Hey everybody! comments, corrections, and FAQs here: 1) Go check out reddit.com/r/trytryagain, there are a bunch of posts now and it's great! 2) Thanks to Kunal and Aidan for previewing this video and making sure I wasn't too egregiously wrong in my explanations! Kunal wanted to add that for TEM and STEM imaging, the vast majority of the time the sample isn't pointed "at the beam" - normally it's at a wonky angle to produce very specific diffraction effects. This lets us do some cool things, like look at strain fields from dislocations, but I didn't do that in this video. Also because of diffraction effects, by the time you've zoomed all the way into atoms, the "shadow" analogy is actually pretty terrible, and image formation is complicated (hence switching to STEM). Aidan had some comments on STEM-vs-TEM, notably that despite the beam paths being completely different, they actually DO interact with the sample in largely the same way and produce similar contrast when you aren't at atomic resolution. When I said they were mechanistically completely different, that was accurate from the perspective of the mechanics of the microscope being different, but the beam-sample interaction physics is EXTREMELY similar. 2 (TLDR) I swept a lot under the rug in order to focus exclusively on atomic-resolution microscopy - Diffraction and strain contrast microscopy is arguably a lot more important, certainly more common, but also a LOT more complicated. 3) I've got t-shirts for sale! If you ever wanted to have a t-shirt with a giant red flaming alpha on the front - NOW YOU CAN… alphaphoenix.creator-spring.com/ 4) If anybody's super-curious, here's the paper we published: doi: pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00188 unfortunately it's not on SciHub yet, but if you check back in a couple days I should have a link to the manuscript available! 5) I’ve had a lot of people ask about the drift - yes the sample is rigidly mounted, and yes the beam keeps pointing in the same direction, but when was the last time you tried to hold something so still that it didn’t move by an atom? Thermal expansion and contraction is actually a huge problem - if the sample stage is warmer than the microscope, when you load it in, the arm that holds the sample is going to cool down and contract - super slowly - for a couple hours minimum, and that’s enough to ruin long exposure pictures with crazy rolling shutter artifacts. 6) a few people have mentioned the mask and while I think most of these commenters are just being irritants because they can, it actually brings up a very interesting point about these scopes. To reduce noise, vibration, and changes in temperature, the room that houses this microscope is designed to have almost zero air changeover. This is fantastic for consistent microscope operation, but real bad to leave an airborne virus in a room and have somebody else walk into the same air a few minutes later. 7) I did some math and changed the title from 10000000x magnification to 50000000x magnification (eh - same order of magnitude). magnification is very poorly-defined because it technically depends on the viewing screen. There IS a "standard" display size from when all TEM images were published on paper in the same journal format, but I don't remember the size, so I took one of the shots where I was focusing with a field of view of a little over 4 nanometers and assumed it was 8-10 inches tall on the monitor, then rounded nicely. according to the manufacturer's site, the magnification goes up to 230M - again, not sure what the intended display size is. I wonder if they ship computer monitors with the microscope??? 8) I'm sure there are more things wrong or fuzzy so complain away and I'll add notes here!

@NOT_A_ROBOT

Жыл бұрын

how did you comment before the video was released? also first

@panconqueos

Жыл бұрын

Why is all that focusing lenses process done by hand? It looks like it could be done by some software itself using either sensors or IA to detect patterns on the image

@caam0000

Жыл бұрын

@@NOT_A_ROBOT He probably released the video as privat first. Then he could comment on it, and then release it as public.

@NOT_A_ROBOT

Жыл бұрын

@@caam0000 ok thanks lol

@Realryancurry

Жыл бұрын

Are you making “clean” semi-conductor?

It’s insane that this kind of technology can be used and showcased to potentially millions of people all by one guy.

@petevenuti7355

Жыл бұрын

Of millions, who else is so cool to do so? One in a billion.....

@AlphaPhoenixChannel

Жыл бұрын

There are so many cool things in the world, and I wish everybody passionate about their field had the chance to share. I’ve been so shocked at the reception to these videos over the last year on what I thought were super-obscure topics, and it just reinforces the old Feynman quote that “everything in interesting if you go into it deeply enough.” Keep being curious everybody!

@snakedoktor6020

Жыл бұрын

@@AlphaPhoenixChannel "...everything IS interesting..." Great video. Really sparked my curiosity!

@mudkip_btw

Жыл бұрын

@@AlphaPhoenixChannel your shirts are sold out in my size :(

@stevenswapp4768

Жыл бұрын

Indeed, but the catch is that a third of the people will likely call it evil because of the fact that the earth is flat. (How can I convey a tone of sarcasm through text?)

That is an absolutely stunning machine, and an equally stunning capture! Well done!

@ronjoe6292

Жыл бұрын

I mean, yeah, it's cool and all, but does it run Doom?

@gallium-gonzollium

Жыл бұрын

Hello, random checkmark, hope you have a good day

@zyeborm

Жыл бұрын

@@ronjoe6292 I mean it's a semiconductor so probably

@Django45

Жыл бұрын

What is funny here is that I am currently employed at a factory that makes these things. And I find it cool that I understand some of the things he is showing on screen, purely from the setup and assembly perspective.

@mozkitolife5437

Жыл бұрын

My man eyeing off his next lab toy 👁🫦👁

please never lose your curiosity - such people like you move humanity forward and give us hope in the future 👍

@TheRoland444

4 ай бұрын

Hope for the future, absolutely, he's not a politician.....................

@thegreatdestroyer6506

2 ай бұрын

@@TheRoland444 He could be. I would love for more scientists to go into politics.

your physical examples are amazing and brilliantly thought out, especially using the gimbal and laser to explain scanning. That looks like it took an eternity to set up, film, and edit, but it was extremely effective at explaining the principal

@johnjenkins9445

9 ай бұрын

right!? and how he did it without extra words! so damn concise! loved it :)

@kratoleaf7619

Ай бұрын

the BIG question is what are the atoms made of? does an atom have a nucleus?

I used to think I was pretty smart. Then I realized that someone had to create this machine and that knocked me down a few pegs. This guy did a great job dumbing it down for me and is a natural educator.

@timvanlaere9803

Жыл бұрын

Doesn't mean "you are not smart" or "less smart". Much of this type of work is by trail and error. And persuing an idea, refining it and slowly zoning into something that works. Probably this machine hasn't been conceptualized "by a single person" and "by just sitting at the desk and started drawing". It's usually rigorous effort and endurance, persistence. And usually it's also a hyper focussed ability to a very niche or small detaillistic branch of study or applied studies. All it takes is "bringing your above your intellect that is above average in your surroundings", into a situation where it becomes average ("peers") or below average ("mentors"). And start doing things and keep putting in the work. And perhaps one day you'll get a spark of inspiration, or grow into expertise in one or another thing. And realize how far you have grown and come compared to where you were before. If you feel "you are smarter as those around you", you can either try to get into a context where you can apply this. Or you can mentor those you notice are not "so bright as yourself". It's never too late. There will be always someone more intelligent as you, from a little bit to lightyears ahead. But the reverse is also true: there will be always people much less intelligent as yourself.

@MDubHusky

Жыл бұрын

@@timvanlaere9803 Well said. I like the perspective of "mentors, teachers and peers" as a way of referring to people, as opposed to "smart and stupid".

@u235u235u235

Жыл бұрын

machine like that is the result of decades of ENTIRE CULTURES working through tiny increases. millions of people to get a machine like that, even the grunts digging ditches for materials are part of the process. it's not ONE person, ever was. even one person needs to go to school for years learning what many people passed down through generations. no one is an island, no one. humans are powerful because we can cooperate and specialize. you could say none of this is possible without farming. without farming we all go back to hunter gatherers.

@richard3536

Жыл бұрын

The SEM operators at AT&T , Bell Laboratories only had high school educations . Your not dumb , would only need 90 days training . Least wise , that’s what the union IBEW allowed to qualify for that job classification .

@zvotaisvfi8678

Жыл бұрын

ITS NOT THAT COMPLICATED BRO YOU COULD DO IT

What a spectacular video. I recall Ben Krasnow once commenting about how capturing the initial joy and wonder of scientific discovery in a KZread video is extremely difficult, but you’ve done a wonderful job of that here, as well as giving excellent explanations as to how it all works. Well done

@AlphaPhoenixChannel

Жыл бұрын

Ben’s channel is awesome!

wow, the green graphic overlay describing the focus/process was really a eureka moment for me. thanks so much for being so creative in describing an insane process we take for granted.

Once upon a time, December 1989, I was sitting on a transPacific flight chatting with an engineer discussing a possible gimbal design for that sample holder. Very cool to see a one in real life rather than sketched on paper, and fantasies of verbal imagination!

"I'm going to be looking for a specific thing, and I'm not sure I'll find it, but I'll still learn something" is the most sciencest science thing any scientist has ever scienced.

@mihailmilev9909

Жыл бұрын

FOR REAL

@mihailmilev9909

Жыл бұрын

That's all science is about bebey

@mihailmilev9909

Жыл бұрын

And it's fun, and how people should be towards things they don't know in life

@tobystewart4403

Жыл бұрын

He scienced the science out of of it, for sure.

@harrymahi2436

Жыл бұрын

Thats a lot of science

Extremely cool to see the entire process. I've seen the output images in papers and science reporting, but it's refreshing to see the entire (cumbersome) process leading up to such results.

@kindlin

Жыл бұрын

Cumbersome process are the bread and butter of anything computer related... 3D models look cool and have lots of information, but only after someone, or entire groups of someones, spend days and weeks and months putting the models together and debugging them. I have been that someone.... and it was pretty fun. Lol

@dominikwacawik4778

Жыл бұрын

It's refreshing. A lot of refreshing.

@mihailmilev9909

Жыл бұрын

@@dominikwacawik4778 lmfaoooo

@mihailmilev9909

Жыл бұрын

@@kindlin that's true, thank u for yoir service o7

This was so fantastically amazing. Thanks for sharing your work through this incredibly tedious process!!

I remember growing up not too long ago where in science classes we were told that an atom has never been photographed and now it’s so exciting that we finally have

Wow... at 70 years old, I'm absolutely and totally off the scale awestruck. Thank you so much for all of the time and effort you did in producing this video and the excellent explanations.

@Zappygunshot

Жыл бұрын

I'm 27 and honestly the feeling is no different. The engineering that must've gone into this, built upon the collective knowledge gathered over the course of centuries, to produce a machine that can image _atoms_ is simply unbelievable. Tell that to someone a hundred years ago and they'd look at you confused, and ask you what you've been smoking. It's all magic to me. Hats off to the many boffins who worked to put this together, and incredible what can be achieved when people work together toward a common goal.

@mihailmilev9909

Жыл бұрын

@@Zappygunshot I honestly didn't belive it when I first heard of it. But I actually see how it works. And it's crazy that with just a relatively few images you can actually show the scale of atoms now.

@jimaanders7527

Жыл бұрын

I'm with you on awestruck. I've been involved with science for a looong time but this latest technology still blows me away. "How do they do that?"

@TomKappeln

Жыл бұрын

56 here and blown away.

@christopher8809

Жыл бұрын

51 here. I can't imagine the emotions reverberating from this find, but its got to be at the slated tipping point.

I cant even comprehend how small that sample is, it must be so finnicky to move

@realityChemist

Жыл бұрын

Yeah it can be. The microscope holder is really precise, but when you're viewing at that high of a magnification even "really precise" can feel challenging. In my experience the trickiest part is tilting the sample to zone axis. One of the tilt directions is designed to be eucentric when you're in focus (i.e. the image of the sample doesn't move laterally while you're tilting in that direction), but the other direction is not, so every time you make a tilt adjustment in that direction the image in your field of view changes completely. Very frustrating if you're doing something like this where you're trying to look at one particular feature of interest. Handling the sample outside of the microscope can also be a bit tricky, but it's really not so bad if you're patient and make sure not to suck the thin bit off your sample with the vacuum tweezers.

@eideticex

Жыл бұрын

Reminds me a lot of using a telescope to focus on a single object in the sky. So much as blow on it wrong and you throw off alignment.

@CRneu

Жыл бұрын

It's really tough. I tend to not drink caffeine or any other stimulants on days that I'll be handling materials. Really though, we have protocols that give us a checklist. We have to progress through the checklist which allows for a lot of focus and clarity.

One of the most incredible machines ever. The engineering involved to achieve this is unprecedented. Wonderful video and explanation.

Just came across this bro.. amazing!! Love the passion and work done to teach your knowledge and understanding!

Something that always blows my mind is the engineering that goes in to different scientific instrumentation. Those instruments are the culmination of thousands upon thousands of hours of work from many different people. Years of work before you can even start to do your work.

@AlphaPhoenixChannel

Жыл бұрын

Shoulders of giants

@jewellwalker9808

Жыл бұрын

@@lezliewhicker8450 Thank you, Going through her profile in her webpage, she smashed all her state certificate and accreditation🙏

@seesritual8990

Жыл бұрын

Dont forget all the years of evolution that had to take place so we can see this now..

This is amazing. Is there not an ability to save all values to “re-find” a specific spot on a specific orientation of the sample or is it way more complicated than that?

@AlphaPhoenixChannel

Жыл бұрын

There are lots of automated return-to-spot and autofocus and stuff like that, but for research level stuff I never trusted them lol. Once I got help on one of the newer SEMs for some problem or another and somebody pressed the “auto contrast and brightness” button and it did a startlingly good job - I was stunned! If you were in a production environment checking a lot of samples for the same thing it’d be a no-brainer. Granted in this case “next to the white dot” probably could have been EASILY solved with the save location feature, I just never bothered to learn to use it… I don’t think it could save tilts also, only x-y-z coordinates, but that may be wrong, and considering that the sample was pretty warped, you need to tilt differently at different spots so it’s SLIGHTLY more complicated. On a completely separate note, how do you guys feel about the Chronos 2.1? I just turned ads on on my (hobby) channel for the first time and slomo capability beyond my phone’s 240fps is a primary goal of that. Anything else (less than a phantom) you’d recommend 😂? Big fan of your guys’ stuff!!

@krishyfishy1

Жыл бұрын

@@AlphaPhoenixChannel Is it possible to set the microscope to scan autonomously? I was wondering if it is possible, using a mix of auto-focus, image processing and scripting, to capture high fidelity images of whole samples. Then use some funky image processing to pick out interesting spots. Like you said, because it is for research you may not trust this sort of stuff/may not use the machine for a purpose that requires messing around with any programmable functions it may have in order to analyse whole samples. I’d really love to have a play with one of these, it looks like a lot of (tedious) fun. I’m afraid my pocket money may not cover it though…

@ryanmccampbell7

Жыл бұрын

@@krishyfishy1 I'm not a scientist but as a software engineer I think machine learning could be used to combine multiple exposures, denoise the image, and even auto-detect irregularities, if you had enough samples to train it with.

@waththis

Жыл бұрын

​@@krishyfishy1 In theory, yes. In practice, the challenge of the autofocus is twofold. First is that if it fails, the microscope (which is very expensive) spends a lot of time capturing terrible images. If you have a (relatively cheap) scientist doing the searching, then you can save a lot of money. The second is that every material that you try to image will look different when focussing. I work with cryo-bio samples, and they are VERY different under the STEM. The same ML program wouldn't work for both types of materials. Now, I work with a system called ptychography, where we collect very defocussed diffraction images at each point in a STEM scan, so each pixel of that image contains another full image of data, and a slight change in focus is a lot less important there so you only have to correct the other issues in the microscope. The problem is that you need to computationally reconstruct the image, which takes a lot of compute.

@waththis

Жыл бұрын

@@ryanmccampbell7 It's true that with ML you can do denoising. In fact, we do! But you can't get more information out of an image than the electrons originally carried. Also, the kinds of irregularities that we are looking for look different on every sample, so by the time you have your training set, it isn't as worth doing.

The process is amazing. But equally impressive to the subject matter is that I was able to completely follow "Your Presentation" and you made it interesting! I have no background in this and was in fact on YT looking for motorcycle videos when I got distracted by this. Stellar job of explaining such advanced process in understandable everyday language!

I worked for the DOE for a few years and ran an EB (electron beam) welder. Very different but but this video brought back some memories. Also my uncle ran an Electron Microscope and analyzed samples from Ground Zero for asbestos. Unfortunately he passed a few years ago from mesothelioma but he would take us kids to his lab and show us all kinds of cool things. My fav part was playing with liquid Nitrogen lol. Anyways thanks for bringing back such great memories ❤

This is awesome.

@AlphaPhoenixChannel

Жыл бұрын

I get really excited over crystals… the bizarrely mathematical order that falls out of random giggling is unfathomably beautiful. (I think you have a similar feeling about laminar flow 😁)

@haph2087

Жыл бұрын

It’s really cool how you can look at the (admittedly complex) math for how particles work, and it’s so simple compared to the millions or billions or more of phenomena that arise from the same math. Atoms all follow the same rules, but they interact in so many different ways.

@lzacchi

Жыл бұрын

It's funny how nonchalantly he states "oh look, atoms!" I found myself holding my breath while looking at the pictures. I think it's simultaneously exciting and terrifying to see the building blocks of our universe.

@eksboks148

Жыл бұрын

46 likes bruh

@eksboks148

Жыл бұрын

And no I'm not trying to make a chain I hate those

I think you are one of the few people who actually shows the entire process when you do a video like this, and not just the flashy parts.

That’s incredibly badass. I knew advanced electron microscopes were around, but showing us the magnetic lenses, the impressive sample aperture, well... Really great job explaining each step with enough detail to be appreciated! It’s incredible engineering, ambitious objectives, and a mind-blowing achievement, and you did a great job conveying a ton of info in a brief time. Thanks for the video, and congratulations on finding the phenomenon! And a paper! Nice!

@kratoleaf7619

Ай бұрын

the BIG question is what are the atoms made of? does an atom have a nucleus?

This is so fascinating! Great job explaining such an insane technology in so simply!

This man just tricked us into watching him research for a paper. But I'm all for it. It still blows my mind that this technology exists.

You've taken me back to when I was doing my PhD! Hours upon hours upon hours on an SEM, trying to find particular weld defects or characterising fracture surfaces (I think I got a little triggered when you mentioned "stig", lol). You really communicated well that elation you get when, after god knows how many hours and how many samples, you find exactly the feature you were looking for, and you know you've gone from something purely theoretical to something with actual evidence behind it. I also got super pumped when that happened!

Thank you so much for filming and sharing this!!

Very very well done. Every step was explained multiple ways which allows basically anyone watching this video….to at least mildly grasp how that thing works. Awesome video

the way you overlap the results you see from theoretical explanation to the real world almost seamlessly really should be what every academic institution should strive to do when teaching these concepts. I've always loved being able to see an explanation like this and I strive to demonstrate it whenever I teach as well. It strikes an incredible chord between seeing tangible results to what seem like abstract concepts at first, as well as imparting a true sense of wonder for the universe. If this doesn't get you excited about science then nothing will! Stunning video as always

@AlphaPhoenixChannel

Жыл бұрын

I completely rearranged the first half of this video a few times… and I really liked how it settled with the light shadow image being cut to the electron shadow, and then doing it again with the scanning. Glad you liked it!

@pufthemajicdragon

Жыл бұрын

@@AlphaPhoenixChannel The light shadow example was hugely helpful. One thing that might improve it would be to have a camera recording as your laser scans the ping pong balls against the cardboard, then composite the frames from the recording over each other to demonstrate the blurriness / clarity depending on the beam size and shape. Not sure if that would be more or less tedious than hand drawing the dots on a sheet of graph paper 😂

@the_ALchannel

Жыл бұрын

What strikes me is the opposite - that while now we as humans have such amazing technology that allows imaging nano-scales, seeing submicrosecond processes (high-speed cameras), recording picosecond electrical perturbations (oscilloscopes), for the largest part of the scientific history scientists had to do with only the most basic of instruments, and had to develop and imagine complex concepts completely in their head. Like, for example, the idea that a capacitor and inductor can create electrical oscillations was proposed well before the invention of the oscilloscopes just on the basis of the observation that the residual charge on a capacitor after a discharge is sometimes positive, and sometimes negative. And the whole theory of atomic structure was developed based on x-ray diffraction patterns, which do not directly image anything particular at all (they appear in an inverted space). The broadness of human mind is just stunning. Just wanted to add my two cents here

To think that 2-3 decades ago, most of the public would never even know about machines like this, let alone see them work their magic.

@shable1436

Жыл бұрын

Further back than that, 2-3 decades back this was well known

@asjdkljsflkjsdk

Жыл бұрын

In fact most of the public still know nothing about machines like this since they are not interested. This is why this particular video has 80k views while Shakira regularly gets 100M+. Sadly.

@kalleklp7291

Жыл бұрын

The first "lens" to focus electromagnetic radiation was made by a German scientist named Hans Busch in 1926. The so-called "Übermikroskop" was subsequently invented by Ruska and Knoll also in Germany by 1931. Here is how that turned out by 1949 built by Siemens: de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Elektronenmikroskop.UeM100.Ernst.Ruska.TU-Berlin.jpg It looks like something out of a mad scientist's lab.

@agradeepmukherjee8269

Жыл бұрын

I work with the Talos regularly and I bet you, its just amazing.

@roopekorhonen6149

Жыл бұрын

TEM is in fact a quite old innovation, dates back to WW2. You can check the dates from wikipedia. STEM is whole another story, modern computing power makes it possible.

Absolutely fascinating to see an actual picture of the building blocks of our world, it really puts things in perspective when you realize that no matter how different everything in this world may look, when we break it down and look deep enough everything is made of these building blocks. Awesome video my friend, also you have amazing patience lol, I get frustrated when it takes more than 10 seconds for my phone to focus on something I'm trying to photograph, I can't imagine having to concentrate for hours to get the beam lined up with the sample and the sample lined up with the beam. Your channel is criminally underrated, if I had science teachers showing me things like this back when I was in school than it prob wouldn't have taken me until my late 20s early 30s to really take a deep interest in science.

@mikemondano3624

4 ай бұрын

NOT "actual pictures". The images were constructed by the machine. Things that small have no appearance and so we can't make pictures of them.

So cool. I love how it somewhat looks like yarn or fabric. The fabric of all things.

PhD candidate in chemistry on his last year here. I have a couple years experience of electron imaging under my belt, and I gotta say, you did a fantastic job with this video! It's always insanely difficult to get people to appreciate the work behind these kinds of images unless they themselves have done some sort of work with sensitive instruments like these. Holding your hands up off the table both in optimistic superstition and to give yourself the best chance not to slightly bump the table and throw the image off, the "still a lil bit of stig" comment after a WHOLE lot of focusing, using VESTA to visually explain concepts, using Velox as opposed to Esprit (that's a personal thing - I hate Esprit). It's so clear that you have done a lot of work in this field, yet you still show those little OCD tendencies that microscopists (or any scientist on this small a scale) usually do and should have. It shows you're still learning and want to improve. It shows you wanted this video to be as comprehensive as possible, and I can only imagine the time it took to edit it all together, as well as the risk you took of filming live research when you could've come up empty-handed. Kudos to you; please take my subscribe.

@joeturner7959

Жыл бұрын

I have known about the science and technology behind STEM since IBM discovered it, and a few Nobel Prizes were awarded. It is incredibly time consuming. Imagine looking for a dime on a football field. Some images would take a few days to focus, and a week or two to image process. This is a brilliant explanation.

@denielalain5701

Жыл бұрын

I think the reason why this type of work is less appreciated, is because everybody knew that the misalignment was there for sure. They just needed someone to prove it with the right tools.

@joeturner7959

Жыл бұрын

@@denielalain5701 Well, I actually went looking for coins on a football field, and I found a dime, after about 4 hours. Total crazy.

@roopekorhonen6149

Жыл бұрын

I am material science master student and that was indeed a really nice and innovative way to present such a capable and high-tech apparatus.

@menyasavut3959

11 ай бұрын

@@joeturner7959 IBM did not discover it. IBM developed it.

I work at Thermo Fisher Scientific (the maker of this particular microscope) on these microscopes; including the Talos and the Velox application as seen in the video. It's great to see our microcopes used in the wild like this.

@kleinerELM

Жыл бұрын

You have some nice microscopes! We have a Helios G4UX - really a great tool allowing for some great results! At least until theres something to be fixed. But your technicians are also really good.

@Vysair

Жыл бұрын

Wizardry!

@ruadeil_zabelin

Жыл бұрын

@@Vysair Just a bunch of people that really love technology coming together to build things like this

@olliefoxx7165

Жыл бұрын

So of you make it to management is it considered a good thing to be a "micro-manager"? Ba-dum-tis, I'll show myself out.

@patrickgreene2660

Жыл бұрын

@@olliefoxx7165 LOL

A Awesome video. Thank you for all of your hard work and patience.

Thank You So Much for this practical and insightful video

Neat stuff! I can't believe you can make the equivalent of an optical quality lens with magnetic fields. I'd be interested to learn more about how those rings are tuned and controlled.

@AlphaPhoenixChannel

Жыл бұрын

I don’t know exactly how the fields are constructed, but in terms of precision, magnetic lenses are apparently absolutely atrocious. I’ve heard the analogy that all TEM is like looking through a coke bottle bottom instead of a microscope objective. “Aberration corrected” scopes add a few hundred thousand dollars to the cost of the scope, and are crazy impressive, but they still don’t even begin to approach the theoretical resolution limit we should be able to hit with electrons. If somebody figures out that coil geometry it’ll be pretty incredible! Happy to see you here - glad you enjoyed the video! I’ve been thinking about a miniature vortex shooter for a long time - especially if it could capture and carry a separate gas. In your vortex cannon experiments did you notice any trends that produced consistently faster of slower vortex rings? I don’t know if the tiny-but-super-fast vortex ring I’ve been imagining has ANY foundation in reality. Also your stoichiometric hydrogen burner is terrifying 😂

@Nighthawkinlight

Жыл бұрын

@@AlphaPhoenixChannel That's interesting! I like hearing when already impressive tech has known areas that could be massively improved. My vortex cannon is pretty much reliant on pure brute force. I haven't played much with the geometry, I just try to nail the best gas mix for a proper bang. The shape is modeled after hail cannons. I've tried constructing little versions with metal cones made for baking cream horns, but no success yet. Actually the smallest and most impressive vortex ring launcher I discovered by accident. I had a hollow plastic wiffle ball bat in a swimming pool and the base of the handle had about a 5mm hole in it. When the bat was full of water if you tapped it on the bottom of the pool it launched a dime size water vortex with enough force to fire clear out of the water and several feet into the air. Not sure if you could get the same power out of a tiny gas filled chamber, but maybe with a high power acoustic driver.

@AlphaPhoenixChannel

Жыл бұрын

Wow that sounds real weird (and awesome!) I wonder if the incompressibility of water makes it persist better?

@hexane360

Жыл бұрын

He's exactly right that TEM lenses are terrible in comparison to optical. Because the aberrations are so bad, you need to keep the numerical aperture tiny. It's the *very* tiny wavelength (2.51 pm for 200 keV electrons) that saves you.

@brothermaleuspraetor9505

Жыл бұрын

Oh yeah, Gravitational lensing. That's space talk!

What an absolute joy to be able to come along for the ride with you on this journey! A sort of digital bring your kids to work day..😂

Thank you this was amazing. During the nineties I did some fatigue tests on helicopter gearboxes and took the failed components to an electron microscope in Johannesburg where they counted the fatigue striation that we used to determine the fatigue life of the components. But this is on another level.

That is awesome! And super-congrats to you !!

17:16 this is truly amazing… I never thought I’d live to see the day where atoms could be visualized in their natural form.

@commander-tomalak

Жыл бұрын

I don't know how old you are, but imaging individual atoms was probably possible throughout the majority of your lifetime. The field ion microscope was invented in 1951 and was to my knowledge one of the first microscopy techniques with atomic resolution. In 1970, it was first demonstrated that STEM can image individual atoms as well. And since the 90ies there is a wealth of scanning probe techniques available (STM, AFM, ...) which have featured atomic resolution right from the start. We've been there all along :)

@surchipparoski9814

Жыл бұрын

Ironically right?

@d-hat

Жыл бұрын

You were most likely born long after this was possible

@joshuaallen707

Жыл бұрын

you believe this nonsense? there are no atoms.

@blankpaper8961

Жыл бұрын

Gen-Z spotted

18:30 I relate to this thought so much! After spending thousands of hours in front of an SEM looking at mostly features within the 10nm-150um range, I feel as if you just pulled back the curtain to what Ive always wanted to experience - to see actual atoms. This was truly delightful to see!

I really like your enthusiasm and how you explain everything so clearly. You make it really interesting and easy to understand. I appreciate you sharing your knowledge with us! Thank you 😊

I like how the decorators thought that, after hours of staring at grainy grey grid like things, what you really want to see when you look away... is more grey grid like things.

@AlphaPhoenixChannel

Жыл бұрын

So those are actually huge radiators/air vents that keep the room all one temperature without basically any air exchange. If this was a higher resolution scope I wouldn’t even be able to be in the room while it was running. Aberration-corrected scopes are almost always driven remotely so the operator’s body heat and breathing aren’t a problem

@miriamlewis3413

Жыл бұрын

So I guess the answer is that many different applications of science result in gray, grid-like things, haha 😂

@drworm5007

Жыл бұрын

@@miriamlewis3413 some say even our own universe is a grey blob on an enormous grid.

@mihailmilev9909

Жыл бұрын

@@drworm5007 interesting....

@mihailmilev9909

Жыл бұрын

@@drworm5007 like who, where?

I do astrophotography and I share you’re amazement that we have the technology to see the very large/far away and the very small. It’s like prying secrets out of reality that we humans aren’t supposed to see.

Hey it's so cool that you make such videos about real research. People often seem to think that going the heart of the research would be too boring for people and so they keep it too superficial. When in fact you just have to explain a few more steps. I hope I will be able to do the same about my work.

Marvelous! Absolutely amazing to see a macro of what's going on down there in the nM range.

Mate, you have an astonishing ability of explaining and demonstrating complex concepts really well. Uniquely, you don't dumb it down like many others, and yet the information you convey is packaged rather simply. Thank you :)

@trxtech3010

Жыл бұрын

Yeah usually doin meth will do that to you.

absolutely mind-blowing. 11:46 also tripped me out when I first saw his hands flickering

@imjustatool9247

Жыл бұрын

Same.

Damn. I have trouble sometimes with small print, and here you are not reading the print, but instead looking at home the ink melds into the paper (so to speak). I'm glad people like you exist because it pushes our understanding what is going on in the super small environment of atoms. Hats off to you..

Today, I am truly stunned. This is amazing beyond words. Thank you.

This makes me think about those who had none of the info we had now. No hypothesis, no images, and no life study from peers, but they still figured the shapes and functions out. They had theoretical models created and started decoding the mystery of something no one really even knew existed. Mind-blowing.

@itzdubey

Жыл бұрын

Indeed!

@suedenim6590

Жыл бұрын

Because the history you've been taught is NONSENSE. You LOSE information post cataclysm not gain it

@victormonte5881

Жыл бұрын

Well to be fair they were the ones who set up the scientific method with their questions and actions and records!

@Habu71

Жыл бұрын

@@hisnameisiam808 Sure thing

@thisgame2

Жыл бұрын

The info was known and lost in a reset

Awesome stuff! When I read the title I thought we'd be seeing AFM or Scanning *Tunneling* EM, but I'd never heard of this method, cool! I actually do molecular bio, so our sample preparation is hilariously different from a materials scientist's, but still really nice to know at least a basis of what you're explaining 💪

@realityChemist

Жыл бұрын

People definitely do cryo-TEM to image proteins and stuff, although the sample handling to make that work sounds like an incredible pain in the ass to me.

@AlphaPhoenixChannel

Жыл бұрын

@@realityChemist I’ve seen people in the prep room flash freezing stuff for cryo tem before. Always looked like a real pain! Edit: nitrogen everywhere!

You’re a really great and thorough teacher who explains things so we can understand if we have no knowledge. Thank you for this video

I really enjoyed this! Thanks for sharing your work and how it's achieved.

As a SEM operator, i admire your work in this video. And the joy that you feel when going from the large shot to fine details never gets old :-)

I feel like this is one of those fields of study where you can get so lost in what you're doing that you pay little mind to what you're *actually* doing. This is to say, doing all the focusing and imaging is a tedious task that requires a bunch of effort and focus, which just serves to distract from the fact that what's happening in a more literal sense is that a car-sized machine is being used to examine features on an object so incomprehensibly tiny. What you're doing is tantamount to witchcraft, with the limitations of the machine not only being down to quality, but also due to butting up against the very physical laws of the universe. This is all to say that this is one of those things that the more you describe it, the crazier it gets. But, somehow, this insanity is so normalized that you can say "Look! Atoms!" without losing your head.

@betelgeuse4187

Жыл бұрын

It's all fun for starting years as an Electron microscopy operator/Engineer, specially TEM..But it gets boring and tiring with time.Patience is main thing in electron microscopy..

Glad we have smart people like you working on stuff like this. I found it interesting and a welcomed escape back to my EE days talking about electron flow at this level. last time I thought that deeply about anything. :)

i learned about columnized light in photography. it works the same way the sun’s light does, where since it’s so far away, the light is virtually parallel by the time it arrives to earth.

I work with a TEM at a local hospital to take micrographs of tissue for the pathology department. All of electron microscopy is extremely complex and delicate. I have had samples literally just fly away because of a change in room pressure from opening a door. We use microtomy to get the samples to the appropriate thickness and use heavy metal stain to render a beautiful live image.

@michaeltaylors2456

Жыл бұрын

With your TEM, How do you separate or isolate a specific or individual virus from the surrounding tissue and other bodily fluids ? Or is that even possible ?

@Sam-gu1wm

Жыл бұрын

@@michaeltaylors2456 I work normally with clinical tissue specimens. Here, we are almost never looking for viruses, but rather abnormalities (disease) in tissues. Some research cases come in and they are looking for viruses, but those are already submitted to me in an aqueous solution from the PI. I am sure there is a standard (and probably even simple) protocol to separate viruses from tissue via cell lysis, etc. There is, however, very particular protocols that must be followed to view viruses under the TEM that greatly differ from those for clinical specimens. I think that this is a question better suited for Med Techs, Histo Techs, and Research Scientists. Hope this helps a little!

@michaeltaylors2456

Жыл бұрын

@@Sam-gu1wm Yes it did, thank you so much

@Hamzaibrahimwastaken

Жыл бұрын

Can I know what you majored in to get to this job , is it microbiology?

@joshuaallen707

Жыл бұрын

wow, you really believe these are atoms??

I did some electron microscopy back when I was at college. We has a TEM, SEM and STEM but I only ever used the scanning electron microscope. Pretty much everything sees atoms. Very few things can resolve atomic scale though.

@falquicao8331

Жыл бұрын

Fun fact: your eyes can see atoms too. Only in groups of 10^9+, however.

@davidt8087

Жыл бұрын

Electrons touch atoms they don't "see" it like this video title says. Yes I get the gist of it but still electrons aren't em radiation like light

@dxb338

Жыл бұрын

the only thing anyone sees is photons. nice try smart guy.

@monad_tcp

Жыл бұрын

@@dxb338 does anyone even see anything ? humans have like this GUI that pre-process all information, you are seeing a model of what your brain built to represent what it is seeing.

@dxb338

Жыл бұрын

@@monad_tcp yeah i was gonna go that far but decided to stop at what *eyes* can "see." I mean your visual cortex can be directly stimulated by high energy particles or low energy hits to the head. And then yeah reality tunnels and such. But eyes see photons simple enough for me.

Thank you for making a true educational video. There is so much garbage on KZread I give up on it all the time. Your a thoughtful educator

It's not often I watch a 20 minute video all the way through, but I was literally leaning forward on the edge of my seat, rooting for you to find what you were looking for so I could see it too. Thanks for posting this, and I'm glad I just found your channel. Existence is fascinating!

@AnalogDude_

Жыл бұрын

it's called ADHD.

2:25 I have never seen a more perfect demonstration of scale.

Hey, love your videos! As a microscopy guy, I was impressed with how well an electrical engineer can understand optics!! ;) Notice the key to getting a well-formed image on your screen is that the position of the ball bearings is a little bit /farther/ than the focal length of the lens, but less than double that distance, as anything beyond 2f would de-magnify, rather than magnify your image. The screen will only have a sharp image projected on it in one location with a fixed position of the ball bearings. Moving the screen back farther will only blur the image. You can change the magnification by bringing L2 closer (increase magnification) or move L2 farther away (reduce magnification) and repositioning the screen accordingly (noting you cannot bring the bearings closer to the lens than its focal length since no image will be formed at all past this point). The flashlight and pinhole are now serving merely as illumination of the ball bearings and are no longer taking part in image formation. They set up you ideal "object" to be imaged, which is light passing through gaps in the ball bearings, and L2 is just projecting an image of that onto your screen! You can confirm this by moving lens 1 out of position so the light is no longer perfectly collimated and you'll still see the sharp edges of the ball bearings at your screen just as before, only now you will probably notice the image gets darker towards the edges. Similarly, you could replace L1 with another lens of a different focal length and the size and quality of your resulting image will be identical because L2 does all the work. That narrowing of the beam of light you see is happening right at L2's focal length (assuming L1 is collimating perfectly). This is the image of the pinhole created by the combination of L1 and L2. L1 collimates the light, and L2 focuses it again, creating an image at a distance equal to its focal length. Many microscopes use collimation in their imaging and illumination systems, because the part of the optical path between L1 and L2 can be made as long or short as you like and it doesn't change the outcome very much. You can also stick all sorts of filters or optics in the light path here without affecting the image quality, which cannot be said for putting optics in a converging or diverging path.

This is the coolest video I've ever watched on KZread.

I started working with my schools TEM and SEM recently for my undergrad research. It has been an incredible experience, and I just love working with these machines! Since I started my research, I’ve never felt more excited about science and technology than I am now!

Loved your real-world explanation examples, thank you for taking the time to construct them. Made the rest relatively easy to understand. Fascinating equipment and process. Your work takes a lot of patience. Thanks again.

really appreciate how you explain things..some youtubers dont even clearly do that

An excellent presentation, i found it informative and entertaining. thankyou.

21:15 atomic navigation: "its next to that big white dot"

I have been subbed to so many channels before they get popular. It's always such a pleasure when the channel's content revolves around stem subjects. This channel is phenomenal! I look forward to enjoying the content and seeing the channel climb.

Excellent job at explaining the mechanics involved to us lay people! Well done!

11:46 Alpha Phoenix explaining physics so hard he starts to phase

I've never seen how a scanning microscope works, and with this video you ABSOLUTELY nailed how to explain it! This is one of the best and most enthusiastic (actual) science videos I've ever seen! Kudos!

Inspiring to see an young guy 2022 talking "science" at this deeper level ! Please do more. I saw your video with your dad's observatory few years ago. It made be built one for myself.

To see in scale of the basic particles we are built of... it's truly beautiful.

It’s amazing that we’ve advanced to a point where we have a need as well as an ability to inspect the actual atomic structures of materials to find defects

The microscope knows where the atoms are at all times. It know this, because it knows where the atoms aren't. By subtracting where the atom is, from where it isn't, or where it isn't from where it is, whichever is greater, it obtains a difference, or, deviation...

It looks so unreal, incredible! I am constantly zooming in and out mentally from different images magnifications you showed.

awesome explication!!! congrats!!

I design electron microscope rooms for low noise and vibration and this video gives me a deeper appreciation for these amazing instruments and the scientists who use them!

Due to unfortunate circumstances beyond my control, I never finished high school. The way you explained what you were doing is so incredible, that even I, tottaly understood it. Amazing!

@titanzx6

Жыл бұрын

I dont think we would have ever learned anything like this even if we stayed in school all the way through

@Blakefulable

Жыл бұрын

"beyond my control" aka I'm too much of a pussy to take accountability.

@easports2618

Жыл бұрын

@@titanzx6 correction,American School*

@ChickentNug

Жыл бұрын

School loses its value after 8-9th grade in my opinion. After that, it seems like it's more about dealing with a workload than it's about learning. My point is I don't think not finishing high school would've changed how much of this video you understood

@kostasgt500

Жыл бұрын

@@wayneparkinson4558maybe I misinterpreted your comment..... I can't speak for all "drop outs" but in my case, it was a necessity. Regardless, without spending a single day in high school, I managed to learn how to speak and write in 3 languages, have my own buisness for 20 years in which I provided a future for over 20 families, own my home, my "toys" and be semi retired at 50. It's the desire to learn, and become something, and no school can give you that.

Could you go into more detail how the refraction patterns help you focus the sample and how they work? I think that could be another great video.

@realityChemist

Жыл бұрын

That is a whole can of worms; Williams and Carter have a four-textbook series on TEM, and the entire second book is dedicated to diffraction. I'm sure you could condense it down into a video by throwing out a lot of the details though. In brief, the Kikuchi lines come in parallel pairs that form Kikuchi bands, and it's possible to follow these bands by tilting the sample to a region where a bunch of them converge into a star-like pattern. That happens at low-order zone axes (think of those as "simple" directions, like looking straight at the face of a cube, straight at one of its edges, straight at a corner, etc). Since low-order axes usually give us the best chance at seeing what we're looking for, we aim for those. This is complicated by the fact that if the sample is very thin (often desirable for STEM), you'll barely see Kikuchi lines, if you see any at all. There are also the individual diffraction spots (or disks, in STEM mode). Those contain a ton of information and some people do TEM just to look at the diffraction patterns without caring too much about the image. They're also helpful for alignment though, as you when you're near but not on a zone axis they form a sort of partial ring. If you tilt in such a way that the ring closes up toward the center, you'll approach a zone axis. The best way to ensure you're actually on zone in STEM mode is to collect a PACBED, which is a diffraction image collected while scanning the beam. The way it looks is very sensitive to tilt, and you can usually tell if you're mistilted by just a few milliradians just by looking at it. The downside is that it's an average of everything in your field of view, so if your sample is very bendy it might not accurately represent the tilting of your whole image. When you need to do stuff like map the bending of the sample at atomic res, it's time to switch to 4D STEM

@eideticex

Жыл бұрын

Telescope mirror finishing videos demonstrate and explain the technique with a variety of such patterns. As I understand it they use them to visualize and verify the curvature of the mirror surface.

I am waiting to for the 'reaction video of your advisor when you show the result' :) It is a good video to show people how science operates, that is a lot of repeating, re-checking and finally you found the needle in the haystack! Very nice work. Congrats !

Your table setup with the lenses was incredible. Really, really appreciate the demonstration. Thank you! Easy sub!

Fantastic video! Your demonstrations made this a highly educational and accessible video, even if they are imperfect representations. It makes me happy that your institution is willing to let you publish videos created using their facilities. Another benefit is video evidence to your supervisor that you were hard at work all that time. I feel your pain at spending hours fiddling with settings in front of a microscope, although my own experience was with fluorescent microscopy and molecular genetics. I still remember my excitement the first time I was able to see the expression of two different proteins at the 8 cell stage during nematode development using GFP and RFP tagged proteins.

This was really educational, I've always wondered if it was possible to see actual atoms, this was so interesting, thank you for making this video

I love how when the first pics of atoms came out everyone was super stoked just like when the first black hole photos came out, but now it just seems like a tedious desk job. Still amazing, but the march of progress seems to humble even the most amazing things.

@Infinion

Жыл бұрын

Agree regarding progress in image processing, not so much on the faulty attribution that an AGN, or anything, is a black hole. Astrophysics is riddled with confirmation bias and bad science, but the imaging methods can be celebrated.

@mihailmilev9909

Жыл бұрын

@@Infinion what is it then? And what other biases is it riddled with?

Your explanation with the shadow and lenses was excellent.

As a student majoring mechanical engineering in South Korea, this video inspired me a lot. I really enjoyed the video. Thanks for sharing your experience.

7:36 One of my favourite equations in physics - we used to call it "If I do I die" to memorise it (1/f = 1/do + 1/di) took only one round of giggle in the lab to sink it in :) Awesome stuff!

@ataullajafri4854

7 ай бұрын

Thanks👍

What a great video, brother. I used an SEM in grad school for carbon nanotube research, and I can appreciate your frustrations!! I can also appreciate a successful image. There aren’t words that can describe the feeling of getting the image you’re after. You did a great job describing everything. I love this stuff!!

My friend, this is probably the coolest video I have ever seen. Thank you so much for taking us on this journey, and congratulations on your discovery!

Its incredibly difficult to wrap my brain around how we can even fathom seeing something so small. Incredible

@cheatinggravity173

10 ай бұрын

Now, to really blow your mind, ponder for a minute the fact that we truly cannot even begin to fathom the true scale of the universe, simply because we cannot see it from the same kind of perspective that this one human does of this tiny sample. (There are building blocks to atoms that are smaller yet...who knows how small it goes?) Then consider the possiblity that we are akin to tiny little parasites sitting on what might amount to one of those atoms, and unbeknownst to us we are basically like bacteria in the gut of an insanely huge being and all the stars we can see are just the building blocks of say, some cells in a stomach. We can't see or detect the rest of the universe because of the limited scope of our existence much as bacteria in our gut cannot see or fathom beyond what is right next to it- it doesnt even know it is in the gut of another being. Makes ya feel smal thinking of it like that.

@ElevatedLevetator

7 ай бұрын

Thats what she said

@jack2u

7 ай бұрын

@@ElevatedLevetatorto you

@ElevatedLevetator

7 ай бұрын

@@jack2u about you

@gamerboi608

5 ай бұрын

@@ElevatedLevetatorkid

Really well presented with such infectious enthusiasm and just enough detail so that I feel I know what you're doing well done!

Everything you explained made so much sense, I love it. You did a great job making this video. I hope everyone appreciates it as much as I do.

I didn't understand alot of that .... but I loved every moment of it!!!! Love your enthusiasm.

I’m surprised that there wasn’t more on this done publicly before, I remember recently looking up videos for atoms and all I could find were godawful foreign clickbait channels. I know that atoms have been visualized before with microscopes, but something like this showing the structure and geometry ive never seen before, and as someone who went through their first semester, as a chemistry major (first of eight years), I find this fascinating. I don’t know what else to say besides thank you for showing something incredible like this :)

@zarkadiusz123

Жыл бұрын

This is a fake, what you see is a processor matrix and nothing else. Good job for the fan. 🤣

@HENERlKO

Жыл бұрын

@@zarkadiusz123 Pls explain?

@nonamechannl

Жыл бұрын

@@zarkadiusz123 elaborate

@maxb5238

Жыл бұрын

@@HENERlKO its how the atoms are actually shown, there are imperfections that can be caused by alot of things when observing at an atomic like this, but i think its completely nihilistic for this guy to think that could result in the findings of this video.

@AlexMoreno-zj7po

Жыл бұрын

@@zarkadiusz123 you are wrong