The quiz for this video is here: quizwithit.com/start_thequiz/1705011716288x794965809195634200

@osmosisjones4912

4 ай бұрын

We ask why to much and not how enough

@nunomaroco583

4 ай бұрын

Amazing explanation, really appreciate....

@nostradamus9132

4 ай бұрын

Could you maybe do a video going more in depth/ talk about the math.

@guytech7310

4 ай бұрын

Higgs & most of the standard model is just pure speculation & likely wrong. Really we cannot measure any non-electromagnetic particles or wavelets. All measurements are inferred by interactions decayed or translated into EM forces. The Higgs is purely speculation since the standard model derived a particle to be within a energy range, and CERN happened to find a particle with then that range. That does not mean its really Higgs, and the so called W boson appears to be too heavy to support the standard model. I presume they will fudge that to keep the Standard model alive. I suspect Inertia is probably an EM interaction since all particles with mass have either an electric charge or magnetic moment that is bound by μ0 and ε0. Gravity is probably derived from the strong interaction that continues well beyond an atoms radius but at a much weaker presence. If you look at a graph of the strong interaction it rapidly decays from 10^4 newtons at 1 radius to less than 1 newton at about 3 radius's. Beyond that its no longer possible to measure it, but that does not mean it persists in the macro scale. If this is correct, than mass isn't really one effect, but a combination of two separate effects (EM: inertial & Gravity: Strong interaction). This would also simply everything since it eliminates gravitons, higgs, & reduces the number of real forces to three: strong, weak, and EM.

@mudfossiluniversity

4 ай бұрын

Why Mass exists is because it is Muons that attach to the electron neutrinos. The muons are Black balls called Fixed Particles and they are solid and the Electron neutinos have all the energy and no mass. We have created them in laser acceleration experiments using venturis....photoed using CMOS .... I wish to engage if you will allow it? Fermilab article on "whats the point" shows the smallest bits and It appears all matter is made of dipoles ... Electrons are actually Dirac neutrinos (gluons) and 2 make a Photon which is 2 dipoles and fairly stable..... Protons are 1823 dipoles (charged) and neutrons 1824 dipoles (neutral). My theory is "Dipole Electron Flood" theory

Can you dive more into what the pion/higgs field and it's condensate and the drag means (and how that can be imagined)? The video stopped where I thought it would start to get really interesting 😊

@kieranhosty

4 ай бұрын

Seconded, I'd like to understand better how a pion condensate interacts with nuclei, the mechanism.

@Rudyard_Stripling

4 ай бұрын

Think of it like heavy wet fog and you got it.

@xxportalxx.

4 ай бұрын

​@@Rudyard_Stripling funny, never heard of a heavy wet fog making something collapse into a black hole... the part of the conceptual thats missing is how the drag creates the effect of mass, for instance how does drag cause two objects to attract one another? Or how does drag stop an object from being slowed down quickly? That last one is especially counterintuitive.

@Rudyard_Stripling

4 ай бұрын

She explained it, it slows the pions and quarks down, the condensates.@@xxportalxx.

@Rudyard_Stripling

4 ай бұрын

The presence of a pion condensate generally leads to a softening of the equation of state.@@xxportalxx.

Thank you for clearing this up. I have a PhD in Astrophysics and didn't know what you just told me. It's good to learn something new every day!

@twitter.comelomhycy

4 ай бұрын

Where did you think most of the mass came from?

@MarianLuca-rz5kk

4 ай бұрын

"Mass is Mass. Mass comes from Mass."

@no-one-in-particular

4 ай бұрын

No reason you should, this is particle theory and a PhD is usually on a highly specific topic

@mikemondano3624

4 ай бұрын

Think you can still get your money back?

@jj4791

3 ай бұрын

I've read PhD thesis' and they are almost universally esoteric in nature. Colleges pay for people who know more and more about less and less.

10/10 for this one! There has been so much noise about Higgs boson. Nobel level news and regular internet stuff. God particle, mass and what not. This was nice clarifying and in ways eye opening. Even a student can follow this explanation. Also important, to understand the universe. Well done!

@bsadewitz

3 ай бұрын

The media is insufferable with this practice, and they do it with *every* field of study, not just physics or "hard" sciences. They're generally more concerned with how compelling their rhetoric is--especially with regard to views/circulation/etc. I've learned to take any scientific explanation in the popular press, television, etc. with a grain of salt unless there's a broader context that is also meaningfully explained.

@bsadewitz

3 ай бұрын

For instance, the media constantly talks about antidepressant drugs as if they "correct a chemical imbalance". But there is no such thing as a "chemical imbalance". The concept itself is vacuous advertising copy with no relation to any scientific account of the drugs' mechanism of action, or neurophysiology in general. No one has measured any such imbalance, or even posited one theoretically. They *do* induce neurophysiological changes over time, but, if anything, the drug *creates* an "imbalance", though that's also a meaningless asseriton.

@vensroofcat6415

3 ай бұрын

@@bsadewitz it was even funnier when people tried to change their natural ph "imbalance" a while ago by drinking some basic sh!t and landing in ER rooms. Because you don't f. with your body. Like they say - you can't change your body. You can break it and live with what's left after. Results may vary, don't do at home... I don't exactly see how some of this connects to the topic at hand though. Don't be stupid? Darwin prize? Ok.

By far the most straightforward explanation for mass I've heard. Can you tell us more about what condensates are?

@Anton-tf9iw

3 ай бұрын

This is straight forward in particle Physics? People, when are you going to give up trying to understand this with the limited ape brain only? Next step in Evolution badly needed. AI won't cut it.

@denysvlasenko1865

3 ай бұрын

The term "condensate" in particle physics is used to describe the situation when some field has a non-zero vacuum expectation value. This situation is a bit counter-intuitive because it's a vacuum (it has no particles - the vacuum is the state from which you can't remove any particles - it's "as empty as it gets"), yet it can interact with particles flying through it. In SM, vacuum has two condensates: higgs, and pion (or QCD) condedsate.

I never knew why I had mass. Growing up, every Sunday, I had to go to mass. I still can't figure out why.

@paulct91

4 ай бұрын

So, you wouldn't have body image issues? Or maybe to turn you into "The Rock", I vote for the second one personally.

@k1ckyscotland988

4 ай бұрын

Just how many calories are there in communion?.

@justdave9610

4 ай бұрын

​@@paulct91 r/whoosh

@NullHand

4 ай бұрын

Shut up and eat your Jesus. If you don't clean your mock-cannibalism plate, you'll go blind and your bones will get all twisted....

@stevechance150

4 ай бұрын

God Damnit! I come to post this exact lame dad joke and you beat me to it. Well played sir, well played.

I just realized you crossed 1 million subs! Congratulations you deserve it.

@k1ckyscotland988

4 ай бұрын

I wholeheartedly concur.

@traumflug

3 ай бұрын

Uhm, this was like 3 month ago. She even made a thankyou-video.

I have to say this channel is absolutely amazing. The way you explain topics is precise and clear without being either overly granular or too simplified. You're reputable, you're easy to listen to, and your humor is spot on. Don't even get me started on the fact that you have quizzes for your videos. Godspeed.

@davidpeters3857

3 ай бұрын

Godspeed?

@ArawnOfAnnwn

3 ай бұрын

@@davidpeters3857 It's just a phrase. Don't read too much into it.

Wow! Pion Condensate. Very well explained, thank you, Sabine, you definitely have that knack of explaining complicated things succinctly, and clearly.

The depth of your explanation is absolutely out of this world!!! Congrats, Sabine!! You're not only a great mind, but also a great teacher!

@alphagt62

3 ай бұрын

@@nuffsaid0let’s not forget magnetism. Opposite charges keep most particles together. What part gravity plays is still much of a mystery. I find gluons fascinating, exactly how they work and why, and where do they come from, is interesting subject matter.

I’ve heard of Pions before but didn’t know what they were until today. Thanks, Sabine.

@thepuma2012

3 ай бұрын

except in the chess game never heard of them either, but it s hard to understand what she said

@ashroskell

3 ай бұрын

@@thepuma2012 : Ah, the wonderful feeling of using a pion to check mate a kiong. There’s nothing quite like iot. 😉

Thanks so much Sabine for this fresh perspective on mass generation by the Higgs field. Thanks even more for telling us all about the real players in mass generation... Pions. I'd heard the name before but never encountered an explanation of their role in mass formation. Your teaching skills are much appreciated & we all love you here on KZread.

Thanks for clearing that up. Yes, I was told the energy of the gluons and virtual particles were to blame but the further refinement to pion condensate is a little better. I do appreciate science educators making the effort to explain things and crediting their audience with the ability to understand, or , at least, to try.

Excellent presentation! Good humor, good explanations. Thank you.

I love it when I learn another step above, or a layer deeper, than what I thought I knew! Thank you!

@mikemondano3624

4 ай бұрын

You can't really "know" it when explained in words. Mathematics is the langauge that is eloquent and clear about this.

I love how Sabine explains such complex topics in a condensated way that everyone can understand! That's why I love her channel so much!

Sabine, thank you for taking the time to understand this, and then explaining it to everyone in a simple way. The world is a better place for having you (and your team) in it ❤

The Higgs field does not create drag. It does not slow particles. It creates inertia. It slows acceleration.

@CheatOnlyDeath

4 ай бұрын

Is there any way to imagine how a field could do such a thing?

@sjzara

4 ай бұрын

@@CheatOnlyDeath Create inertia? By adding energy to a particle.

@alienzenx

3 ай бұрын

@@sjzara I don't know why physicists talk about mass all the time, when it is actually energy. It muddy's the waters and is misleading. Mass is just the energy a particle or particles have when they are not moving. Energy bends space-time, not mass.

@sjzara

3 ай бұрын

@@alienzenx Mass indicates inertia.

@georgebowen3925

3 ай бұрын

​@@alienzenx I always thought energy and mass are the same thing. E=MC**2

You must construct additional pions.

@bjornfeuerbacher5514

4 ай бұрын

???

@snmemich

4 ай бұрын

StarCraft reference @@bjornfeuerbacher5514

@pontusvigur6720

4 ай бұрын

@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 You won't have enough probes otherwise.

@davidflannery8870

4 ай бұрын

Its a video game reference, Starcraft@@bjornfeuerbacher5514

@1112viggo

4 ай бұрын

@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 I think he means "Pylons" the Protos supply structures from StarCraft.

I thought I knew most of this because I did masters degree in this exact topic, studying strong interaction, the structure of a proton, but I haven't heard about the pion condensate exactly, wow! Thanks, Sabine ❤

Fascinating video, thank you. As well as the clarification of how the Higgs Boson relates to mass, I also appreciated your careful qualifications: "for all we currently know... for all we know..." There are still things to find out!

it gets complicated though because when there is expansion, you can always describe it as stuff shrinking, and the velocities with respect to the second coordinates do slow down in a sense, so a drag term that is independent of velocity can absolutely be folded into the other dynamics when there is expansion, which is kind of weird and difficult to think about.

Well done, the Higgs paradigm is one of three potentials for the sources of matter and not all theories describe relations of change but good enough for now. Not like there’s enough time left to make it all clear anyway .

Wow. That was insightful and a clear explanation. I may have to watch this again to completely absorb all of this. Great video.

It helps me to visualize the entire system of a hadron as a single quasi-particle, with a very complex but cyclical multidimensional waveform, like a chord made up of many notes, with their phases aligned. It is overlaid with a lot of random noise, but it is resonant enough to maintain it's identity. The individual notes, and the noise, can be considered individually, but they don't exist independent of the chord.

Thank you for this. The more I find out about things like QCD and related matters, the more intriguing it seems.

Great wrap up statement. Says it all for viewers like me. I only took the classes needed to become an engineer. Wish channels like this existed 40 years ago.

@jj4791

3 ай бұрын

Never too late to learn! And better yet, they had a lot wrong 40 years ago. Hubble was just a pipe dream back then!

I really appreciate the quizzes you offer on some videos. It’s cool to check my comprehension, even if I have to watch some of your videos multiple times to get the idea.

Einfach spontan Danke. Sie geben mir so viel großartige Inspiration seit einigen Jahren, fast täglich, und das „einfach so“. Obwohl ich fachlich kaum über die Tischplatte schaue, auf und über der Sie „dozieren“ und unterhalten, fühle ich mich mitgenommen. Danke!

I read that, from certain perspective, the pions hold the whole nucleus together. So is it this "pion-field" too, that glues the protons an neutrons? So nicely presented, and many new quetions pop up, but if one is patient, they´ll all be answered by this sunshine-like channel.

@SabineHossenfelder

4 ай бұрын

Yes, same pion!

@randallbsmith

4 ай бұрын

Reminds me of the old Yukawa potential which as I recall was modeling the strong force as mediated by pions. (It didn’t work out, there was no Highs at the time)

@edwardlulofs444

4 ай бұрын

@@randallbsmithyes, there was no Higgs field at the time. The strong nuclear field is more complicated than EM and weak. But gravity might end up being the most complicated of all of these ideas.

@bjornfeuerbacher5514

4 ай бұрын

@@randallbsmith The Yukawa potential is still a good model which describes a lot of stuff correctly.

@DrDeuteron

4 ай бұрын

@@randallbsmith Yes. Yukawa posited a ~100 MeV particle (based on range, hbar time c = 200 MeV x fermi) and then the muon was discovered. Eureka! ....then not Eureka. But the pion saved the day, and that it had +, 0. - versions was quite nice for symmetry reasons.

What a coincidence! I was just studying color SU(3). The pions are color singlets.

I always assumed i didn't understand something key about the Higgs boson this helps clear things up a lot. Thank you.

Great episode Sabine! Thanks 🙏

Thank you, Sabine, you do a great job explaining. Somehow, I feel it to be necessary to look into those basic particles of the standard model, and to see how some of them combine into some non-basic, but nevertheless quite important material, that in the end form the atoms that are only a bit more familiar to at least me. If those basic particles could be called “atoms” (not to be divided up in the past), then those non-basic material could be called the “molecules” of those basic particles. A not too difficult and not too long video along these lines, called maybe “From particles to atoms”, would help at least me to get the picture.

Great, thanks. Isn't it the "Michelson-Morley Experiment" though? 2:27

@O_Lee69

4 ай бұрын

Yes, should be Michelson. Not Michaelson.

Thank you for the info Sabine!

Brilliant explanation as always, thank you! Nice touch with the "Sabine Hossenfelder" field, evident from the 'SH' condensate floating about on the right? 😊

drag is kind of a weird word to use, i think of it more as reflection and transmission mixing, basically the medium creates a little cute box for the particles to self interact or the fields to self interact. ish. i don't know a simple word that isnt hand wavy as hell, but essentially the photon box is the perfect but way to simplified analogy at the same time, a true quantum analogy, it both works perfectly and doesnt do the phenomena any justice at the same time.

So the pion condensate is not a field-condesate but a particle? Also how does a non-elementary-anything make a condensate? Is it actually similar enough to be called the same? For the a field I could imagine it having some consistent energy fluctuation as condensate, but how does that work for particles?

I've heard this explained in so many different ways its annoying. Thx for finally clearing this up for me Sabine.

4:59 brilliant.Quarks and Anti Quarks. That is the primal cause. Thanks for showing. No doubts now. 👏👍🙏😀You are the liberator. I was always fascinated with the Casimir effect

The mass we experience by the accelerated reaction force macroscopically seems similar; the force one experiences when when processing (a cross product) a gyroscope. When not spinning, very little reaction force is experienced but when spinning, the force is greater relative to the rotating mass. Particles have wavelike properties and anything waving also represents rotation in the dimension of time. Might not the force experienced when observing particles not be manifested by the gyroscopic precession of their wave-like properties? Consider also that when one applies a precessional force to a macroscopic gyroscope, the frequency increases resulting in increased energy. This is analogous to Planck's constant which is the coefficient that equates energy and frequency.

@axle.student

3 ай бұрын

Thanks, you just reminded me to go back and investigate the gravitational constant. Some part of me felt like maybe we are using the incorrect gradients on the Time rule. Lately I have just been thinking of this a little more like a "Time Well" a region in time where time is more condensed, or more stretched. A bit like a dip in the time string.

Thanks so much for creating and sharing this informative and timely video. Great job. Keep it up. OK - Mind Blown. Finally, someone explains Higgs and Pions in terms that I can understand and relate to. Thanks so much.

Congrats Sabine! You're clarifying some very subtle but important concepts that are continually being misunderstood

Thank you so much. I've always questioned inconsistencies around gravity coming from a particle. Your video cleared that up.

Hi Dr. Hossenfelder, thanks for the video. I have a question about the coupling of elementary particles to the higgs field. You said its unknown why these particles couple with such different strengths. Is this something that is likely to be explained at some point, or is it more like the "mystery" of the relative overabundance of matter compared to antimatter, where there isn't really a reason for it?

@xxportalxx.

4 ай бұрын

There's ongoing research on it, I tried to find the reason myself last year, there's some models being constructed but evidently there isn't enough data yet to really say anything about the math.

@krox477

3 ай бұрын

Universe is strange mystery

@entcraft44

3 ай бұрын

It depends on whether you are an optimist or pessimist :D And I have to correct you on the antimatter matter asymmetry. There is a lot of research going on to try and find out why matter is so much more abundant. Physicists haven't given up on the reason yet! How does this research work? CPT symmetry violations create a matter/antimatter asymmetry. In the standard model there is only very small CPT violation, not enough to account for what we see. But there are high precision measurements going on to find non-standard-model CPT violation. For example we try to measure if the neutron has a nonzero electric dipole moment. If it has, then there is additional CPT violation which would explain the overabundance of matter. EDIT: Actually I meant CP violation. Combined CPT symmetry is still always valid given Lorentz symmetry (the core of special relativity).

Thank you for the clarification!!

Exellent video as always. One of the best creators out there. Thank you so much!

Excellent presentation! I've found most presentations about the Higgs boson cofusing at best. I think now I undesrtand better the mechanism of yielding the 'property' of mass. However, I have a question: how is this related with the mechanism by which when a body accelerates to high velocities (e.g. near the speed of light) the mass of tha body 'increases'. Right? How is this related to Higgs or Pions condensates? Please address this issue in a fututre talk, if you think it's interesting.

@alienzenx

3 ай бұрын

The mass doesn't increase, the energy does. Mass is just one particular kind of energy.

@garethdean6382

3 ай бұрын

It's not related. In a sense you can think of the Higgs field as adding energy to an object, just like acceleration does. But so dos heating a body or using light to excite its electrons into higher orbits. There's no deep link between these processes other than the fact they add energy. Birds and plans both fly, but aren't that connected.

I've usually heard it described as most of the mass of an protons and neutrons comes from the binding energy of the quarks, same with the atom as a whole, there's the binding energy of the nucleus and the binding energy of the electrons. Is that another way of looking at the same kind of thing?

@mikemondano3624

4 ай бұрын

E=mc²/√ (1-v²/c²)

@garethdean6382

3 ай бұрын

Sort of.'Binding energy' is usually the energy *released* when something binds, 'bond energy' is the energy holding something together.(The two often being confused). They're broad subjects like 'mass' or 'energy'. The pion explanation is a more specific kind of bond energy, the one applying only to quarks in a proton.

@robs7063

3 ай бұрын

@@garethdean6382 I don't understand bonding energy, if it takes energy to keep something bound, it will decay and become unbound. SInce both chemical and nuclear reactions end up with the same number of electrons. protons, and neutrons, the source of pretty much all the energy we generate is due to differences in binding energy of the inputs and outputs. So I guess I should ask what are the percentages of mass of ordinary matter is binding energ, actual mass, and this hadronic internal quantum soup kinda thing?

Never quite thought about the origins of mass. Consciousness and all we perceive is truly miraculous to me. Thank you Sabine.

Wow. How did I miss this? Incredibly important. Thank you.

Very cool learning about the Higgs field! I find it incredible that this field gives mass, and then mass bends space-time, that then creates gravity. It's like we are in a soup and all the ingredients are cooking!

@alienzenx

4 ай бұрын

Energy bends space-time, not mass.

@krox477

3 ай бұрын

Mass does not bend space time

@kaginar

3 ай бұрын

Mass and energy are equivalent. E= mc^2. So they both bend space-time

@alienzenx

3 ай бұрын

@@kaginar They are not equivalent. That equation is a special case. If they were equivalent, then a photo would not have any energy.

@kaginar

3 ай бұрын

@@alienzenx the full equation for special relativity is E^2=(mc^2)^2+(PC)^2. P is momentum. So you are right, photons don't get their energy from mass, but from momentum. Either way, both mass and energy do Infact bend space-time, according to Einstein's theory of special relativity, which has been standing the test of time fairly well, I might add! But who knows! You might be right, the universe is an amazingly complex and fascinating thing to discover!

Very clear and thanks for also keeping it short and simple.

Best introduction on the topic I heard yet while probably also the shortest.

So, if the mass is provided by the pion condensate of all these pions popping in and out of existence in the nucleus, then is the mass of anything constant or is it constantly buzzing around an average value, but just too minute of a change for us to detect on large scales?

@xxportalxx.

4 ай бұрын

Mass is energy, as per Einstein, and energy has an uncertainty principle with time, as per Heisenberg. So it's another fuzzy quantum thing at small scales.

@juzoli

4 ай бұрын

Mass is energy, and the energy is not going away while these are popping in and out of existence, only if the whole particle is interacting with something external to it. But this topic is borderline about quantum gravity, so I don’t think we can have a definitive answer to it yet…

@michaelblacktree

4 ай бұрын

I would imagine it averages out, because energy conservation.

@Mariakuda

4 ай бұрын

Yes, mass is fluctuating all the time around an average value

@aldobrezenti

4 ай бұрын

My mass is fluctuating like crazy during the winter holidays...

The telephone didn't ring.

Fantastic video! You are a genius at simplifying things to make them understandable.

Nice! You cleared up some things I just wasn't understanding. Thanks!

How is the Higgs condensate different than a just the Higgs field strength having some value? Is the condensate uniform everywhere?

@EnglishMike

4 ай бұрын

Things are strange at the quantum level -- the duality of elementary particles means that terms like fields and particles are only a rough approximation of what's really going on (which is way above my pay grade).

@GeoffryGifari

3 ай бұрын

@@EnglishMike Hmm it makes sense. To me the introduction of "condensate" throws a new ingredient into the particle-field mix, the outcome of which is not very clear. What would a quantum field be like without condensates? Can any quantum field generate this? What happens if a pion particle pass through the pion condensate?

@garethdean6382

3 ай бұрын

The important thing about the Higgs field is that its value is nonzero *everywhere*. (And thus yes,there is a uniform condensate everywhere.) If, say, the photon field is nonzero at some point you get neat stuff at that point, but if the photon field was nonzero everywhere it'd change the basic behavior of matter. In a sense 'condensate' describes this fundamental change, where a particle cannot move through space without a continual effect. Without the Higgs condensate, electromagnetism doesn't exist, nor photons, nor atoms.

@GeoffryGifari

3 ай бұрын

@@garethdean6382 Oh i see. Lets say hypothetically there are regions where the field value is nonuniform (there is a gradient). Would particles passing through that region experience a "force"?

So the mass in the standard model is just a small Higg-up compared to the pion-condensate...

@alienzenx

3 ай бұрын

If the elementary particles themselves didn't have any mass, then everything would be travelling at lightspeed, and nothing would be able to bind and make the rest of the mass.

@rickfrombohemia9550

3 ай бұрын

From what I've understood, the Higgs field presence generates mass (i.e. a condensated form of energy due to "friction" over Higgs field/condensate) of the elementary particles alone, but when they are part of a composite object, a field made of composite particles (pions) steps in and generates even more mass. So the pion field is something like a "Higgs field of 2nd order for particles of 2nd order".

Thanks. I will endeavor to somehow use pion in my vocabulary today!

Thank you Sabine.

A lot of it comes from carbohydrate for me personally. It might not be fundamental though.

@edwardlulofs444

4 ай бұрын

As a pre-diabetic, I am tasked with decreasing my sugar and increasing my protein and fat! I and a friend have both lost weight on this diet. Oh I love carbs. Sometimes I binge.

But what’s the condensate made of?

Obrigado César Lattes! Thank you Sabine!

You raised the dry humor to the new level which I honestly admire!❤

I think I know exactly where my mass comes from. There was a time before Christmas dinner, and now there is a heavier time.

So then what do you mean by condensate? And how does the phenomenon of "drag" work?

@ronaldderooij1774

4 ай бұрын

I am not a phycisist, but I understood that a condensate is just a field where you can put in or pull out of energy and it does not matter for the grand total. Someone explained it to me like the whole of the numbers, if you do plus one, it only shifts one but the whole numbers from minus infinity to plus infinity stays the same. Same if you subtract one, or a hundred or a thousand, it does not matter.

@grfn3135

4 ай бұрын

Thank you for the insight!@@ronaldderooij1774

@NGC6144

4 ай бұрын

It's an interaction between the particle(fermions) and the Higgs field. They are exchanging Weak Hypercharge that flips back and forth the particles spin direction.

Amazing. First time someone explain clearly that mass comes from the field and not the Higs boson. Thank you @Sabine

Thank goodness we have Sabine to tell us this stuff Thank You

Can a proton be properly classified as a perpetual motion machine since it doesn't decay?

@SabineHossenfelder

4 ай бұрын

I don't see why that would be, it doesn't doesn't do any work, does it?

@orcmanddegormak1031

4 ай бұрын

quick, some1 patent the proton!

@daarom3472

4 ай бұрын

​@@SabineHossenfelderthe protons in my body do!

@edwardlulofs444

4 ай бұрын

I remember when I was young, holding the idea that atoms are perpetual motion. But, indeed, we can’t extract energy and have them remain the same.

@manguy01

4 ай бұрын

@@SabineHossenfelder So, it's just a perpetual existence machine. Although when I put it that way, it kind of sounds like matter merely existing is an impressive feat rather than an immutable law we can and must simply take for granted.

I’m so thankful for this channel.

This is outstanding. In less than seven minutes SH explains something that was new to me. I understood mass as far as most of it being in the QCD binding energy and had wondered how the Higgs field interacts with that to produce mass. Turns out it doesn't, it's the pion condensate that does the job, or most of it. When you can't do the maths at that level it's a real pleasure to have it explained by someone of SH's calibre. Thank you.

@denysvlasenko1865

3 ай бұрын

The problem with "mass as far as most of it being in the QCD binding energy" mental picture is that binding energy is always negative. For example, binding energy of a hydrogen atom is the DEFICIT of energy in it compared to a free proton + free electron. Therefore biding energy can't give any mass. It REDUCES mass: a hydrogen atom is less massive than free proton+ electron.

@markharwood7573

3 ай бұрын

@@denysvlasenko1865 Thank you for that. I get that in an abstract way. It contradicts my limited "understanding" from other videos but it's healthy to realise you're beyond your limitations. I currently find that sticking largely to the KZread content provided by SH & by Anton Petrov I can gain some grasp of some topics. Your kind response serves to remind me that that grasp is not strong!

Great explanation and interesting that no one seems to mention this function of pions. Be interesting to learn how and when that was discovered. Thanks, BTW!!

This is awesome, thank you. I struggle a little to understand how conservation laws can be maintained if the collective of the energy from the pions results in so much of the final mass, but I probably just need to mull this over some more...

@narfwhals7843

4 ай бұрын

Why do you think that leads to problems with conservation laws? Energy is conserved. Mass is not.

@TorrentUK

4 ай бұрын

@@narfwhals7843 Because energy is mass, and mass is energy

@alienzenx

3 ай бұрын

@@TorrentUK mass is energy, energy is not mass. Kinetic energy is also energy, but kinetic energy is not conserved.

Love this perspective ❤

Short and clear...genius.

It's a pleasure to meet you! That's very good content! I'm just a little confused on how can drag create mass?

Thanks for your plain talking deep insights 👍

Man I love how straightforward reality is. Everything just has a nice clean and simple explanation. Absolutely no tomfoolery here.

That quiz is a fantastic idea!

All these years, this is the first time I've ever heard of a pion. Thanks, Sabine!

Love the convo. Though well aware of most. Still love how she puts it together. Gotcha

Excellent love learning from you, tricky quiz! but did ok Thanks

Excellent, thank you. This is new to me especially as I've seen so many presentations that quark confinement thru gluon flux tubes accounts for the mass via E=mc2 (e.g. Veritasium)

Tell us more about Pion condensate. Please.

Interesting. I had heard of a pion, but did not know its role. I was also surprised to learn that there was enough vacuum energy between the nucleus and electron shell to allow for virtual particles, although in retrospect, I shouldn't have been.

I’m glad there’s someone like you reporting on physics that actually understands the topic. This stuff is difficult to understand, and I’m quite convinced that the majority of the reporters and editors in the media don’t understand this, which I’m sure contributes to the poor reporting and some of the sensationalism in physics in general, and particle physics in particular. So thank you!

@garethdean6382

3 ай бұрын

There's a term for this, Gell-Mann Amnesia, where you see a report into something you know and realize a publication has NO idea what they're talking about, then read another article you're not informed on and assume the very same publication is sensibly informed. It's scary how little the people writing the stories (or making youtube videos) know.

Incredible information. Succinctly put.

I believe I saw an Alvin Ash video claiming that it was the quark motion at relativistic speeds within a nucleon that accounted for most of its mass. i'm glad i saw this video.

I think I got it apart from whatever that "drag" is. Thanks for the explanation!

Thank you Sabine! Finally a reasonable explanation for the Mass of the Proton. Often people justify such a High Mass due to the binding Energy of quarks despite the fact that binding Energy usually add a negative contribution to the final mass.

ive heard of pions but didnt understand how they fit into the picture . until now. thanks!

After a video like this, I have to remind myself that awareness of ignorance is a good thing. Thanks Sabine.

OK, there are several things confusing me here 1. If neutrinos are only right handed, doesn't that means they cannot get mass through the HIggs mechanism? 2. Don't the weak force bosons get their mass from somewhere else other than the Higgs mechniasm? 3. Pions are a mediator particle between nucleons in the same way that photons are the mediator for the electro-magnetic force. You are calling this a condensate of the field, is that another word for the same thing?

Thank you very much! I need now to find out 1) why the Higgs field as well as other quantum fields now being discussed are not, as you say, the return of the ether in disguise, and 2) what force? property? luck of the draw? causes the Higgs bosons and the pions to condense. Science: its answers lead to more questions.

@garethdean6382

3 ай бұрын

For 1.) One of the key aspects of the ether was that it was a physical medium, like water and air. Made of bits of 'stuff' that would transmit waves by bumping about. Notably the speed of waves through ether should depend on your speed, you could move faster than light say and overtake the light waves you made, like a boat outspeeding its own wake. Fields on the other hand appear to be smooth, not made of particles, with no relative speeds,light appears to move the same speed for everyone, no matter how fast they're going.

@entcraft44

3 ай бұрын

Einstein replaced the ether theories with special relativity, and then he introduced general relativity with curved spacetime and predicted gravitational waves in that spacetime. What differentiates Einstein's spacetime and g-waves from the ether and EM-waves? The answer is that spacetime doesn't move. It isn't still either, it is literally impossible to describe the movement of spacetime. You can't move relative to spacetime either. Now what about quantum fields? In a way, quantum fields and especially the quantum vacuum look like the ether. We imagine them to be everywhere in spacetime. But Lorentz invariance (the foundation of special relativity) is baked into the very core of today's quantum field theory (QFT). How does that work? Quantum fields are more abstract than a real physical thing that is present in space (even if we often imagine it to be so). The quantum field is an operator acting on quantum states that has a spacetime parameter. However, only certain combinations of operators including fields have a physical effect. The vacuum expectation value of operator combinations that are not Lorentz invariant is zero. This is probably confusing. The problem is that I understand the math, but I don't understand it enough to explain it to someone who doesn't know the math. I doubt anyone can really explain the details of QFT consistently without going into the math (though there are certainly people who come much closer than me). It is just really unintuitive.

Please talk more about pion. Thanks.

I was just wondering the other day about particle mass, as an uneducated netizen I only get my information through synchronicities😂 So thanks for playing a part in my delulu today, Sabine

I actually have a question I wanted to ask but didn't know you did Q and A. But referring to the "observer" when talking about quantum entanglement/superposition, Is it just humans that we've confirmed? Does a frog work? What about single cell organisms? ❤️ I love your channel and wish there was more people like you making content.

@garethdean6382

3 ай бұрын

An 'observer' in QM is anything that can interact with a particle. This is something often tested in the 'double slit experiment' where a detector (not a human) can be placed in on slit, detecting particles moving through it and destroying the interference pattern. Some people say that only a conscious mind can create reality, that everything is fuzzy until a mind measures it, but this is not proven and it's hard to see how it *could* be proven. After all, does a frog 'work' because it works, or because a human looked at the results? You can always argue the human did all the 'work'. This was a point of some debate, 'Schrodinger's cat' was created to point out the nonsense in this argument. The cat in the box is dead AND alive until a human observes it, then does the cat not count as an observer? Why would a cat differ from a human? There is a a lot of confusion here because a considerable amount of spirituality, philosophy and religion have been mixed into the scientific base.

@MrKelaher

3 ай бұрын

Observation is scattering and exchange of kinetic energy, often misdescribed as "collision", in the Feynman sense - exchange of gauge bosons like photons. That's it, humans are just good at that.