Dr. Lincoln, you are a national treasure. Thank you for bringing physics to the masses.

Dr Lincoln, I think you could make an entire episode for each question you answer at the end of each of these videos. Thank you for posting this series.

Wow, thanks for answering my question on the neutron decay! The mass balance is a very clear explanation. I'm glad you added the numbers to illustrate that.

@dan7291able

4 жыл бұрын

Seriously, that was mind blowing information for me

The question and answer part is fantastic! I think I it could be it's own channel.

My mind is blown each time you answer questions! I'm loving this series. Stuff that I believe to be true (why the mass of partical together have less mass then apart), being answered in such a simple and elegant way.

Could you explain the difference between theories that arise from "deep physical principles" or "First principles" from the "Band aid" as you say Higg's theory is? Isn't pretty much everything we come up with in physics kind of a band aid that we then test and measure? P.S. It's such an amazing time we live in that we can have someone like Dr. Lincoln, a man on the cutting edge of physics, basically sit down and have a chat with us in our home and explain the concepts that these videos tackle.

“The origin of mass...” for me it’s strawberry pop tarts.

@johnklar5131

4 жыл бұрын

I guess someone has to eat them.

@jakeg3126

4 жыл бұрын

I was just eating them

Just another episode, just right on time. Thank you Dr. Lincoln for these series.

I've always been a fan of this channel, but thanks for this show in particular. I'm loving the format.

Thank you for taking the time to put these videos together. I appreciate that you narrate them so everyday people can follow along. I have enjoyed your videos for a while and always look forward to seeing new ones. Have a wonderful day. Stay safe.

i have watched all videos by Dr Lincoln, and learned so much about my favourite subject. cant wait for the next video

I enjoyed the new delivery for "subatomic stories" in the intro But part of me really misses the corny smile.

you are one of my favorite humans! thank you for all these amazing videos!

Love this channel. I find your explanations very easy to grasp for my layman science level.

I could watch hours and hours of this, I wish I could study a physics mayor.

@kalokajoe357

4 жыл бұрын

Same here bro

@ryanwaege7251

4 жыл бұрын

ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/

@fdsfds7339

4 жыл бұрын

Don Lincoln is the mayor of physics

@MrAlRats

4 жыл бұрын

As far as I know, only cities, towns and other municipalities have mayors. Scientific disciplines such as Physics or Biology, don't have mayors or presidents or monarchs. You could study a Physics Nobel laureate, who are considered the elite among physicists. Though they may not appreciate you observing their every move. In fact, most of them would object to you following them to the bathroom or bedroom. However, they may not mind if you watch them for hours, from a sufficient distance.

@eddipl5055

4 жыл бұрын

Ryan Waege thank you sr

Oh SNAP... this is why I love your vids, I come for one reason, grain knowledge, and then gain even more unexpected knowledge like your explanation as to why Atomic Nuclei are stable, i didnt even realize you were explaining something I didnt even understand or ask about until rewinding it a couple times lol Bravo, I tip my cap , you really truly help us laymens try to understand these things better, and I Thank you

I truly love this series. Ive always loved videos by you and fermilabs, but this personal thing... its like i have a physics teacher at home right now. And you cant believe how many times ive used your video on cherenkov radiation to explain things. It truly tought me about radiation and what im seeing

Dr. Lincoln I have a question. How does a fermion emit a boson? Are bosons inherently present inside a fermion or it's got something to do with wave nature or something else?

@aelolul

4 жыл бұрын

And for that matter, how do bosons emit fermions?

@dan7291able

4 жыл бұрын

Preeeetty sure it has something to do with conservation of Energy or conservation of Spin, either one of those 2 or both , my knowledge is admittedly limited lol, but I think fermion can emit ANYTHING as long as it splits into the particles that add up to the previous particles total energery or spin or.. Doc help me out here lol.. His explanation for stable nuclei / decay in the questions segment REALLy opened my eyes, that N = P + e + v , is wow, i understood protons are positive, and electrons are negative but i always wondered how the hell the neutron can BE neutral... and holy crap... N = P+e+v! , a proton + an electron cancels each other out and therefor makes a neutral neutron, wow. Did not know lol thats why im TRYING to help answer your question as to if bosons are inherently inside a fermion, well we now know a neutron has a proton and electron inside of it... BUT they are not a proton and electron WHEN they are inside....they are a combined Neutron lol

@David_Last_Name

4 жыл бұрын

@@dan7291able To clear one thing up: A neutron doesn't actually have a proton and electron inside it. It has 3 quarks inside it. And so does a proton. But quarks are able to turn into other quarks, so what you get is 1 of the quarks inside a neutron changes from -2/3 to +1/3 (this adds up to a total change in charge of +1, so it becomes a proton), and in the process emits an electron so the charge of the system doesn't change. Though I'm sure I'm leaving out some details there, and I forget why the neutrino gets emitted..........

@cloudpoint0

4 жыл бұрын

@@David_Last_Name What you say is correct. A neutron has a bit more energy (MeV) than a proton plus an electron. An antineutrino is needed to make up the difference so that energy is conserved. The antineutrino doesn’t carry away any mass energy to speak of but it can carry away momentum energy as it recoils from the electron. At least I think this is the way it all works.

@dan7291able

4 жыл бұрын

@@David_Last_Name Thanks bud, i knew the the particles in question werent IN the neutron lol but the way you explained it I still have trouble formulating into coherent words lmao so thank you. I think the neutrino only gets emitted because IN that situation where the proton and an electron form, the remaining constituent can only BE a neutrino, i really dont know lol, i thought the neutrino was the electron without a charge lol

Thank you good doctor for another interesting and informative episode. I am wowed by the viewer questions; many things that I did not ask myself in considering the content. Lots of creative thinkers here and thank you to those who ask and Dr. Lincoln for answering!

Hi Don, My question is: why do only left handed particles and right handed antiparticles interact with the weak force?

I never liked physics at the primary school (I didn't have in my high school because I have studied economy, here in Serbia the system is different from the US) but I have figured why I didn't like it back then and now I love it! It's because I didn't have good profesor, he wasn't interested to make it interesting for us, he just teached us basics formulas for calculations, he never tried to interest us through space, or to try to make us understand. I believe that we could have more people interested in physics only if we have professors who are interested to hook us. The thing that I have learnt is that the Atoms was the smallest particles even though it wasn't (that was in the middle of the 90s) and that is telling you a lot about the person itself. I feel so sad because its one of my favourite things to learn today and who knows what would happen to me only if I had some better guidance.

I think you videos are excellent and they have helped deepen my understanding of physics and remove some of my many misconceptions. I have a question about supersymmetry (which I hope you will do one of theses videos on). Is core idea of a symmetry between matter and forces and so between fermions and bosons a coincidence or something more significant?

Great video. Am sure physics is everything. Curious, what was your role in the Higgs discovery. Were you on the ATLAS team or the CMS team?

This explains a lot for me. Thanks!

Great episode, thanks Don.

Carrying is everything. Thanks Dr. Don Lincoln

Dr Lincoln thank you again to help explain complex physics concepts to us “not so smart” people, I really like your “delivery “ style , with a little pinch of humor just to make more approachable, science divulgation is very important in these times of conspiracy theories. I notice a lot of comments with “suggestions” of explanations for very complex physics problems, now I like new ideas and questions, I just hope the authors of these comments realize they (like myself) really know nothing of physics, I hope these are genuine manifestations of a curious minds and NOT manifestations of Dunning Kruger effected minds, ask anything but remember to be humble and don’t think you’re a genius!

Thanks for the wonderful video!

Really enjoyed that, thank you. Be safe.

Important Question : Where is your Rap Battle with Matt from the PBS Space Time Channel ?

@frankschneider6156

4 жыл бұрын

Blocked by the Geneva convention

@DRiungi

4 жыл бұрын

@@frankschneider6156 lol!

I'm grateful I found your channel, until now I watched bloggers, not really the same, thank you. Greetings from Greece

@DrDon in order to have an annihilating encounter of a particle with its antiparticle, do we consider Coulomb or actual common collisions? Thanks!

Dr. Lincoln, your videos are amazing. Thank you so much for all the knowledge; you helped me earn my physics diploma. I have a question regarding Strange Quarks. A lot of theories out there about Strange Quarks/strange matter being the optimal state of matter, and that it can convert ordinary matter into strange matter. What are your thoughts on strange matter?

Great video!

Dr Lincoln, GREAT VIDEO! I have a question: can you discuss what your role was on the Higgs discovery and can you please tell us more detail about how you discovered a particle at Fermi?

The best episode so far :-)

Dr Lincoln - you have a dope selection of books in your library.

Hahaha I love your physics jokes! And your videos are helping me through quarantine everyday 😂💞

Hey Dr. Don! Do we see any entropy effects at the atomic and subatomic scale? Meaning are subatomic interactions reversible with the same energy in or out every time?

Excellent videos👍

Dr. Lincoln! Thank you for sharing your knowledge and experience with us all! Question: Does the Higgs Field exist inside a black hole? And if not, would that lead to a 0.1% reduction in their mass?

THANK YOU PROFESSOR LINCOLN...!!!

_Thanks for English subtitles..._

Hi, I was curious your opinion on PBS Space Time's episode about antimatter perhaps being very diffuse in the large spaces between galaxies?

I like your T-shirt! Where can I buy it?

@drdon5205

4 жыл бұрын

It was custom-made.

@Grandunifiedcelery

4 жыл бұрын

@@drdon5205 I see, thanks.

Simply, Don, thank you for saying "Physics fans" and no more "guys"!

excellent.thank you.

Hi Dr. Don, great video series. I really enjoy watching it. My question is: When we talk about energy in the subatomic world, or when discussing Einsteins equation, what form of energy are we talking about? Kinetic? Electromagnetic? Gravitational? etc? Can we give a unit to this energy? Thanks!

@frankschneider6156

4 жыл бұрын

There is just a single kind of energy and we call it "Energy", and its unit is J (Joule).

Really enjoyed the answers, thank you for the questions! I drop things quite often, the CERN folk must be ever so cautious to take a year to drop some anti-hydrogen.

Did you just reinvent water to be HO2? :))))

@StopSpammingOriginal

4 жыл бұрын

Hahaha, my brain autocorrected. I had to go back to verify.

@variancytphul

4 жыл бұрын

Good catch

@NicleT

4 жыл бұрын

1:34 Yep, you’re right!

@holz_name

4 жыл бұрын

My ques is that somebody put the wrong label on the model atoms. Normally, oxygen is red and bigger and hydrogen is white and small.

@TheKwiatek

4 жыл бұрын

Isn't it the same mistake as SciShow did? I wonder if they used the same resource for the grafic.

Dr. Lincoln, do these Higgs field interactions lead to inertial mass or gravitational mass? Or are both sorts of mass the result? Are inertial mass and gravitational mass distinct properties from one another?

Do we know if regular mass and mass from the higgs field do separate at lower energy levels? (just as higher energy levels merges the electric and weak force to become electroweak force)

If I would need to explain the Higgs field to a toddler, I would say that it is a high friction substance all around us, which slows us down like a pool of water, but it works in 4D (where 4th is time), not in 3D, and it slows down ACCELERATION, and not speed. How accurate that would be?

@juzoli

4 жыл бұрын

Riccardo Manuel La Rosa Mass is interacting with gravity, and gravity is just resistance to acceleration in TIME, so 4D is mandatory.

@TheZenytram

4 жыл бұрын

0 acurated

@juzoli

4 жыл бұрын

Riccardo Manuel La Rosa Relativity always applies, we just don’t know how:) And this is a specific model where the 2 are not inherently in conflict. Standing on the Earth’s surface, you are continuously accelerating, that’s why you feel weight, the resistance against that acceleration.

Is it just me, ore were you smiling much more naturally in this episode? I enjoyed that.

Hi Dr. Lincoln! Besides super symmetry, is there any other particles theorized for the standard model?

@davidfilo1123

4 жыл бұрын

Graviton

@ozzymandius666

4 жыл бұрын

Grand unified force carrying bosons.

@zackyezek3760

4 жыл бұрын

Just some others I'm familiar with that have possible experimental evidence: 1) Right handed ("sterile") neutrinos: To explain the tiny masses and other peculiar traits of the known ones. 2) Leptoquarks: To explain growing evidence that muons and taus are something more than just heavy electrons (violations of "lepton universality" in B mesons) 3) Z',W' bosons: Carriers of a new "Right-handed" weak force that pairs with the known "left handed" one 4) X17 dark photon: possible new force carrier inferred from some anomalies in specific atomic decays 5) X and Y bosons: Mediators of the extremely weak 'grand unification' force (strong force + electroweak) that would cause proton decay, if proton decay can happen. 6) Axions: Mediators of a 'hidden' force that fixes the "strong CP problem". Basically, the math for the strong force (QCD) allows for & models some observable behavior we never see. Something is cancelling out or otherwise precluding those effects (setting the 'CP-violation terms' to ZERO) and the best explanation so far is a new force. These guys are also a leading dark matter candidate. 7) Magnetic monopoles: To explain why electric charge is quantized as well as conserved, and eliminate an otherwise largely inexplicable asymmetry between electricity & magnetism that implicitly carries over into the unified electromagnetic & electroweak forces. 8) Gravitons: If gravity waves really are like light, then these would be gravity's photons.

Dr Lincoln - what is the actual cross-section for positron and electron collision in the galactic haloes?

Here's an alternative explanation of how the Higgs field and boson impart mass to leptons and baryons: Time/distance/acceleration and entanglement are mutually exclusive as superposition requires instantaneous response over any distance, thus precluding acceleration and the time function in that realm. That's why, in my humble amateur opinion, we need a component of matter that still exists in a realm without a time dimension. My TOE posits a dual membrane electromagnetic field with an antimatter half that doesn't have a time function, (i.e. a 3-brane). The EMF, when properly stimulated, produces circular string pairs of 4-brane matter and 3-brane antimatter to form 1 to 3 aspect ratio tori that we call gravitons that are the building blocks of all subsequent more complex matter. The circuit or conduction tensor formed in the torus keeps these strings from annihilating as does the conduction tensor holding graviton clusters together, (looks like a barbell). Time just renders these antimatter strings to a recessive manifestation in the graviton and in the subsequently more complex structures unless an annihilation event is created with counter rotating structures that force a matter-antimatter collision. Some of the less complex structures can synchronize wave functions such that when they reach zero, allow transport of all or part of the particle through the antimatter 3-brane but information can always flow between the superposed antimatter components. Gravity is just the electromagnetic and fluid dynamics processes applied to the flow of graviton and graviton clusters around and through Standard Model particles when time applies on our 4-brane. The clusters are actually gluons that were formed en mass during the GUT Epoch and are continually formed in lepton and baryon particle cores. These gluons/clusters act like a dipole gas subject to condensation via Feshbach resonance and BCS field effect, and this condensate is formed in the electromagnetic field of galaxies as dark matter that is scattered by cosmic rays immediately after formation of a droplet. Once dispersed, the dark matter is detected as point source gravity in a halo around galaxies. The dipole gas is spin and charge coupled on the surface of leptons and baryons to form the Higgs field via fluid dynamics to operate as an electromagnetic rectenna generating space-time viscosity as it captures the momentum of gravitons and clusters flying through the field, (kzread.info/dash/bejne/d4qWxsSPmN3JfZc.html&t=288 , the secondary torus represents the Higgs boson terminating/reversing Higgs field flow). The gas is also the working fluid for a gravitational propulsion system operating as an “ion thruster” through the core of the leptons and baryons. Dark energy is just the increase in quantum friction of the propulsion system in barren space. When the propulsion system develops friction, the Higgs field drags the particle backwards toward even less dense space because the propulsion system no longer counteracts the Higgs field generated momentum captured from the low density gravity flux emanating from the center of the universe. The gluons also form the structure of the SM particles when fused together in rings under activation energy with four graviton clusters forming leptons, six graviton gluons forming nucleus shells and eight graviton clusters forming nucleon shells with each modular element absorbing the strings from the distal gravitons into the linear conduction tensor to form a stronger core of the structural ring. Neutrinos are one of the rings from a lepton that can oscillate because of the triple density string structure in the ring core.

what are some good books to learn the math of schroedingers equation and the math of the standard model?

If the weak force changes the identity of particles and classical mechanics describes a force as something that changes the momentum of an object, how exactly is a force defined in particle physics?

4 жыл бұрын

it's a mean of interaction between particles.

Thank you sir for this wonderful explanation about Heisenlberg uncertainty principle. I need a clarification, can Heisenberg uncertainty principle address how we can perform Teleportation of quantum particle and higher molecule's by predicting the velocity of an object required for calculating relative velocity required also in mean time predicting the path of moving object

question: is it possible that particles falling briefly back into their own gravity wells while accelerating before the gravity waves finish propogating is the reason why mass creates both gravity AND inertia/momentum?

@ 8:26 there is a switcheroo on proton and neutron masses... Love the channel, although more times than not, leaves me with a headache :)

@drdon5205

4 жыл бұрын

Good eye!

I would love to know what you think of That Roberts TED talk on visualizing 11 dimensions. It's what opened my eyes to the possibility of granular space, which made the plank limit, and the flow of gravity, finally make sense. We know there's no way to tell the difference between moving through space and experiencing gravity, so it makes sense to think of gravity as the flow of spacetime. Then the question is, where the heck is all that spacetime going?!? Do the grains pour through dimensions like some immense, unfathomable river? And if so, can the motion of that river be harvested?

Very interesting 🧐

when you know if antimater does fall, please tell us!!! very interesting question!!

With regards to your episode on "Anti-Matter", you stated that matter and anti-matter combine in equal amounts to give energy, and that is the understanding for E=mc^2. My understanding of Nuclear Physics has been that, the mass defect gets converted into energy, but there isn't any anti-matter involved there, is it? How then, is energy produced from the mass defect, in the absence of anti-matter?

@narfwhals7843

4 жыл бұрын

Some nuclear processes do involve anti-matter, like beta+ decay, but that's not the point. The point is that mass is never converted to energy. Mass _is_ energy. When we measure mass we simply measure the energy of an object. And a hydrogen atom simply has less energy than a separated proton and electron because of the potential between them. PBS Spacetime have a nice video on that. kzread.info/dash/bejne/iqNmlZSkqbfZf5M.html

Does the mass given by the Higgs field differ from the mass provided by regular energy of atoms in its interaction with the curvature of space-time? Would that potentially explain the apparent weakness of gravity on a quantum scale?

question: why unstable nuclei have too many protons or too many neutrons? why having too many protons or too many neutrons upsets the strong nuclear forces? I heard it on other videos but I don't understand

Hey I really enjoyed your video

What a great tutorial!

A question about Higgs mass vs other mass has been bugging me for some time now. Is there any difference between Higgs mass and other (confined energy) mass as far as relativity is concerned? I presume this is not the case since it would be a big deal if it were. How would you go about proving or disproving this, one way or the other?

Does eletroweak theory make the same predictions for both QED and QFD when at low energy that the individual theories say, basiclly can you “toss out” QED and just use EWT?

Could you explain what temperature means at the subatomic scale, especially if the system has one particle? I thought it was a macroscopic measurement of matter

@frankschneider6156

4 жыл бұрын

molecular motion. The higher the velocity of the particle, the higher it's temperature

Dear Dr. Lincoln, I wanted to ask you how could a particle have momentum if it doesn't have mass? Isn't momentum mass*velocity? I'm a bit confused.

@narfwhals7843

4 жыл бұрын

Momentum does not require mass. p=m*v is a simplification for everyday purposes. Momentum is the ability to exert a force, and that requires energy, not mass. So the whole story is again in the full equation E^2=(mc^2)^2+(pc)^2. For massless particles that means E=pc, so p=E/c. The Science Asylum has a video on that kzread.info/dash/bejne/fqOVxryKm9XMk7Q.html

@dan7291able

4 жыл бұрын

@@narfwhals7843 Well said, tho i think in the full equation the (mc^2) is also Squared

@narfwhals7843

4 жыл бұрын

@@dan7291able you're right. I'll edit that

Hi Don.. probably a silly question: is it possible that not only the 'particle' gives mass to things but actually its entire field? That is: integrate the entire gaussian curve of the particle's probability? (Not only consider the highest likely probs as its mass)

You seem to have good books on your book shelf, could you maybe give us a quick rundown of books that you have or recommend some books to read in these times.

Good video for my birthday : )

Nice video, again, even for a solid state experimental physicist like me! (Solid State Physics is Everything!) I'm in the same situation, sitting in Home Office for months already. Therefore, after the virus crisis, there will be one question left: Joining first the Weight Watchers, or the AA? 😂

@drdon5205

4 жыл бұрын

Why not both? (And cake of the month club, just because.)

Great show - Couldn't help noticing - The History of Vikings?

Dr Lincoln,how do photons effect the velocity of particles if they are massless?

@yashagarwal8249

4 жыл бұрын

It's because they have momentum, and momentum must be conserved. Another way to calculate is would be through conservation of energy.

@yajursharma9305

4 жыл бұрын

@@yashagarwal8249 I am actually a bit confused. Isn't momentum mass*velocity? Can a particle have momentum if it doesn't have mass?

@narfwhals7843

4 жыл бұрын

@@yajursharma9305 Momentum does not require mass. p=m*v is a simplification for everyday purposes. Momentum is the ability to exert a force, and that requires energy, not mass. So the whole story is again in the full equation E^2=(mc^2)+(pc)^2. For massless particles that means E=pc, so p=E/c. The Science Asylum has a video on that kzread.info/dash/bejne/fqOVxryKm9XMk7Q.html

@yajursharma9305

4 жыл бұрын

@@narfwhals7843 thanks a lot. This was really bothering me. I have just finished Newton's laws in school last year and I didn't understand this. Thank you for clearing my doubts.

Very nice videos. Q: How does the Unruh effect work? Is it possible to test it with modern technology? Is it related to Hawking radiation?

@ozzymandius666

4 жыл бұрын

We cannot get accelerations big enough to measure the Unruh effect. Yes, Hawking radiation can be said to be Unruh radiation.

@CraftyF0X

4 жыл бұрын

Check this out. kzread.info/dash/bejne/aZeemNGidqeriMY.html

@vytautasdanielius7058

4 жыл бұрын

Thanks for the link, but I wanted to know the opinion of an actual experimental physicist. Also, is the effect visible during deceleration? Centripetal acceleration?

@ozzymandius666

4 жыл бұрын

@@vytautasdanielius7058 The effect is not visible short of many trillions of g's of acceleration, far beyond current technology's ability to generate. Yes, the effect exists during deceleration, as that is really just acceleration in the other direction. Yes, the effect exists during centripetal acceleration.

I get a little twitch in my brain everytime the phrase "I/we don't have time for ..." is said on a KZread video. You have all the time in the world. They want you making longer videos to appease the algorithm. I love your videos, I just had to share that twitch.

@drdon5205

4 жыл бұрын

There is no algorithm relevance to Fermilab videos. There are no adds and they are not monetized. They do, however, have to be produced on a one-week time scale on a shoestring budget.

I don’t want to read a book I just want to say that particles are given mass by the gravitational waves that are pushing them so particles that have very little mass have very little gravitational waves pushing them.… Thank you for inspiring me

Does it have size any meaning in the subatomic world? If it does, can a massless particle have a size?

With the mention about how most of our mass actually comes from protons and neutrons via the strong force and not the Higgs field, a thought just occurred to me: If the energy released from nuclear fission or fusion is immense, how would that compare to the energy released if we were able to split a proton or neutron into their respective quarks? also, quark fusion? Is it analogous to the difference between the energy levels of the weak force and strong force?

On the topic of mass and mater; i've been wondering if there is a limit to how few particles you could theoretically make a black hole out of. Could you f.ex. Squeeze a single neutron into a black hole? And would that mean that it is the density of quarks that makes it collapse?

Thank you! Is the Higgs boson a Gauge boson? How interacts the Higgsfield with Particles?

@thedeemon

4 жыл бұрын

No. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukawa_interaction

Regarding the antimatter galaxy question toward the end of the episode: is there any way we would be able to know whether matter and antimatter in fact *were* produced in exactly equal quantities during the Big Bang, but it was somehow “polarized” to make a matter “half” and an antimatter “half” to the universe? I don’t find it terribly hard to imagine that inflation would have been able to put it out of our cosmic horizon relatively quickly, but I don’t have PhD in physics...

Does Heisenberg's Uncerteinty Priciple apply to Higgs Field aswell? Can a particle have uncertain mass becuse of that?

@ozzymandius666

4 жыл бұрын

No. Can an electron have an uncertain charge? No, it cannot. The mass is a measure of what is called a coupling constant with the field. for the electro-magnetic field, its called the fine structure constant. For the Higgs field its called the Yukawa coupling constant( which is different for different particles)

@Ciekawostkioporanku

4 жыл бұрын

@@ozzymandius666 Ok, but a vacuum can have an uncertain charge...right? I mean...virtual particles and stuff.

@ozzymandius666

4 жыл бұрын

@@Ciekawostkioporanku Not really. All fluctuations are particle/anti-particle pairs, resulting in zero net charge.

Respected sir, Why is an isolated proton more stable than an isolated neutron? Does it have to do anything with their masses?

Is there exotic matter(matter with negative mass) ?

What does it mean for forces to seperate at certain temperatures? Isn't a temperature an emergent property of the kinetic energy of massive particles? How would individual particle interactions know of this "temperature"?

But what type of Mass inertial or gravitational since they both have found to be the same value experimentally?

@KohuGaly

4 жыл бұрын

They are the same. In fact that's the whole point of general relativity. It explains away gravity as a force, by assuming it doesn't exist and not assuming that spacetime is always euclidean (flat).

How does antimatter behave near 0 Kelvin? Does it levitate? Thanks for this awesome series.

It is worth noting that a "nucleus" consisting of just two protons (Helium 2) is so high-energy as to basically not exist. That is why he is comparing the energy of deuteron against the energy of two separate protons and an electron. When two protons get that close to each other, one of two things generally happens: A The protons repulse each other via electric force; or B one of the protons decays via the weak force into a neutron and and a positron, so that a deuterium nucleus and a positron are formed, along with a gamma ray releasing the excess energy, i.e., the first kind of nuclear fusion in stars. I suppose it is also possible for the the quarks in the two protons to interact and maybe split into various mesons or other hadrons, maybe creating jets of quarks, but those things only happen at very high energies where protons can be forced even closer to each other at high relative velocities.

@Mr.Nichan

4 жыл бұрын

I forgot an electron neutrino in my description of proton-proton fusion.

Dr.Lincoln, why doesn't electromagnetic force bend space-time like gravity does?

@hemsingh6785

4 жыл бұрын

Its the energy that bend space and force is the result of energy

@user-cb9rb7cm6k

4 жыл бұрын

Photon don't have mass

@hemsingh6785

4 жыл бұрын

@@user-cb9rb7cm6k but they have energy

@MusicalRaichu

4 жыл бұрын

bending of space-time is a mathematical model that is one way of explaining the force of gravity. AFAIK the same type of model doesn't work with other forces but I don't know any more details. IIRC einstein did try to look into that after he invented relativity but was unsuccessful at coming up with anything.

@holz_name

4 жыл бұрын

You mean an electromagnetic field? Because a force is the result of the electromagnetic field. A field is how much energy you apply over an area over time. So, basically, a force is just a mathematical construct and doesn't exist. What exist is the energy you apply over an area in a specific duration.

Dr. Lincoln, some time ago over on the PBS Space Time channel, Dr. O'Dowd mentioned that antimatter can look like matter that is experiencing time in reverse. Is this just a weird quirk of the math or is there a way to test if this is a real thing?

Hello Dr. Lincoln, My understanding is that the reason the known universe didn't immediately collapse to form a black hole after the big bang is because the density gradient of matter and enery at that time was so smooth and uniform, gravity couldn't cause a coalescing. How long did it take for those theorized quantum fluctuations at the time of inflation and/or the big bang before gravity began to have a strong enough gradient that it mattered as a fundamental force?

That's one hell of a mixup with that water molecule lol

Hello. I have an interesting question: How does Higgs boson field interact with particles such as tachyons(with imaginary mass) and how can negative mass be described as an effect from interacting with the Higgs boson field?

@ozzymandius666

4 жыл бұрын

There is no such thing as a tachyon, their existence would destabilize the vacuum. Same goes for negative mass.