This was so good i would just like to say. And my great great great grandson, William, is very primed and ready to tell you about u8 and their downfall

@theblackquill5921

Ай бұрын

isn't the name of your great great great grandson the GreatGreatGreatGreatGrandsonagen? cause otherwise that would be stupid

@eugenemark836

Ай бұрын

lol

@eugenemark836

Ай бұрын

@@theblackquill5921 XD

I think they were just mad that vampires ages would be excluded by that u8

@anlumo1

2 ай бұрын

Also Tolkien's elves! Won't somebody think of the elves?

@jongeduard

2 ай бұрын

Actually future cyborgs and androids have a good chance too. Not sure if they'll still code in Rust then, but what I am sure about is that software can be updated. So any robot in the future is probably able to post a feature request. 😂

according to that commentor we cannot write any program because the parameters of our living world may change any second...

@CoreDumpped

2 ай бұрын

What's even funnier to me, is the fact that he was also talking about padding, which in some way contradicts his own "u8 will overflow" complain.

@matthias916

2 ай бұрын

@@CoreDumpped well no, while i dont entirely agree with the commenter, his comment about padding is right, the u8 could be padded when used in a structure but when incremented above 255 it'll still wrap around. padding just exists to align structures and help the cpu cache

@half-qilin

2 ай бұрын

Tbh I still try to an uint16_t (C++ equivalent to u16 if I’m reading the syntax right) when possible, because I tend to bunch data together in ways where the data savings are noticeable (and I often have two 16-bit values next to each other which won’t get padded). Admittedly using a uint8_t/u8 is kinda stupid for age since a troll could very easily set their age to be 300 or something, but with a 16-bit integer you could validate to 3 base 10 digits and call it a day. Only case where I’ll use a large number of 8-bit values is a string of ascii characters, otherwise your do create potential overflow issues and the data savings typically aren’t worth it (whereas you typically won’t overflow a 16-bit value with normal-ish arrays)

@AlexSmith-jj9ul

2 ай бұрын

@@CoreDumppedI don’t know what that commentor was smoking but there is an actual reason to avoid using small ints. I don’t know if this is an issue with rust but with c small ints are able to be promoted which can cause errors that are very difficult to debug.

@DS-rd8ud

2 ай бұрын

According to them, we're already at fault for using any fixed size memory medium, because in the future, our software won't cover the case where a person/entity will leave for eons, way above our limited understanding of how long a thing can exist in the Universe.

This guy is one of the better discoveries I've made on KZread in quite some time. This is helping me pass my Operating Systems exam. Btw, books referenced couple of times in your videos are the same ones I'm currently learning from. Great minds think alike. 👍

@ProgrammingRainbow

2 ай бұрын

This is not a human. So this guy is this ai model

@d1ma894

2 ай бұрын

the voice is, but someone has to write the content@@ProgrammingRainbow

@ProgrammingRainbow

2 ай бұрын

@@d1ma894 I'm not so sure about that one after listening to it.

@leandrocasas90

2 ай бұрын

same !

@tyronefrielinghaus3467

2 ай бұрын

Generally, I actually prefer an AI voice like this - very easy to listen to. CAn;t STND HAVEING TO INTERPRET SOME GUY WITH ..SAY , , an Indian accent!

Absolutely great video. You managed to cover almost everything and keep it simple. There's only one huge problem. I'm 257 years old and that invalidates everything.

@kj_me

2 ай бұрын

congratulations on being 1 year old again

@electrolyteorb

29 күн бұрын

​@@kj_mefloating point baby

@moussaadem7933

26 күн бұрын

​@electrolyteorb integer overflow*

@electrolyteorb

26 күн бұрын

@@moussaadem7933 I know it's two complement... Was just giving alternative

That "as an AI model" jab with the voice was hilarious. This was a great refresher since I could hardly remember anything from my own operating systems unit.

I'm a self taught developer, so your videos fill many gaps in my knowledge of architecture. Keep doing them! You're a gem on youtube!

0:55 bro got publicly humiliated💀

@IsmeGenius

2 ай бұрын

Yeah, starting the video with humiliating yourself is not a good look.

Excellent video. By far the most educated explanation to stack vs heap without digging unnecessarily deep to lose the point. I love the part you reiterate what “heap is slow” actually means “heap allocation is slow”. Would love to see a follow up video on how to access heap fast by leveraging cache-line alignment, packed data structure etc. from day to day i got worried about accessing the heap memory in hot path, even it is a pre-allcoated once vector to be reused for each loop - i can’t reason about for every loop whether or not pre-allocating a dynamic size vector on the heap (and perform a clear upon each loop) or use a large enough fix sized array so it’s on the stack always (although potentially waste of memory coz you can only expect the worst case size of an array at compile time) Looking forward to the next video. Greatly appreciated

F I N A L L Y! Someone that doesn't go high-level but rather goes in depth to provide low-level content that is presented very elegantly!!! SUBBED

Great video! Good explanations at a nice intermediate level! I can see a couple of things to add for a bit more depth. First, the performance problem with allocating memory on the heap is a good example of where it's more about the variance (or unpredictability) than the typical case. For most reasonable heap implementations and kernel page allocators, allocations will be really fast, but a small number of times, it's going to be really slow, and that can have significant impact on "quality of service". Second, in that vein too, I would say the overhead of requesting memory from the OS / kernel isn't really the context switch. That's pretty negligible compared to page allocation. What's really bad is the kernel lock. The point is that the kernel has to deal with multiple processes requesting memory at the same time, and so, it has to have a global lock to synchronize those allocations between processes. Clever things can be done to avoid hitting that lock too much, but it still has to be there and you will inevitably hit it. This is one of the few places where multiple processes on a system directly interfere with one another (beyond just generally sharing limited CPU/Mem resources). And kernel locks can be a big deal, I've seen wait times in the order of a few seconds when hitting a kernel lock, which can be a major disruption in the middle of an operation you expect will only take a few milliseconds.

@CoreDumpped

2 ай бұрын

New best comment so far. This is where my channel is heading right now. Dude basically summarized my following 10 videos.

@sriramarajuchintalapati1304

2 ай бұрын

@@CoreDumpped your videos are next level, i liked the way of explaintion and presentation

@Byynx

Ай бұрын

@@CoreDumppedYou will be providing a huge service for us. This video thoughted more about these several different topics than months of watching videos or reading articles about the same thing.

@michaelutech4786

Ай бұрын

I don't know about the reality of kernel locks related to memory allocation, I never knowingly experienced one in 30+ years. But I also don't really see the necessity. The kernel knows and controls which processes are running in parallel at any moment in time, at most one per CPU core. All that would be needed to avoid contention is to assign a pool of pre-allocated memory pages to each CPU, that only this CPU (and whatever process is running on it right now) can use. The assignment can be stateless (f.e. using a hash code of page addresses). I would be surprised if something like this is not already implemented in Linux kernels in one way or another. Also, once a process requests memory, it's no longer running (bec. of system call). It's of course wrong to think of "the kernel" as if it was a single threaded thing. Multiple parallel alloc system calls running on different CPUs can well be contending. But such concurrency issues are the bread and butter of kernel land. I don't think that anything people like us can do in user space will be more efficient than battle tested algorithms running in the kernel written by people spending every working day on such topics for years.

@michaelutech4786

Ай бұрын

Also: how can a kernel lock possibly result in wait times in the order of seconds? This sounds like the kernel was waiting for a process to finish playing air on a g-string. Or less offensively, doesn't that smell of things like dead-locks?

Such an informative video, the visualization and commentary deserves a lot of credit. I enjoyed it thoroughly!

After I wrote a compiler, I realized that a lot of the power comes from the fact that you can use relative references from the knowledge you have about the stack at compile time, which makes it so powerful. There is no lookup, it just knows the address of the variable you are trying to access. This was after optimizations, at the layer of code generation.

I feel extremely lucky to have found this video. Very informative. Please continue on making more of these ones.

Heap and stack management are two of the most fundamental topics in programming languages, and understanding them can spare a lot of headaches so you can secure and debug your program easily. Thank you for your videos. Keep it up.

@OneMilian

2 ай бұрын

I can not agree more. I took the last 2 months just learning stack and heap and i got so much better in debugging programms with dynamic memory systems. I also got very good with linked lists, trees, and recursion. I learned so much more in such a small timeframe that i can safely say this is really fundamental in growing as a low to mid level programmer.

@OneMilian

2 ай бұрын

I can also really really recommend working with a debugger and doing objectdumps and hexdumps or hexediting for learning.

@samuraijosh1595

2 ай бұрын

​@@OneMilian if you want to understand linked lists, recursion and trees conceptually you cannot do so by understanding the low level stack or heap lol.

@OneMilian

2 ай бұрын

@@samuraijosh1595 of course you can, look: If you understand the heap you can already think what happens with a linked list, when memory for a new Node gets allocated on the heap, like in this video. If you wouldn't then youtuber core dumped would not implement data structures in this video about the heap. Recursion is one possibility to move between the nodes. If you know the heap, you can definetly see and think what he does.

@rty1955

2 ай бұрын

Thank god I do t have to deal with stacks at all! I program in assembly on a mainframe where stacks dont exist

1:15 hahahaha youtube channel named "ThePrimePrimePrimePrimePrimeagen"

@jorgevillalta8487

2 ай бұрын

Feb 12, 2245 😂

This video is EXCELLENT! Like you said at the start, there's some simplifications-but it's totally accurate and very comprehensive. I'm one of those "more experienced people" you mentioned at the start (at the end of an extended 6-year undergrad in compsci), and I'm impressed by how much info has been crammed in here. I'm about to start a master's degree with a focus on pedagogy (the study of teaching), so you can imagine I spend a lot of time explaining these topics to my juniors. I think you've found an excellent level to simplify things to for someone who may be new to this sort of thing. Good examples always help, and you transition to them well and the "story" of the video flows well. Great work on this video. I'm going to go and watch the first video on the stack, too. Even if I've thought about this stuff a ton over the years, this was a great refresher on a few of the concepts I've gotten rusty on (pun not intended) or even completely forgotten about. Looking forward to the next video!! 😄

@theforeskinsnatcher373

2 ай бұрын

6 year undergrad??

@kotfare1698

2 ай бұрын

6 years of undergrad lol wtf? 3 years of normal undergrad is more than enough. Most people could’ve gotten a masters + honours year in the time you spent dicking around

@pvt_weed

2 ай бұрын

@@kotfare1698 People have lives that can get in the way, such as having kids, having to work to survive, thus making it take longer to get a degree. Most people often quit as well. I'm happy mattshnoop kept going.

Yooooo, this video and explanation are amazing, I have been having a vague concept of thes topics for a while now, but this really helped me grasp it much better. So thanks a ton for all the effort in the animation and script!

You're one of the best out there for explaining weird prgramming concepts that are obscure for some of us, your videos are of very high quality and very well explained. I am really looking forwars that arraylist video tho, that tickled my curiosity.

Men I've watched all your videos and I have to say it: impresive. Very well explained (even with the simplification which is 100% necessary). Keep it up, nice work :)

Tysm for making these. I've been learning Rust lately, and as part of that I've been trying to learn how to best use the low level features it provides. I've gotten the hang of references and am getting to grips with lifetimes, and learning about things like the heap and stack are helping a lot with learning what Rust is doing and what it's protecting me against when it's particularly strict in a region

I am really loving your content. You're doing an amazing work, I can't wait to see more of your videos!

Excellent explanation of complex concepts! I wish if you can cover Booting, BIOS and UEFI in detail along with MBR and GPT partition internals. Namespaces, CGroups and File systems deep dive

This is an extremely well explained video or at least one of the best introduction I've ever found. Please continue with same kind of format. I've just subscribed to your channel.

I love the level of Reddit “well actually” from that comment, the part about ages going over 256 years being a Y2K bug waiting to happen is gold because you didn’t build your software to last. Glorious.

My new favorite YT channel. So amazing, cant wait to see more

As a senior engineer, this is an important lesson to learn for junior. Heap is fast and can be fast, it's all about how you design your data structure. For example with linked list, one can implemented with contiguous vector as storage ( you must manage the free slot a bit ), and it can be really fast.

i knowing every thing you explained in this video but your way to explain things is incredible, thank you keep going

There's one more thing that can make stack faster. Instructions may use immediate addressing relative to the stack pointer. Accessing data on the heap requires loading its address to a register first (not on all architectures), which not only is an extra instruction but additionally makes that register unavailable for anything else.

@mariuslatinis6262

2 ай бұрын

One more thing: there are architectures for some embedded devices, where the RAM for stack is just faster to access than the RAM for heap. Basically, those devices have two different types of RAM. For such architectures, accessing array[3] will be faster, if the array is stored on the stack, than on the heap.

Learning about memories made me look at programs a lot differently. Thank you good sir for making videos like this.

Great. You covered the heap in a lovely and intuitive way. The only thing is that I would add would be alternative allocation techniques such as arena allocators their upsides and downsides.

Excellent!! I’ve never watched an in-depth well explained video about heap and stack like this one!

I have never seen this so well-explained. Excellent job! This series of videos will be my go-to resources for teaching others these low-level concepts.

I've been getting a lot into memory management and i gotta say this is the best video ive found. You answered all my questions and just explained everything perfectly! Also the AI voice didn't bother me much after a few minutes. Thanks for sharing this and please continue to make more!

An amazing explanation for someone who has experience programming but not in a language or context where I ever have had to think about or learn this stuff. Thanks!

Best video that connects everything from top level to bottom level.

Videos like these are really helpful as they help visualise the key concepts we learn in computer science. Take data structures for example, I kind of knew why we use them but seeing an animation for it really helps clear things up. I hope we get a series about the different data structures and their needs too.

This and the previous video has illuminated so much for me .. I'd be really eager to see a video on "memory leaks" as a follow up to this.

You know in the past two months I spent weeks reading and searching on these low level concepts (explained in details more or less) after losing hope on KZread. Thankfully there is someone today 😇

Thank you, Been trying to learn some of the low-level stuff on my own and this video is amazing. Can't wait to see the next one!

I love your series! I’m looking forward to the next one! Thank you!

Please don’t ever stop making videos! These are awesome!

Please keep these videos coming! I'm coming from Javascript with very limited insight into the amazing world of low-level programming. I'm currently learning C and your videos got me hooked!

well explained.. thank you so much... happy to see more content explaining underlying things like this ❤. soo happy about finding this channel

Thank you, I am a C progammer from the 90's and have a project I need to get back into. All the bits came back in my head on Heap and Stack

This is the type of video I have been looking for, great work keep up the good work!

The comment put on blast in this video makes me think of something John Carmack said in his appearance on Lex Fridman's podcast; I'm definitely paraphrasing, but Carmack said something about how it can be useful to include limitations in your software that will notify you when things have changed greater than you ever thought they would. He was speaking in reference to limit-removing ports of the Doom engine, but I think it's pertinent here too. It's okay to write software that addresses your current needs and your current use case using the technology currently available, and sometimes that will force you back to the drawing board to some extent in the event that something related to your needs, use case, or technology changes, but that's not necessarily a bad thing even if it causes more work, because if something has changed that much, it's quite likely that other things have also changed such that other parts of your software need to be revised or at least reevaluated. So basically, what I'm saying is that the event of maximum human lifespan more than doubling from its current state would probably be part of much broader and more sweeping changes to the world that would call for a more holistic revision of your software. But because there does not seem to be any realistic probability in any remotely foreseeable future of a human being living to age 256, it is perfectly reasonable and sensible to represent human age with a u8.

@n.w.4940

2 ай бұрын

If comments like the comment in question become the rule rather than the exception, I really don't want to live to be 256 ...

@toms7114

2 ай бұрын

In modern architecture the difference in memory taken up by an u8 vs. a u64 is 0, and as such the program should have just used the u64. This is because it is faster to access based on memory width than to parse a memory address as finely as 8 bits. Yet the reasons for that comment was stupid as the longest I've ever heard of a program being used without semi-regular maintenance is 10 years.

Thank you so much for the effort you're putting in those videos ❤

What an amazing video! The way you explain things are so simple to understand! Well deserved subscriber number in short amount of time!

we appreciate your efforts , waiting for more in depth videos

Love this video. Very informational. I would even consider videos like this as complementary to even the best CS course on OSs.

Thanks for this trip down memory lane. About 20 years ago a big difference between C# or C++ became a 3 hour daily commute for the latter. The linked list option is easy to forget, useful in higher level languages too.

ooooohhhh, okay NOW I understand when something goes on the stack or the heap and why. I'd watched and read other resources explaining this, but never quite got it until your explanation here. Thank you! =)

As a Python, Lua and Bash wannabe scripter, im happy to have discovered your channel. I showed your other videos to a freind struggling to shift from c++ to python and he was amazed, we both understood how and why pointers generally work in c++, stack overflow and how high level vs low level fundamentally differ in both code and under the hood. Im also inspired, though ive to 1st finish some high level language battles. Im even heavily conflicted between c++ and Rust, its going to be a challenge but aint that the beauty of language ( moving diffrent parts within certain parameters to attain certain output ... like the way we arrange nouns, verbs and adjectives in this foreign language to get an output/meaning). Thanks... Arigato and Valar Morgulis.

I remember learning this in college. I can imagine college professors being so relieved that this video exists and is done so well!

dude, I love you. This is the best explanation I've ever found so far

Please make more videos, appercitate your hardwork, you explain in a simple way and easy to understand, thank you so much!!!!!

Can't wait for your future videos! I love learning low level concepts like this

I was just looking for video like this. Awesome explanation, George.

Thank you for the video Sir, It was great ! Can't wait for another one.

bro thanks for the videos. the animations you used really helped with my understanding. i look forward to more vids

Keep it up! These videos are very helpful.

I love your content dude, this is the 3blue1brown level of simplicity and clarity combined with helpful visuals. 10 / 10

Thank you, what an instructive video! 18 minutes well spent. ive been foggy on this topic for years

Didnt really have time for this now, but this is so well made with so few subs that I just have to let the alog know this is great!

Stuff like this is why programming is magic/wizardry to me. I understand the logical concepts, but wielding it is another thing entirely. I also see why (in part) programming is so difficult and error prone.

I’ve studied programming on and off in many forms for a long time. This is the first time I have seen an example of how a linked list interacts with memory fragmentation. The others all just explain the big O’s and that’s it. They don’t ever encourage thinking and reasoning about runtime. Good job! Thanks for this. Liked and subscribed! (I wonder if the algo triggers on exclamation marks, let’s try that !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)

Your work is amazing!

I humbly request a video on a deep dive into the vector data structure (arraylist) because the level of detail combined with the way you explain things would be amazing.

I showered praise on you for the Stack video... and you've outdone yourself with this one! You could easily be a required supplemental instruction to CS50, and it would actually make the course clearer and more intuitive :) Can't wait to see these other teased videos, such as vectors and other data structures!!!

The trip! Thanks. I learned to really program in C using macos 7. A pointer to heap was called a handle, doing your own memory management... Seemed complicated at the time, seems easy today with a hundred million layers between your program and the hardware.

Thanks for this video, it was quality! Shared it with fellow boot.dev'ers who really haven't heard of the Stack/Heap. Also for me it was really nice to see the inner details of a sys call, because to my own demise, I knew there was more overhead from it, but never looked up what actually was happening. 10/10 vid!

feels like i'm back in systems class back in university .. great work!

Excellent content! Keep up the great work!

The explanation at the very end is much better than the entire video, except for GC which does not protect against leaks anywhere near as much as people like to believe; there is such a thing as reference leaks.

Great discussion explaining heap without being solely dedicated to one architecture. You mentioned context switching, wouldn't mind seeing some more about that. How different OS's switch (and when) between programs is an interesting area that might be worth delving into as well.

Bro your videos are so cool and interesting. As a CS student this is so helpful to fill in the many gaps of understanding. Thank you

Alone having it spelled out that the stack is allocated at program launch and that's why it's fast and small is so valuable. Not even to speak of the rest. Great videos, thank you!

Great channel, thank you for your work

You are amazing. I always subscribe to anyone who explains us with amazing detailed animation. Thanks.

this pure black background was a treat on oled. Thanks

That was such a good explanation, bless the YT algorithm for introducing me to your channel.

Exceptionally good job. Thank you

Very good and quality content! Keep up the good work!

This is really informative. Keep making more videos. Subscribed 😊

Dude, great content, I think this channel is going to be a bomb! Keep up with the amazing work!

This video help me to review the OS / DSA lessons from Uni back then!

You explain it well , We are waiting for the next videos

Wow, you're producing good content here, subscribed! Clear explanations and diagrams, kudos.

for people like me your channel is immensely helpful for example now I understand why we need data structures like linked lists. I hope you keep on producing awesome content. This is like Nand-to-Tetris but more visual. Thanks.

Keep going I.A. you are doing a great job!

A very good explanation, thank you.

I can’t wait to see your next videos. These videos are phenomenal crash courses to us new devs

Thanks for the knowledge!

For the amount of work put into these videos, you deserve more subs

long videos are good! looking forward to the continuations

One of the best channels at explaining low level concepts, i have just started with C recently in hope to learn about these things more and later on go to rust, and i must say you are really good (even as a LLM haha)

this was an awesome video.... keep up the good works and thank you.

Excellent vidéo, can’t wait to see the next ones

Exceptionally well explained!