34. Caligula, Agrippa, and a Sermon to Cornelius

The brief reign of Caligula was marked by instability and moral collapse. The emperor's close friend, Agrippa I, grandson of Herod the Great, shared the lamentable condition of his ruler, and brought much of his ethic to the Jewish people until his fateful death in the year 44. At the same time, one of the most transforming events of early Christian history took place, the conversion of Cornelius under the preaching of Peter. Until that moment, the gospel had been restricted to Jews and Samaritans, but with this event, it was clear that anyone, Jew or Gentile, would be admitted to the household of faith, the commonwealth of Israel, by sheer faith with no prerequisites. For more free resources, please visit www.brucegore.com.

Пікірлер: 65

  • @rickhall517930
    @rickhall5179305 жыл бұрын

    Bruce 'alright' Gore dropping knowledge bombs.

  • @myohmy451
    @myohmy4518 жыл бұрын

    These lectures you've put together and uploaded (free of charge!), on You Tube, are very high quality, not only in the elements of organization and dispensation of historical information, but also in the auditory and visual precision in their editing and development, which culminate in an extraordinary experience for the viewer, and very specifically, this viewer. I began listening to you about three days ago while trying to recuperate from a nasty cold, and became hooked, going back to your first in this historical study and continuing on until the present. Your educational background, experience as a teacher and attorney, lends to my thorough enjoyment of your ability to disseminate history in an articulate and expedient manner. Since I'm prone to talk fast, think fast, be fairly animated and energetic, your teaching style is a huge bonus for me, that, and your expansive knowledge expressed without unnecessary redundancies, and replete with an appreciable vocabulary. To add the cherry to the top, your wonderful summarization at the end of each history lesson, which you incorporate the Bible lesson and practical application of the text, is a very personal touch, which I find fulfilling and inspirational. This completely rounds out the listening experience by drawing your listeners in to actively seek to live for Christ. PS: My HS children are going to start listening to two of these lessons every weekend with me and their younger sister. I will also share these with family and friends on FB and other. THANK YOU so much for all you hard work in presenting! There ARE many others, I'm sure, who feel the way I do, but perhaps less inclined or able to verbalize or express their appreciation. Keep up the great work, brother. God bless! Yvonne

  • @allisonloukanis476

    @allisonloukanis476

    4 жыл бұрын

    myohmy451 I concur. These videos are wonderful, and a very practical aid to Bible studies.

  • @larrycaines4051

    @larrycaines4051

    Жыл бұрын

    What Yvonne said.

  • @attilalevai7630
    @attilalevai763011 ай бұрын

    Thank you for being so honest and open about your real experience with prayer for just the same way from time to time I and up observing my feelings and my unwanted thoughts especially when I am about to pray.

  • @annettecls
    @annettecls9 жыл бұрын

    Thank you for these! I've been watching since the beginning and have learned so much. As a result, I'm sure to find bible study much more rewarding!

  • @GoreBruce

    @GoreBruce

    9 жыл бұрын

    Annette Davis Many thanks!

  • @tkmac7802
    @tkmac7802 Жыл бұрын

    Well said about prayer Thank you.

  • @nigelhunter4230
    @nigelhunter42304 жыл бұрын

    Great lesson. Wonderful reasons for the outpouring of the Holy Spirit at different stages and the doctrine of faith alone. Thanks again Mr Gore for a superb lecture and Sunday school.

  • @GoreBruce

    @GoreBruce

    4 жыл бұрын

    ...and thank you for your kind encouragement, my friend.

  • @norcohorsetownusa
    @norcohorsetownusa8 жыл бұрын

    I really enjoyed this study on Herod, now I see with much more clarity who he was. Thank you for posting this! God Bless You!

  • @GoreBruce

    @GoreBruce

    8 жыл бұрын

    +Carla Deedrick Thank you!

  • @keahilumho8914
    @keahilumho89143 жыл бұрын

    Aside from my Bible course I cannot tell you how great a blessing this work is helps me to marinate glories of God and keep my thoughts on the things of high and God bless all the works of your hands

  • @Supremor-tj9dv
    @Supremor-tj9dv9 ай бұрын

    When the person asked if Germanicus was a honorific title or his first name…the answer is yes to both. First off, the name Germanicus was originally an honorific title bestowed on Druses the Elder, Germanicus’ father, for defeating the Germans in some battles. Second, when Druses the Elder died (or was murdered depending on who you talk to) the honorific title of Germanicus was inherited by his son. This son then made the honorific title of Germanicus his praenomen or first name and it was no longer just a title. This is the Germanicus that we taking about.

  • @lauradavis6448
    @lauradavis6448 Жыл бұрын

    Just found this channel great teaching

  • @camille155
    @camille1552 жыл бұрын

    Thank you for this great historical and biblical lessons. I’m glad i found you on you tube . God bless you 🙏❤️. Thank you .

  • @GoreBruce

    @GoreBruce

    2 жыл бұрын

    Thank you!

  • @kenkoskela3357
    @kenkoskela33576 жыл бұрын

    Thank you for making these videos available. Your teaching is excellent. I have learned a great deal so far and will continue to watch. Much appreciated!

  • @GoreBruce

    @GoreBruce

    6 жыл бұрын

    Thank you for your kind feedback!

  • @funfact8660

    @funfact8660

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@GoreBruce As a Roman historian, I find some of your information inaccurate 📚 but I appreciate how you show what was going on in Rome and the Holy Land at the same times, like the Herod Agrippa story 📚

  • @kimmcdaniel8933
    @kimmcdaniel89338 жыл бұрын

    Thank you for sharing

  • @GoreBruce

    @GoreBruce

    8 жыл бұрын

    +Kim McDaniel My pleasure! Thanks for watching!

  • @onefeather2
    @onefeather23 жыл бұрын

    Still watching these videos in 2021.❤️🙂📖

  • @kevingee4294
    @kevingee42943 жыл бұрын

    Regarding caligula's nickname,I can relate,my older sister started calling me bubba when I was 2 yo. I'm now 58 and now I'm Uncle bubba! But I've drawn the line at being Grandpa bubba!!!

  • @osbujeff1
    @osbujeff15 жыл бұрын

    Bruce, I love your teaching and thanks so much for making them available. There’s one discrepancy I’d like to point out and get your feedback on, that Herod Agrippa I convinced Caligula not to erect his colossus in the Jerusalem temple. In fact, the orders were given to go ahead with setting up the statue, but Caligula was assassinated before the order was carried out. Publius Petronias, legate of Syria, destroyed the orders upon learning of his death, thus averting the sacrilege. Thanks again, from an avid student of the Early Roman Imperial era, and the Second Temple Period!

  • @repentbelieve1

    @repentbelieve1

    4 жыл бұрын

    Very good teaching. Re: Caligula. Sources I have read indicate "The Governor of Syria, Publius Petronius, fearing civil war if the order were carried out, delayed implementing it for nearly a year.[102] Agrippa finally convinced Caligula to reverse the order.[98] However, Caligula issued a second order to have his statue erected in the Temple of Jerusalem. In Rome, another statue of himself, of colossal size, was made of gilt brass for the purpose. The Temple of Jerusalem was then transformed into a temple for Caligula, and it was called the Temple of Illustrious Gaius the New Jupiter.[103] (source: Wikipedia "Caligula" 2:8 Heading Emperor; Eastern policy) Then, the reference of "103" takes one to "So great therefore was his inequality of temper towards every one, and most especially towards the nation of the Jews to which he was most bitterly hostile, and accordingly beginning in Alexandria he took from them all their synagogues there, and in the other cities, and filled them all with images and statues of his own form; for not caring about any other erection of any kind, he set up his own statue every where by main force; and the great temple in the holy city, which was left untouched to the last, having been thought worthy of all possible respect and preservation, he altered and transformed into a temple of his own, that he might call it the temple of the new Jupiter, the illustrious Gaius"" (source WIkisource ""On The Embassy to Gaius" by Philo translated by Charles Duke Yonge Paragraph: XLIII . Can one conclude that he actually did set up an abomination in the temple in Jerusalem, or not? Among other curious activities, Caligula had the Egyptian obelisk (which now stands before St Peters at the Vatican) transported by sea and erected at that time in the middle of Rome.

  • @lonw.7016
    @lonw.70168 жыл бұрын

    "brain fever" corresponds to syphilis; Reminds me of Capone after prison.

  • @jpaul1599
    @jpaul15995 жыл бұрын

    Bruce Gore is absolutely right that the early chapters of Acts is about a short time frame of around a year. I also like Bruce's honesty about his own experience on prayer. Now on the facts about the transition chapters of the Book of Acts. Ever wondered why it says in Acts 11:19 > Now they which were scattered abroad upon the persecution that arose about Stephen travelled as far as Phenice, and Cyprus, and Antioch, "preaching the word" to none but "unto the Jews only." The apostles were merely obeying what Jesus commanded them - go not to the Gentiles but only to the lost sheep of Israel. It's only after Paul's conversion that the gospel of grace "to the Gentiles also" was preached. Until Saul's conversion to Paul as the apostle to the Gentiles, the 12 apostles only preached the Gospel of the coming Kingdom of heaven on earth. Rightly dividing the word of truth (2 Timothy 2:15) makes perfect sense because it explains what seems as some apparent contradictions between the 4 synoptic gospels and Paul's gospel. The Gospel of the Kingdom of Heaven (on earth) was preached by Jesus to the Jews of those days to demonstrate and reassure them of a coming fulfilment of the promise of the Father to the patriarchs and prophets at the appointed time. (Christ's second coming is at a time that is indeterminate to all, even the Son). Mark 13:32-33 > But of that day and that hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels which are in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father. Take ye heed, watch and pray: for ye know not when the time is. It's also true that the prophetic programme for Israel and the Jews has been postponed after the stoning of Stephen (the sign of the Jews' rejection of the Holy Spirit and also the expiry of the one year extension to the fig tree - Israel as a nation - that had hitherto not borne fruit and thus due to be cut off ) and particularly after the mystery hidden in God [1 Corinthians 2:7 & Ephesians 3:4-6 ] from the beginning concerning the Gentiles has been revealed through Apostle Paul, the apostle to the Gentiles. At His second coming He will establish His Millennium reign from Jerusalem (after He judges the nations that come up against Israel) and He will rule through King David on his throne over Israel and the world. He will also fulfill the Ezekiel prophecy concerning the dry bones coming to life in the land of Israel when He brings to life the Old Testament Jewish Believers (including the Patriarchs and Prophets) that predate His incarnation, and sprinkle them with water and give them a new spirit i.e. born again, with water and spirit [Ezekiel 36:24-26 ] and they will reign with Christ for a thousand years. (the "born again" above are "part of the first resurrection" and therefore have no part in the second death). He will both purify their lips and also restore the purity of the Hebrew language and over a generation or so, Hebrew will be the universal language of governmental administration. Other languages will fade away and thus the prophecy that "tongues will cease" will be fulfilled.(1 Corinthians 13:8) The rapture teaching hovering around the onset of the great tribulation or in that period is based on two or three assumptions that are not really tenable for multiple reasons and ignoring verses that point away from those assumptions. John 17:15, 20 > I pray "not that thou shouldest take them out of the world, but that thou shouldest keep them from the evil"... Neither pray I for these alone, but for them also which shall believe on Me through "their" word; (though "I pray not ... take them out of the world" is directly addressed to the Jews at that time, it has general applicability). 2 Thessalonians 1:4-9 > ... patience and faith in all your persecutions and tribulations that ye endure: Which is a manifest token of the righteous judgment of God, that ye may be counted worthy of the kingdom of God, for which ye also suffer: ... you who are troubled rest with us, when the Lord Jesus shall be revealed from heaven with His mighty angels, In flaming fire taking vengeance on them that know not God, and that obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ: Who shall be "punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord", and from the glory of His power; (Contrary to most preachings the time of great tribulation is not the wrath of God but the work of the Antichrist and Satan - and in any event Paul states we are to endure persecutions and tribulations; the wrath of God that Believers will be spared from is the everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord at His third coming and for that alone we should be grateful). 2 Corinthians 12:2-4 > I knew a man in Christ ... one caught "up to the third heaven". And I knew such a man ... How that he was "caught up into paradise", ... Paul narrating the vision states that he (probably John) was caught "up to" the third heaven but that he was caught "up into" paradise. Notice the difference in words "up to" vs "up into". Upto means close to get a peek but still outside heaven while into paradise means inside paradise. After the resurrections on the last day of the Millennium reign, this the First Earth will pass away and thereafter the New Earth will come down from Heaven and God will dwell with those Redeemed for eternity. - Revelation 21:1-2. John 14:2-3 > In my Father's house are many mansions: ... if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again, and receive you unto Myself; that where I am, there ye may be also. ["a place" is referring to incorruptible glorious covering if rightly read along with 2 Corinthians 5:1-8 and 1 Corinthians 15:37-41; "many mansions" is referring to the different types of coverings.] 2 Corinthians 5: 1-4 > For we know that if our earthly house of this tabernacle were dissolved, we have a building of God, ... eternal in the heavens. For in this we groan, earnestly desiring to be clothed upon with our house which is from heaven: ... For we that are in this tabernacle do groan, being burdened: not for that we would be unclothed, but clothed upon, that mortality might be swallowed up of life." 1 Corinthians 15:37-41 > And that which thou sowest, thou sowest not that body that shall be, but bare grain, it may chance of wheat, or of some other grain: But "God giveth it a body as it hath pleased him", and to every seed his own body... There are also "celestial bodies", and "bodies terrestrial": but the glory of the celestial is one, and the glory of the terrestrial is another. There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars: for one star differeth from another star in glory. 1 Thessalonians 4:16-17 > For the Lord Himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first: Then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord." The above verses do not state that He will come to take you to Heaven; on the contrary it means that where He is (on the New Earth) at the appointed time according to His purpose and plan, you also will be. He does not operate a shuttle service to take Believers to Heaven on their death. Remember Enoch is not in heaven else the Word of God will not declare in John 3:12-13 > ... And no man hath ascended up to Heaven, but He that came down from Heaven, even the Son of man which is in Heaven. Besides, it says in Psalm 115:16 > The heaven, even the heavens, are the LORD's: but the earth hath He given to the children of men. There will be no mass ascension of Believers to Heaven even at His second coming for multiple reasons according to the Scriptures e.g. (i) in John 6:39,40 & 44, three times He clearly states "raise up at the Last Day." (ii) in 1 Corinthians 15:52 it says " In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, "at the last trump": for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed. (iii) in Job 14: 12-14, it says "So man lieth down, and riseth not: "till the heavens be no more, they shall not awake, nor be raised out of their sleep". O that Thou wouldest hide me in the grave, ... until Thy wrath be past, that Thou wouldest appoint me a set time, and remember me! ... all the days of my appointed time will I wait, till my change come." [from the corruptible to the incorruptible]. Finally, at the end of the millennium at His third coming, Satan, Death and Hell are all cast into the Lake of Fire (Revelation 20:10, 14) and then there will be the resurrections - (i) Believers will be gathered unto Him and Resurrected to Life (part of first resurrection) as promised and (ii) all others (atheists, agnostics, religion followers) to the Resurrection to Judgement when He will judge them not according to what mortal Man considers as good works but on His standard of righteousness and it's possible that He may well have mercy or compassion "on some of them" e.g. Romans 9:15-16 > For He saith to Moses, I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion. So then it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that sheweth mercy. As one who believes that all of the Word of God is Truth, in context and time, this is the only possible way that has no contradictions. [It's the history of this world from Creation till the end if this the first earth, that's revealed by God in HIS omniscience - everything will come to pass in the appointed time; every word that has gone forth from HIS mouth has already occurred in God's view because HE is outside of time. Isaiah 55:11 > So shall My word be that goeth forth out of My mouth: it shall not return unto Me void, but it shall accomplish that which I please, and it shall prosper in the thing whereto I sent it.

  • @phillipsugwas

    @phillipsugwas

    7 ай бұрын

    Has anything you have written here got any relevance to this lecture - A cursory read of your content-perhaps with the exception of your first paragraph- indicates a no.

  • @desi76
    @desi762 жыл бұрын

    I enjoyed this presentation. Is King Herod Agrippa 1's actual speech recorded anywhere?

  • @GoreBruce

    @GoreBruce

    2 жыл бұрын

    Josephus gives a decent summary of the speech.

  • @stoephead
    @stoephead6 жыл бұрын

    One thing that does not easily come across in christian discussions is that the Jews combined church and state. The apostles transgressed the law of the land and were viewed as subversive. Is that correct? I feel that when current discussions do not bring that out, we cannot explore their frame of mind properly and subsequently our own. To a lot of the pentacost week protesters, this was a civil event I bet. That would be why they could turn so easily.

  • @GoreBruce

    @GoreBruce

    6 жыл бұрын

    There is certainly merit in your perspective. Jesus himself was charged with the crime of blasphemy, which is a religious offense, but bore a civil penalty. Every Christian must come to grips with Jesus declaration, "All authority is given to me..." which encompasses both the religious and the political domains.

  • @williamsharp8787
    @williamsharp87876 жыл бұрын

    Good history lecture. One inaccurate minor detail. Caligula didn't have a son. He had one daughter named Julia Drussilla.

  • @GoreBruce

    @GoreBruce

    6 жыл бұрын

    Thanks for the correction. You are quite correct.

  • @jonaslafonte9070

    @jonaslafonte9070

    6 жыл бұрын

    I think Dursilla was his sister. She died from a illness and he erected a statue of her, most historians believe they had a incestous relationship.

  • @jonaslafonte9070

    @jonaslafonte9070

    6 жыл бұрын

    He had a son, the Prectorian guard murdered his wife and son the day that they assassinated him, obviously they did not want any of his family to carry on in order to quell future instability.

  • @funfact8660

    @funfact8660

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@jonaslafonte9070 a daughter named Claudia 📚

  • @jamesdinallo236
    @jamesdinallo2362 жыл бұрын

    paul had gone first into arabia then damascus after his conversion? see Galatians 1:17

  • @GoreBruce

    @GoreBruce

    2 жыл бұрын

    Of course.

  • @PeteJab
    @PeteJab3 жыл бұрын

    I thought Paul went down to Arabia for three years after his conversion and then escape from Damascus?

  • @GoreBruce

    @GoreBruce

    3 жыл бұрын

    That may be true, Paul does not say. He only states that after three years he returned to Jerusalem.

  • @PeteJab

    @PeteJab

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@GoreBruce In Galatians 1:17 he states that instead of going to Jerusalem he went into Arabia. But I presume that Arabia could’ve been anywhere south of Damascus?

  • @GoreBruce

    @GoreBruce

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@PeteJab probably southeast.

  • @PeteJab

    @PeteJab

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@GoreBruce bro. Bruce. Do you have a podcast?

  • @GoreBruce

    @GoreBruce

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@PeteJab Sorry. Just the KZread videos and my site.

  • @shellyblanchard5788
    @shellyblanchard57885 жыл бұрын

    Peter didn't get what Jesus said about what you put in your mouth doesn't defile you. Some don't believe it. They think food laws are still in place.

  • @MrFinius
    @MrFinius Жыл бұрын

    So Peter was indeed the first Pope?

  • @rebanelson607

    @rebanelson607

    9 ай бұрын

    According to the Roman Catholics he was! Scripture says nothing about the subuect.

  • @aquillafleetwood8180
    @aquillafleetwood81805 жыл бұрын

    Acts 11: 13-14......go fetch for Peter, he will tell you words by which you and your household shall be saved! Acts 10: 47-48....Peter commanded them to be baptized in water... Faith...alone saves nobody!

  • @stephenodell9688

    @stephenodell9688

    4 жыл бұрын

    You seem to be missing a few points here and not reading the text close enough. In Acts 2: 38 comes at the end of a long discourse that includes Joel 2:28-32 and ends with "Who ever calls on the name of the Lord shall be saved." IN Acts 2 he tells them to repent then be baptized. Both of these requirements are to be meant before baptism can be considered. Many admonitions have over looked these and trusted in baptism alone as a requirement alone for salvation and have baptized babies who had no idea of what was going on. If you look at "To him give all the prophets witness, that through his name whosoever believeth in him shall receive remission of sins." Acts 10:43 (KJV) Which is it? Perhaps it is not one or the other but one is the out working of the other. I hear the Gospel that Jesus died to pay for my sins and arose and can take a way my sin. I believe on/in him; i am baptized by the Holy Spirit. Then I am baptized by water. Is this supported by the text? Yes, Peter preached, then while he was preaching, the Holy Spirit filled the hearers. It was only after this that the subject of baptism came up. When you exam James 2 you well see that his argument is " Show me your faith apart from your works, and I will show you my faith by my works. " James 2:18 (ESV) he goes on to give two examples of people whose faith produced works. There is you tube video by an atheist doctor who decided to find fault with the Bible and realized that that it is true. He did nothing about it until he had a man in the ER that asked him why he had not received Christ as his savior. The Dr. excused him self and went to his office and thought about it. HE asked Jesus to save him and returned to the ER and the man was gone leaving no record of his being there. This Dr. had "faith" in that believed that Jesus claims were true but had done nothing about it. Up to that point his "faith" was as good as died until he did some thing about it. James is contending that works are proof of faith but before you can do the works the faith has to be there. But the one who comes to God with no faith in Him but with good works done to try to appease God will not be accepted. God is not bought nor impressed. Any thing that you can do He can do better. This is the argument that Paul makes often, that no one is justified by the works of the law even if it is their own law or The law of Moses. To be accepted by doing the law it has to be 100% no one is that good.

  • @aquillafleetwood8180
    @aquillafleetwood81805 жыл бұрын

    Cornelius was told ...get up...I too am just a man.... ....and you think he was the first Pope?

  • @jpaul1599

    @jpaul1599

    5 жыл бұрын

    Aquila Fleetwood - the reference to first bishop is about Peter not Cornelius..

  • @thekingsson1757

    @thekingsson1757

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@jpaul1599 Peter was not a pope

  • @jpaul1599

    @jpaul1599

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@thekingsson1757 - why are you addressing your comments to me ; you ought to address it to Fleetwood as the comment about Pope is not mine..

  • @funfact8660
    @funfact86603 жыл бұрын

    Gauis Julius Germanicus Augustus Caesar

  • @vincentpinto1127
    @vincentpinto11273 жыл бұрын

    Luke is developing no thesis and hammering no point. I know, you get carried away sometimes. The Holy Spirit is the one doing it through his penman, Luke! To teach future generations what the Lord Jesus Christ is doing in this world via him, the Holy Spirit. . That said, I love your work, and have recently purchased your book. I don't agree with the dates around the time of Cyrus, etc., which come from Ptolemy. The chronology work of Anstey and Mauro are excellent. But I realize you need to tie in secular history to available dates. Nonetheless, constant disclaimers are needful that Ptolemy-derived dates dont cut it. Especially during the Persian era. After Alexander they are fine. Anstey and Mauro cover it will. You should give it a very close study.

  • @annvogelpohl3502
    @annvogelpohl350210 ай бұрын

    Caligula had encephalitis, probably from a virus, or STD.

  • @lonw.7016
    @lonw.70168 жыл бұрын

    Didache. hmmm.

  • @aquillafleetwood8180
    @aquillafleetwood81805 жыл бұрын

    Peter...the first Pope??? That office is not found any where in scripture! Saved by faith only??? Paul never said we are saved by "faith only"! He did repeat a number of times that we are not under the Law, therefore, we are not saved BY THE WORKS OF THE LAW! Paul and James are not contradicting each other! People are not "rightly" dividing the word of truth! Hebrews chapter 11 shows how faith and works stand together! So does Revelation 2: 5... Rev. 22....we are awarded...ACCORDING TO OUR...WORKS! Enough said...faith and works...are the counsel of God!

  • @hayneshuntingcom
    @hayneshuntingcom10 ай бұрын

    prayer. AN HONEST MAN.. Same with me. But I have seen things happen many times

  • @rebanelson607

    @rebanelson607

    9 ай бұрын

    So true. Amazing to think that the very Spirit of God who hovered over the face of the waters makes intercession for us and God knows what is in the mind of the Spirit.