations, or even among herbivorous animals. During movement and mass migrations, as a result of the presence of a higher degree of consciousness type one e among humans, they realized the importance of experience and wisdom, especially with regard to confronting natural disasters, famines, and other dangers, as physical strength is insufficient and sometimes useless, and they realized the importance of the mind, especially during Wars.