Thank you for watching and for being here! If you want to support the channel, you can become a KZread Member at kzread.info/dron/scI4NOggNSN-Si5QgErNCw.htmljoin or I’m on Patreon at www.patreon.com/ancientarchitects

@tinkerstrade3553

2 жыл бұрын

As a senior citizen on Social Security (US) I'm doing good to support myself in these inflationary times. But I do let the commercials play, so you get a few cents there. 🖖

@JHernandezsb

2 жыл бұрын

Hey mate, just a thought. Is it possible the mass grain production was also used to make alcohol. Currently the oldest alcohol beverage was found to be in ancient China. But I cannot imaging that a people so well versed with grains and not have a working knowledge of fermentation

@robertmorgan9045

2 жыл бұрын

Why don’t you just go for Occam’s Razor? They were feeding the workers that were building the complex!

@444STT

2 жыл бұрын

I think you are really onto something. Nice work, again. Next, see how some of the enclosures were giant fermentation chambers and we see that beer and man evolved together!! 🤤🍺🤪

@skankhunt3624

2 жыл бұрын

There's a great book you should read, "The dawn of everything, a new history of humanity." By David Graeber and David Wengrow

“You know what really grinds my grains?” -Ancient Anatolians

@AncientArchitects

2 жыл бұрын

Haha

@dreed2004

2 жыл бұрын

How does this not have more likes lol

@thescarlettbandit5542

2 жыл бұрын

Appreciated that 😆🕊

@enyaisrave2831

2 жыл бұрын

😆

@colinvannurden3090

2 жыл бұрын

Lmao!! Good one bro😆

I really appreciate you following this magnificent discovery so closely. Thank You!

hmm I agree with general premise that farmers and hunter gatherers is not a hard and fast line, and that there is lots of grey area between them. However, just because the grains resemble the wild type varieties much more than more modern "domestic varieties" does not mean they were not being farmed. If that is the main line of evidence being used it could be deeply flawed in many ways. Early farmers would be using wild type grains cause that is what is available when you start.

@redneckhippy2020

2 жыл бұрын

the harvesting of both wild rice and acorns by indigenous peoples as examples here in north america. massive collection/processing of seasonal foods was common, ex. wild leeks, fiddle heads, or morel mushrooms in the spring. Entire communities, or entire societies, would have all hands on deck harvesting and processing the readily available seasonal foods. After crossing a certain threshold you'd naturally develop large processing/storage/distribution sites.

@flyingeagle3898

2 жыл бұрын

@@redneckhippy2020 yes, and native americans definitely had those things(though much of their material was made of wood and skins that would not preserve well.) But just as importantly east coast Native Americans DID practice agriculture. They grew Corn, Beans, Squash, and sunflowers. North American natives are a great example of a community that still practiced a fair bit of hunting and gathering but ALSO farmed (if not in the same intensive way as European settlers.) They also had some fairly large permanent and semi-permanent settlements, a few of which easily exceeded the "city" criteria of over 10,000 residents until the European diseases devastated the population.

@JD96893

2 жыл бұрын

I don't see how it's flawed... The grains obviously magically domesticated when they started farming them.

@telebubba5527

2 жыл бұрын

@@JD96893 Domestication doesn't happen magically, but is a result of cross breeding and selection of several varieties. It may sound strange to you but the people of that era were probably the greatest geneticist ever. It's also how they domesticated animals shortly after. You wouldn't have found a poodle back then, but they did start the proces of turning wild wolves into an animal they could "work" with. Through the same methode they gradually changed them into the wide varieties we have today. (Btw, I think they would be appalled if they could see what we have done to dogs.)

@JD96893

2 жыл бұрын

@@telebubba5527 I was being sarcastic because archeologist have a way of illogically disproving theories, but thanks for the interesting tid bit.

Beer......clearly these folks were advanced. They knew what goes well with BBQ & tons of food. Looking forward to more on this. Thanks.

the reason for beeing farmers, was beer. not the beer that we know today, but it was a earley version of it. so they made tye and wheat durable and consumeable . the egypts had beer too.

Excellent work!!! I had never heard about all the grinding stones that were found. I'm learning so much from your channel!

@harrywalker968

2 жыл бұрын

you want to learn something really interesting about your beginings, & history they dont tell you..viper tv, sumerian tablets. . praveen mohan. . brian foerster,peracus mummies. . the facts by how to hunt. . everything inside me. . for a few. keep you busy..religion didnt happen, till after jesus died, than man made it to control man. religion is bs.lies..

This is really excellent coverage. Göbekli Tepe is centered on a hilltop surrounded by farmland. Obviously, the farms are modern, but they could have been natural fields of grains or even proto-planted gardens.

You really provide a very fine service to the public who appreciate archeology. Thank you Matt!

Food had to be very plentiful year round to do that level of work. Starving people don't cut rock, raise pillars. They spend their time trying to find their next meal.

@AncientArchitects

2 жыл бұрын

I think it shows an organised people

@enyaisrave2831

2 жыл бұрын

@@AncientArchitects 100%

A large industrial processing plant; supplying food to the surrounding areas and beyond. The implications of that would be totally and utterly amazing. Not to mention that our present history books would need to be discarded.

That Gobekli was a combination of agricultural culture and hunter gatherers fits the idea that an advanced culture in Sundaland was dispersed by the YD catastrophe and fled far up the Tigris as they could to establish a community to foster the local hunter gatherers. They taught them agricultural techniques as well as their religious concepts and our current civilization followed.

"Wild ass were eaten" sounds like a party

@AncientArchitects

2 жыл бұрын

Lol

@user-py7hh5vo3l

2 жыл бұрын

Best comment

This is a fantastic job of reaping and processing data for your viewers, no grinding required. It has been one in a long series of thought-provoking videos on this site. Several things stand out. Firstly, our definition of "civilization" needs to be reworked. It comes from the word "civis" meaning city, and the people of these sites seem to be civilized by a number of measures, without living in cities. Second, they seem to have been highly specialized, some hunted [possibly different groups for different game], some gathered wild foodstuff, some ground grain, etc. This "division of labor" is a main characteristic of "civilized" communities. Third, if lime washes and terrazzo were used, there must have been grinding stones specifically for grinding that material [I doubt that eating grain ground by a stone used for grinding limestone would be easy, pleasant or tasty], and others for polishing stone. You've suggested and sometimes directly pointed out all of these things in a relatively short, but easily comprehended and fact-filled video. Kudos well deserved and awarded! 🏆🙏 🏆 🙏🏆🙏

@hoodwinktheranger2967

2 жыл бұрын

This series of sites may not be the centre for this civilisation. An comparison would be the British empire where the civilisation was far reaching with distant locations having advance technology intertwined with local peoples and resources. As "maybe' Matt says, maybe Gobekli Tepe has manufacturing facility for mass production of flour using this local low cost labour, maybe 😉

Could that hypocaust-system have been a system to dry food, or possibly smoke meat to preserve it, or some kind of malt processing place for brewing beer?

If only we could go back in time. It would answer so many questions.

@AncientArchitects

2 жыл бұрын

Yep

That "rock garden" is amazing, gives the impression of junk accumulated over years. A big scale operation make sense not only size but also in time.

@stevelauda5435

2 жыл бұрын

But why did they place them in rows.....

@wafikiri_

2 жыл бұрын

@@stevelauda5435 Being organized eases up placing more junk. They had walking rows between junk ones. I have seen similar layouts in car junk places.

@SimonEkendahl

Жыл бұрын

@@stevelauda5435 They weren’t found like that, they’ve been placed in rows by the archaeologists.

He makes a very good case. Proto farmers (grain gatherers) who used stone containers instead of pottery, and no doubt woven baskets. The purses engraved on the pillar reliefs might be for carrying ground grain. Note, each purse on the relief pillar has an animal associated with it. Like each enclosure has an animal associated with it. This creates a pattern of an animal associated with a particular village (both their marked enclosure and their marked transport purse) If animals were used to carry grain and flour, then I expect the purses could be saddle bags for transporting to/from Golbekli Tepe. The best thing about cereal is it can be stored for use during lean months. (Ground penetrating radar might reveal a transportation network). Now I expect a road/path network to be found. There was a research article concluding in prehistory times a large animal was used for work of some sort (determined from the bone structure). As a practical matter to avoid starvation, a village would want to store a lot of grain in a well protected common storehouse in case robbers came to the village. Also local leaders would encourage villages to store grain in the central location to normalize unified cooperation and as a way to help consolidate their control over all the villages. Cooperation is critical for defense against foreign groups that could pose a threat. Also what is the definition of gathering versus farming? Fertilizing a naturally occurring patch of wild grain and cereal? Watering it? Weeding it? Protecting it from grazing animals? Or it’s not farming until Planting the grain seeds? Or selectively planting seeds from the most productive plants? And it would be a no brainer to plant some more pistachio trees and any other type of food tree.

Thanks again ... Your time and effort are much appreciated

This place was the first "center for higher learning". It was a Neolithic college. People came here to learn and then take knowledge back to their home villages. Yes, there was domestic life. Just like there is in colleges today.

@AncientArchitects

2 жыл бұрын

Maybe… but there are too many domestic objects for the amount of domestic houses and hence people… so it’s more like industrial scale food prep. But yes, maybe a centre of learning and innovation.

Always a treat learning new nuggets from you!

Fascinating video, man! You have a great perspective and great ideas. Thanks, Matt!

I've wondered for a while if hunter-gatherers might have been nomadic in the warmer seasons, but lived together through the winter to ease the burdens of coping with cold weather (pooling body heat and the effects of fuel for heating fires. A seasonal center for processing combined food resources for storage fits well with the idea of a communal winter living space.

@thetroll1247

2 жыл бұрын

Like a communal hall made by Native Americans.

@finflwr

2 жыл бұрын

Very plausible theory. Winter traditionally being a time of crafting and processing. Summer is gathering time.

@floridaman4073

2 жыл бұрын

@@thetroll1247 yes we have great examples in the US and Canada of this kind of cultural behavior.

@donaldcarey114

2 жыл бұрын

@@thetroll1247 There is no such thing as a "Native" American. The term was made up by politicians. ALL humans in the Americas were immigrants from East Asia (Siberia). DNA does not lie.

Nicely done! Straight forward and plausible thoughts! More info than I’ve ever heard before...

We underestimate the importance of food manufacturing in our modern society.

I like how using living history/archeology yields results many have never imagined. Using the stones to find what and how grinding was. Coarse or fine ground. And what it may have been used for. Fleshing out the ancient community.

@AncientArchitects

2 жыл бұрын

These experiments are amazing. Real practical research.

@JMM33RanMA

2 жыл бұрын

@@AncientArchitects Speaking of practical research, analysis of ancient fecal matter in a deposit in North America had evidence of cannibalism. One has to wonder whether such finds have been made in Anatolia and what has been found.

Adding to the idea of a food processing site ...perhaps you have defined why the site was abandoned. If the food was prepared for large crowds and became infected with a deadly bacteria would be a good reason to abandon it and cover it over with dirt leaving the grinding stones and bowls.

Thank you Matt for such and in depth and illuminating video. You/the Ancient Architects channel is my main source of information for this site and many other ancient archeological sites. You have started in me a hunger for more knowledge. I am hoping to go and visit the site in the next couple of years! So thank you so so much for all the inspiration and interest you’ve catalysed in me. Joe

“The beer was bitter but drinkable”. Sounds like modern craft beers. 🍺

@TheJagjr4450

18 күн бұрын

Anything to drink which did not give you cholera or parasites was A WELCOME BEVERAGE!

Thank you I think this could be one of your best videos of all time

The people were growing the wild varieties of grains, cereals, and legumes. Harvesting scythes were made of wood and bone, and containers were woven baskets...none of which survived the passage of time. Grain markers are found on stone bowels and grinding stones as noted.

@sparade1

2 жыл бұрын

About scythes: there are wonderful scythes, made by parthial cutting on the internal side of curved animal horns, and securing sharp flints in the slit, thus realizing a tool surprisingly similar in shape and use to the modern scythes, in Ankara Archeological museum, stone and bronze era sector.

Thank you very much for this video and all your other videos :)

I 💖 this! Great video, Matt!

I feel you are on the right track. I also feel that there is a deep level of knowledge encoded into this site as a way of life and learning for its inhabitants. What this knowledge was and what they new would be extremely interesting. Thanks for your videos.

I just love how people's brain works! It is amazing how from a few stones, so many different ideas can be introduced! I, personally, do not agree that these enclosers were simply barns. But hey, who knows.... maybe one day we will find out. :)

I'm not convinced with your heating video but this episode was incredible.

You may be right, or you may be wrong, but you are always asking the right questions. Kudos!

Thank you I appreciate the information you bring us.

As always an interesting and compelling story, thanks mate!

Great video. Very educational. Thanks!

Incredible story. I appreciate the smallest details that are explained so thoroughly really good stuff. Thank You.

Great work and thanks for sharing, especially the links. A very interesting hypothesis. Chris

So much of the site remains uncovered that our perception of it's scope will likely grow in time. Thank you for your study and I look forward to frequent updates from you.

Very nice video! Love the idea of animals representing different groups, like a mascot.

@AncientArchitects

2 жыл бұрын

Yeah… it’s what the German archaeological institute archaeologists are thinking and it does make some sense. Def a possible interpretation

@PatchouliPenny

2 жыл бұрын

@@AncientArchitects well, I hate to keep mentioning the books but Jean M. Aul's Clan of the Cave Bear book series came up with that idea first as far as I know. Granted I read them some 35 years ago but I think her ideas, stories and research for very early human hunter gatherers was absolutely fantastic!

Marvellous information,thank you.

Thank you for posting

Thank you for this channel

@AncientArchitects

2 жыл бұрын

Thank you for watching the channel 😃

Abhijit vartak - - good insight . Looking from different angle.

Thank you!

Awesome 👍🏼 thank you, Matt ❤️⛰️❤️

@AncientArchitects

2 жыл бұрын

Thanks Lynn

Very interesting video. Thank you!

Amazing video. All those bowls!

I agree with your analysis. Fascinating stuff, thanks.

@AncientArchitects

2 жыл бұрын

Thanks for watching

Build a brewery, make a living. Though wheat beer is a pretty low bar for beer. I guess if you haven't had better it still makes the lovers look better in the dark. 🙂

Thank you Matt...very interesting...

Thanks for your videos.🤗🥰💯🙏

I always enjoy an AA vid, I don't always agree with everything but this hypothesis makes a lot sense to me. A massive Neolithic food bank where everyone contributed something and it was then distributed amongst the wider community. The evidence seems to back that idea up. Nice one Matt.

@Null257

2 жыл бұрын

Participate and you don't have to worry about starving if you have a bad season. Makes sense. Easier to defend stores, too.

Wow fantastic presentation. Well done. Wow l I can say. Thanks

Thank you.

Couple of thoughts. 1 With that many grind stones, I find it hard to believe they were not farming. 2 The farming they could have been doing was with wild grains. Beginning the domestication of those grains.

Such an intriguing site .

The raised floor with water underneath is a refrigerator. I have seen the same design in Egypt and America.

The absence of differences between the grains found in earliest Neolithic settlements and the grains of wild plants does not yet prove the complete absence of agriculture. These people may have practiced the type of farming adopted by many modern agrarians: They consume the entire crop without residue and take new seeds from the outside (in their case from specialized breeding farms). The inhabitants of Taş Tepeler could also consume all the crops they grew, and collect wild plant seeds for planting next season. In this case, we will see no difference between wild and human-grown plants. What could be the reasons for this strange behavior? For example, religious: People might have thought that grains grown with the help of the gods and by following all the necessary rituals would bring them not only food but also grace. (Who but the gods can provide 10 times as much yield in a cultivated field as in a wild one?) Throwing the divine gifts back into the ground could be considered sacrilege.

@redneckhippy2020

2 жыл бұрын

the magic word is 'domestication'. For some reason it is assumed that harvesting natural grains is not 'farming'.

@watchingthesky1973

2 жыл бұрын

@@redneckhippy2020 The hypothetical situation I described is NOT domestication. Still it should be described as 'agriculture', if they loosened up the ground, removed weeds, and protected crops from trampling and eating by animals. The key point is creating an artificial biocoenosis (field with a monoculture) that cannot exist in nature without human support.

@ivojara

2 жыл бұрын

@@redneckhippy2020 Evewn if they domesticated wild grain, the grain would be the same as the wild one for several generations. So during the first 5 centuries or more you could not tell if it was domesticated wild grain or just wild grain.

@grimfpv292

2 жыл бұрын

And now.. millennia later, we're again planting spelt instead of wheat to some extent, because the wilder variety has more nutritional value.

@watchingthesky1973

2 жыл бұрын

@@ivojara Thank you for this important note, especially given that selection at that stage could only be spontaneous. However I've never seen a quantitative estimation of this process - I must missed something. I guess this time period is different for various species. Could you provide a link to the source of "5 centuries or more" for cereals, please.

This was truly food for thought....

In the similar taulas of Menorca abundant food storage evidences have been found. It is very plausible that the Gobekli Tepe, etc., buildings were for storage of processed and unprocessed grains for the agricultural populations of the villages down in the fertile plain. Possibly less rodents and fungi were present in those high colder and dry terrains, than down in the valley. A calendaric utility makes sense in this context of grain storage.

Thank you for this wonderful presentation. I wanted to point out that on the vulture Stone up near the top there are what look like grain sheaves. If you look closely you can see grain heads carved in so there's no mistaking them. I noticed it about 5 years ago and now finally a few other people have mentioned it Yes, they were at least gathering wild grain if not growing it. Thanks for the fine work!

nice video. I like your perspective

Nice job!

I love hearing news about Gobekli Tepe, especially when it's brought by Matt :P

This was great! Every year, Tas Teplar gives the world something new to ponder. It's gone from being the first temple, to the first grocery store and block party. Seriously though, the ancients were masters of the land they lived on. ✌️😺

The lack of personal possessions, and human remains that should be buried for ancestor worship is also lacking. Especially in comparison with the grinding tools, there should be so much more. It makes sense. Good hypothesis! Thank you Matthew!

@I_Art_Laughing

Жыл бұрын

Burial is not universal.

hi, Matt! an intriguing hypothesis. if the area was wetter back then, there could have been large areas of wild grains for them to gather. they are just grasses, after all. or, they could have been in the very early stages of agriculture. either way, they would have been "hunter-gatherers". we know they ate wild game and wild grains, built these structures, and lived nearby. for now, everything else is conjecture. the presence of so many grinding stones goes a long way in supporting this hypothesis. fascinating!

Enjoy your material,compared to some others your very informative 👍 keep up the great videos 🙂

Kinda makes sense that agriculture started by just... setting up camp where the wild grains were already growing. Next thing you know, you've got a cereal factory.

Are we looking at an ancient high civilization of megalithic builders that are survivors of cataclysms, how long would it take to rebuild a civilization! Thank you for all your work!

If only 5000 of the grinding stones were in use at any one time, that indicates 5000 families. Obviously they had agriculture. You cannot just gather that much wild grain, within walking distance of home.

@HansenFT

2 жыл бұрын

According to some researchers there was likely up to thousands of years of middle phenomena. They did perhaps start by staying relatively close to the best wild grain spots, to watch and with time manipulate the growth by watering, weeding etc. Slowly the learned how to make them grow at new spots etc. It's a good video here on YT that says this. Don't remember exact title here and now, but he dates the start of the revolution very loosely to something like 22-18 000 - 14 000 (prob not accurate numbers). Believe he is a mainstream historian too.. I rearly see folks talk about how there must have been a huge period of some type of "proto agriculture." But surely it must have existed. Perhaps for thousands of years. Great video!

@rockysexton8720

2 жыл бұрын

The site was utilized for about 1500 years. Unless one could demonstrate that all or most of the grinding stones were utilized in the same narrow tine frame, the math doesn't work out for anywhere near 5000 people being present.

in that area, according to some old papers, people had a summer camp in the mountains for hunting, and a winter camp for almonds, apricots etc. hunter-gatherers in name only as they moved 2x a year

Getting together for BBQ and beer, chatting, relaxing, checking out the females, a little singing and dancing... nothing's changed.

Worth sayi f at the begiining some very basic facts, location (modern name) and when is was discovered, only takes then seconds. Thanks for a great video.

It's good to see a more sensible perspective rise to replace the earlier one where pre-agricultural implied a strictly hunting/gathering lifestyle. I think of how productive that fertile crescent must have been and how crucial those south facing watercourses draining down into the plains below must have been to what I can easily believer were vast herds of gazelles and other grazing animals following the annual cycle and the water sources on which they depended. Wonderful insights from the research on the kind of grinding stones and their likely use; making a good argument for fermentation as a way to preserve and of course make the grasses a potent social component beyond just food when inebriation becomes a kind of speaking to the gods. Thanks again for your bringing the latest research and your always insightful views. Cheers.

That is amazing. I really enjoy the quality of your narrative. Matt if one day you will be given the opportunity to use a time machine which date you would like to travel back first? I can hear that you say fourth dynasty ancient egypt. Is that right? What about you guys? Please reply.

They figured out that certain food was only around at a certain time of year and so built a place to process and store it. They got tired of running out or having to supply those that didn't prepare and pretty much made it a community effort.

I live for this shit. One day, technology will advance enough that it will become trivial for the average person to view our ancient history with accuracy and clarity, and I am envious of those people of the future and the glory they'll behold.

@AncientArchitects

2 жыл бұрын

I know what you mean

@PatchouliPenny

2 жыл бұрын

I'm telling you we will just work it out and then the next global cataclysm will occur taking a few survivors back to square one! 😄 Murphy's law!

Best experimental archaeology project EVER! And I know much later dates brewing included underfloor heating. Carvings may be classifications of groups, like elks/moose lodges ❤

At 0:38 there's those EXACT same handbags that every other civilization was carving on their walls!!! Crazy!!!

I'd love to think of the entire tas tepeler complex as almost a neolithic resort or theme park of some kind, with gobekli tepe as a brewery, beer garden and restaurant , and karahan tepe as a sauna and spa,... if one of the other sites turn out to only have iconography and finds related to music and dancing somehow, then we have a nightclub too,... it would be hilarious!

You called the donkey wild ass lmao

Gobekli Tepe was part of a massive brewery complex!

I am breathless as this excavation progresses. And so recent, as these things go. I love to imagine this setting when it was in use and busy. Much the same landscape. 71122

Great stuff thanks. Watching this i thought of pemmican production in the Americas.

Could GT have been a center for beer production? Some have theorized that it was beer that stimulated the development of agriculture. I can imagine the enclosures with different animal symbols as representing different specialties - brands - that catered to different groups at feasting time like modern ale houses and restaurants.

The most popular beer brand of Gobekli Tepe? "Another"! Ask for it by name 🍺! "What are you drinking, friend?" "Another!"

I did actually suggest as such the theory that gobekli tepe enclosures look like storage areas. With the pillars suggesting what is stored in there and the time of year it was captured/killed/processed in another of your videos a while back.

Fascinating! It would make sense if hunter/gatherers were able to harvest more than the needs of their family groups, and that they took the surplus to an area for processing and long term use. I wonder what the climate was like at that time? Were there harsh winters for example? Some Indigenous American groups sheltered in more secure shelters in larger groups during winter months. There is a fascinating channel on YT that covers aspects of life in antiquity. He recently had a video defining what makes a city or not. He does not rank Gobekli Tepe as a city for a number of reasons. In so doing, we gain a better idea of what people were doing at Gobekli Tepe. Going back to Indigenous Americans, they were known to have gatherings at different times of the year, when smaller groups congregated. I wonder what would lead to a next step of forming a prehistoric convention center type thing with structures and massive food preparation? I wonder too, if a reason Gobekli Tepe did not achieve city status was because too many people congregated for too long, making a lot of filth that was unpleasant? Eventually people did create cities for permanent living and many seem to have simply lived with sewage. Just some ideas. I am still very much a student of antiquities.

Excellent video Matt. Perhaps the inhabitants were bartering their stone bowls for grain or even timber logs since there were so few in the area. What struck me was there was not much sign of weapon production , or am I missing something.

The "vast scale" of the grinding stones may indicate a vast period of time rather than a vast population at a limited period of time. So an assumption of an 'industrial scale' of grinding may be ascribed to an amount of labor that covered a whole lot of time rather than a whole lot of people.

If the people who lived there figured out how to mass produce food easily and that it could be traded with other tribes nearby. It would make sense that someone understood that they could get "rich" from trading the excess amounts of food and flours. It would also make sense that this sort of place would over time become a sorta like a stone age shopping center, maybe they also traded stuff they got in exchange for food. It would also make sense that they could gather work force and resources to build all this stuff, including the potential spa, which would be awesome for weary travelers coming from far away to trade there.

This makes a million times more sense than that it was some kind of religious gathering spot for otherwise nomadic hunters.

Maybe the location was selected because of the grains growing there? Meaning the people settled where the grain already was growing, possibly.

Amazing how much we still have to learn about human history 10,000 plus years ago. The last 10years alot has changed of our understanding. I wonder where we will be in another 100 ?!