When Giant Amphibians Reigned
Ғылым және технология
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Temnospondyls were a huge group of amphibians that existed for 210 million years. And calling them ‘diverse’ would be putting it mildly. Yet in the end, two major threats would push them to extinction: the always-changing climate and the amniote egg.
Thanks to Ceri Thomas for the very cool Temnospondyl reconstructions throughout this episode. Check out more of Ceri's paleoart at / alphynix and nixillustration.com
And thanks as always to Nobumichi Tamura for allowing us to use his wonderful paleoart: spinops.blogspot.com/
Produced for PBS Digital Studios.
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Aldo Espinosa Zúñiga, Anthony Callaghan, الخليفي سلطان, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Anel Salas, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, Svetlana Pylaeva, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, John Vanek, Jose Garcia, Noah offitzer, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Sapjes, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao. Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ruben Winter, Ron Harvey Jr, Joshua Mitchell, Johnny Li, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan
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References:
Gaining Ground: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods, Second Edition by Jennifer A. Clack.
The Rise of Amphibians: 365 Million Years of Evolution by Robert Carroll.
Amphibian Evolution: The Life of Early Land Vertebrates by Rainer R. Schoch.
Earth Before the Dinosaurs by Sebastian Steyer.
How Vertebrates Left the Water by Michel Laurin.
The Late Triassic World: Earth in a Time of Transition, edited by Lawrence H. Tanner.
The Story of Life in 25 Fossils: Tales of Intrepid Explorers and the Wonders of Evolution by Donald R. Prothero.
rspb.royalsocietypublishing.or...
academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/a...
www.researchgate.net/publicat...
“Fishes and Amphibians From the Late Permian Pedra De Fogo Formation of Northern Brazil” by Cox and Barry, 1991.
www.jstor.org/stable/4524569
“Lower Triassic Temnospondyli of Tasmania” by Cogsgriff, 1974.
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/p...
www.researchgate.net/publicat...
www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/1...
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/a...
Пікірлер: 1 200
All the hosts on this channel are just so kind and likeable
@nealsterling8151
5 жыл бұрын
Indeed, but they should slow down a bit, i'm getting palpitation by just trying to follow their talking speed.
@ragnkja
5 жыл бұрын
Thraazon 1976 I’ve found that turning on captions helps me understand what they’re saying, even though I hear reasonably well.
@ObjectsInMotion
5 жыл бұрын
They're also really nice in real life as well! Got the pleasure to meet many of the PBS team in Anaheim last summer.
@puffdaddy69
4 жыл бұрын
Neal Sterling *in settings, turn playback speed down a notch, might help*
@nahidawani7158
4 жыл бұрын
Especially Blake!
Funny how a show about everything dying can make one feel so alive with wonder :)
@Zeithri
5 жыл бұрын
Makes me wish I could become a God with my own planet and just observe life and such ^^
@zacimusprime4865
5 жыл бұрын
Tragoudistros.MPH I guess so
@Delta-ei7im
5 жыл бұрын
Wow that is dark
@masterofmundus1304
5 жыл бұрын
Now let's be accurate, this is a show about what we learned from the people who spend their life staring at corpses. I don't think I've ever seen them do an episode on things that are still in the process of dying, presumably because the corpse watchers don't like all the screaming.
@transnewt
5 жыл бұрын
HHAHAHAGAGAGAGAGAHAHQHAHQHHAHAHAHAHAH...HAHAHAHQHA.
*Crazy to imagine there was such thing as salt water amphibians.*
@melvinshine9841
5 жыл бұрын
I think modern amphibians can't handle salt water because it has an adverse effect on their skin. I can't remember how it works.
@MisterSiza78
5 жыл бұрын
@@melvinshine9841 maybe because it will dry out due to osmosis?
@tec-jones5445
5 жыл бұрын
@@melvinshine9841 their skin is very delicate, as they need it to absorb water through their skin. Unlike these ancient ones, today's amphibians not only need water to breed, but also to stay alive as adults. They don't have scales or tough skin to keep water in. So they are restricted to water. Because of this permeable skin, salt can easily damage because of how easily it is absorbed through water. And without proper salt filtering kidneys or organs, the salt becomes toxic. That's not to say salt water amphibians might not appear again. If the right selective pressures are made available, then such amphibians might just evolve independently again given enough time.
@timeshark8727
5 жыл бұрын
You are correct sir! The higher salinity of ocean water will pull water out of modern amphibians (and most freshwater fish) too quickly for them to replenish it. Mainly due to how poorly their skin tends to hold in water to begin with.
@timeshark8727
5 жыл бұрын
doesn't surprise me, frogs tend to try eating anything that can fit in their mouths.
We're getting closer to a whole episode dedicated to the evolution of the egg. Eggcellent.....
@zhugedai1279
4 жыл бұрын
Why why why
@kianmills4170
4 жыл бұрын
S T O P
@reuireuiop0
3 жыл бұрын
How Eggciting 😁
@iainburgess8577
2 жыл бұрын
Eggsactly. It should be Eggstrordinary.
@harmitchhabra989
2 жыл бұрын
@@iainburgess8577 would*
Idea: Learn to use an egg "I was already doing that" Use a stronger egg. Put water in it. Have the baby, on land, in the egg, water is in the egg, baby in the egg, in the water, in the egg. Works for me. _bye bye ocean_
@shalberus
5 жыл бұрын
I literally scrolled into the comments section specifically to look for this comment so I could thumbs up it.
@breebell468
5 жыл бұрын
+
@nathanross7448
5 жыл бұрын
We can make a religion out of this
@FireflyJuu
5 жыл бұрын
@@nathanross7448 No, don't
@hamishm29
5 жыл бұрын
@anime fantasy123 the sun is a deadly laser
Don't forget to make a video about placentas.
@hojjat5000
5 жыл бұрын
How come I see your comments on different channels and different videos? Is it because I probably commented under one of your comments and now KZread thinks we're friends?
@zhugedai1279
5 жыл бұрын
Really wish it was made by now, im really curious why live birth developed
@puffdaddy69
4 жыл бұрын
And how Hollywood freaks cook their babies placentas like a steak on the BBQ?
@KOKO-uu7yd
4 жыл бұрын
I just went looking, and I didn't find it.😭 So either it's forgotten, or I just missed it.
@glennsommer8901
4 жыл бұрын
still waiting buddy
Imagine those giants croaking in the evenings. Metal concerts would have nothing on them and no sleep for anybody.
@RJALEXANDER777
5 жыл бұрын
Koolasuchus sounds like a pretty good name for a Garage Band.
@5daboz
4 жыл бұрын
kzread.info/dash/bejne/qY2k1Y-kd7POZ5s.html
@robwalsh9843
3 жыл бұрын
@Madalin Grama True but there were a pretty wide variety of species, including land dwellers. It wouldn't be out of the ordinary if they had vocalizations.
Fun fact: "newt" used to called "ewt", but people said the phrase "an ewt" so much that the N got stuck.
@mattdziedzic7686
5 жыл бұрын
Very nice
@RJALEXANDER777
5 жыл бұрын
"She turned me into an ewt!" "An ewt?!" "...I got better."
@slappy8941
5 жыл бұрын
@@RJALEXANDER777 BURN HER!
@Mysterytour7
4 жыл бұрын
Lol! The reverse happened to an apple = a naple
@ferengiprofiteer9145
4 жыл бұрын
An ewt is a newt, of course, of course.
you keep calling that thing weird names when it's obviously a quagsire
@zoerronquillo1844
5 жыл бұрын
and mudkip
@ErdingerLi
5 жыл бұрын
Whooper~
@Ravenkiko
5 жыл бұрын
I had the exact same thought at first lol
@Verdinhox2
5 жыл бұрын
wich thing are you referring to
@senecagordon5472
5 жыл бұрын
Probably the quagsire
"But by now you know, all success is fleeting" --Motivational speech by Blake
My sister moved out to the country where she thought it would be quiet. In the spring the frogs mate and it is just a cacophony for about a month. His line at the end about the frogs made me think of this.
I just love how Blake embraces his awkward hyperactiveness. Never change and keep drinking coffee.
"Fans of this channel will know that the permian ended 252 million years ago" amm... yeah sure... i know that. Just a regular fan here that knows stuff
@srimasis
5 жыл бұрын
Noooooooooooooob
@robinchesterfield42
5 жыл бұрын
The Permian ended REALLY DRAMATICALLY 252 million years ago...along with almost everything else. Look up "The Great Dying"; it's...interesting. Actually look up the Permian in general--the "mammal-like reptiles" are awesome, related to us, and an entire sub-group that aren't around anymore.
@diegog1853
5 жыл бұрын
@@robinchesterfield42 i knew about the Great Dying, just didn't know the exact year lol
@mizzshortie907
3 жыл бұрын
@@diegog1853 ikr same
Ah yes, Australia trying to be weird since the first land vertebrates appeared.
Could you do a video on Molluscs and their evolution? I think that would really interesting.
@MisterLitera1
5 жыл бұрын
Walking with dinosaurs nostalgia anyone?
@jivejunior8753
5 жыл бұрын
I think you'll find that that video is about cephalopods, and mollusks comprise much more than just cephalopods.
@jensphiliphohmann1876
5 жыл бұрын
There is an idea that some cephalopods might become land dwellers and some of them maybe our successors as a civilization building species.
@KlavierMenn
4 жыл бұрын
@@jensphiliphohmann1876 I heard about that. There's more: some are starting to actually socialize, due to evolutionary pressure caused by us, and they are making nests together, which seems to be an odd behavior
@MossyMozart
Жыл бұрын
@@jensphiliphohmann1876 - I would agree with you, since they are so very highly intelligent, except that they have such a cruelly short life span.
Can we get a prehistoric Australia video? At least Megalania!
@neverdullday7432
5 жыл бұрын
no idea what you're talking about
@TheDinoshark
5 жыл бұрын
At, the very least they're acknowledge Australia's existence.
@raunakroy47
5 жыл бұрын
You just read my mind
@brandedfate
5 жыл бұрын
I would like a video on prehistoric marsupials as well.
@theofficalchairmanrevoluti614
3 жыл бұрын
YESYESYESYESYESYESYESYESYESYESYESYES- *YES*
As a Scot, I am so proud to learn that Amhibians first evolved in our primeval swamps here in Scotland. Nessie is their most renowned descendant.
@hmeaney19
4 жыл бұрын
SCOTLAND!!!!!!
I really enjoy the content on this channel. I'm a Geologist so it's all very interesting to me. Can I make one small suggestion though, I appreciate having more context and in particular where subjects are located in the world at any given time in history. Could you perhaps add more locality maps (with the continental reconstructions at given time periods as base maps) for each of your fossil mentions or rock formation descriptions? It would help people visualize where things existed on Earth in the past. Thanks and keep up the great work!
@sixfeetundertheradar6080
4 жыл бұрын
Marchismo 85 I wish. Honestly my biggest problem with dying is that I won’t get to see all of the new animals and evolutions of the future
Still would really love to see the evolution of spiders.
@josephlongbone4255
2 жыл бұрын
It's very hard to get fossils for small arthropods, they don't preserve well unless you get rare stuff like amber or things like the Messle shale. As such we don't really know, which is a shame.
@MerkhVision
2 жыл бұрын
No! Just… NO!
@mmaxmax6
2 жыл бұрын
@@MerkhVision why not? they're fascinating little creatures
@sorrenblitz805
2 жыл бұрын
We have some. Some of the earliest "spiders" come from the carboniferous period, mygalomorph spiders, which include modern day tarantulas, come from this period and we know of some true spiders from the end of the Jurassic period and the Cretaceous period. It's likely they evolved from sea-whip scorpions that lived along side other arachnid ancestors like Brontoscorpio.
@MossyMozart
Жыл бұрын
@The Adronator - I saw a show ("Nature"?) that discussed modern spiders. I remember them remarking on spiders in meadows where there are maybe 1,000 or so per square meter.
I like how you actually credit other makers work unlike most other science channels! This was also very informative
Great episode. Nobody talks about the giant amphibias very often.
@troyandskyelar9588
3 жыл бұрын
And yet they’re one of the coolest groups of animals to have their turn at reigning on earth.
I would definitely watch an episode on placentas
This channel is so wholesome, with an amazing amount of information condensed into ten minute videos, great level of information with a good amount of science added in, its relaxing music, silly jokes and likable presenters (all of you!). Keep it up, I love it!
@NelsonDiscovery
2 жыл бұрын
A wholesome channel full of mass-extinctions lol
@MossyMozart
Жыл бұрын
@@NelsonDiscovery - And vicious carnivores, like T-Rex, Bear-Dogs, and Bone Crushing Dogs.
You guys should do a video on prehistoric crocodilian diversity.
I wish so incredibly badly that I could go back in time in some sort of space/time-bubble where I couldn't affect anything and vice-versa so I could see all the critters that used to exist. Imagine all the ones we don't even know of that filled unique niche parts of the ecosystems.
I just discovered PBS Eons, and I love it! It's so interesting, with cool pictures and descriptions. I'll be visiting often, thank you!
I really have to say that after following you guys for a while now, this is the best KZread channel you guys from sci show and Hank Green's crew have created to date. I'm so glad you guys teemed up with pbs to create this project, because it's been a real joy to watch progress.
Thanks for another great video! I look forward to every Eons episode and I especially love the ones that introduce me to things I'd never known, like this one has.
Please you can do a video about how rhinos got ther horns?
I absolutely love when he does the episode about the different animals. His presentation is so refreshing. So wonderful. And when he pulled out the phone & told it to remind him to do an episode for us on a specific topic. I'd like to know more about flowers & what the oldest fossil known is. I love flowers, bees, butterflies. 😊🐝🦋🌻
This might be one of my favorite Eons videos yet.. Great work!
There's an absolute ton of information in each of your amazing videos. Thank you very much!
This channel is one of the best ever! It is pretty interesting to consider the possibility that the Gymnophiona (Caecilians) may have had a separate evolutionary origin than the Caudata (Salamanders) and Anura (Frogs). You guys should do videos on some of the more obscure yet very important animal phyla out there and their evolutionary origins: Bryozoa, Annelida, Brachiopda, Nemertea, Hemichordata, Nematoda, Priapulida, Rotifera, Platyhelminthes, etc...
Looking forward to the placenta episode, eons is on a role lately
Thanks, Blake, for yet another interesting and entertaining episode. The artwork that Ceri Thomas provides is beautiful and helps us all get a better idea of what these animals all looked like.
Wow, y'all really are the greatest. I noticed this in my feed while taking a break from researching the ecological pressures on early amphibian diversification and smiled wider than I have all week! As always, beautifully informative and accessible. Please keep it up!
This channel makes my inner child so excited every time I receive a notification that there is a new video. Love it, with the videos were a bit longer tho lol
You guys should do a video on the super early primates like the Purgatorius titusi
@eons
5 жыл бұрын
Stay tuned! (BdeP)
Learning about all of this just makes me appreciate how incredibly rare and beautiful the story of life is. How amazing it is that one planet in the vastness of the universe created such diverse, sometimes otherworldly, and yet all essential animals and life.
i’ve been binge watching these videos all day
A video about the *evolution of sexual reproduction* would be interesting.
@edthurber6265
5 жыл бұрын
Already did. kzread.info/dash/bejne/o6eiltxwkrHIYZc.html
@hilfsmittel7934
5 жыл бұрын
@@edthurber6265 Oh, thank you, didn't notice that one
@richardadams4928
4 жыл бұрын
I don't care to have documentarians following me all about, but appreciate the thought....
Its great that you show both metric and imperial, too many american channels only show imperial. Thanks for another great episode :D
I would love to see a video about how the reconstruction of the Tylosaurs has changed over time. Keep up the great work!
Eons is one my favorite KZread channel! Looking forward to that placentas episode!
I love amphibians, so this was a great choice for an episode! Can you do a follow up on how frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians all diverged from each other?
I love amphibians, especially salamanders. Ancient amphibians have always fascinated me, thanks for the video!
I love ur videos! I particularly like how you show the names on screen so you can google these long gone fellows and be even more amazed by their discovery stories and weird nephews they had...
lolll i love the light humor and the cast for PBS Eons, all great!
I think that I recognize one of the pictures of Metoposaurus as a speciment form Krasiejow in Poland, the last one. I used to volunteer in excavations at that site, and I recognize the skeleton.
Amazing. Great delivery, subbed and after looking at what else you have done, phew gonna be some hours spent here now. Peace buddy thanks.
I would love an episode on placentas! What a great evolution to the egg! Great idea Blake.
I really loved that you pulled back and showed the scale of one of the creatures in relation to the narrator--I'd love to see you do that more often!!!!
This channel is what we all need!
Adapt to emerging threats or be wiped out. Lesson learned. Thanks for the video.
I am so very grateful to get some clarification on these absolutely adorable oddball creatures.
I love your channel. Please, most definitely do an episode on the evolution of placentas!! That would be amazing, just like all your other videos!
8:14 But all that changed when the aquatic amniotes nation attacked ...
Huh. Really interesting. I learned a lot. I love this series. Thanks for sharing!
Thanks for this video on the Age Of The Great Amphibians!
I recommended the placenta video a while back in the comments section! So excited for this!
Love this channel videos a lot! Keep going like that guys P.S. Still waiting that placenta episode 😂
Could you do a video on the Creodonts and Entelodonts!
Thanks for this episode! Amphibians often get shuffled out of the way when talking about earth's evolutionary history; it's difficult to find information about their amazing adaptations and evolution. Keep up the good work!
I love this video for how the narrator pronounces so many latin names of extinct animals, so easily. Absolutely inspirational!
Oh man I love this channel. Every single episode blows my mind. Does anyone know where I can get more content like this?
@storytellingsnek5255
2 жыл бұрын
Trey the Explainer and Ben G Thomas also do some interesting paleontology vids
Found this in my recommendations and within the first minute I hear the term "armor-plated KILLERS", uuuusually a sign to switch to a more credible documentary. But this time I'm glad I stayed.
I really enjoy your content, guys. Thanks for some knowledge after a long days work.
Always exited when a new episode comes out.
6:31 Awesome! Thank you!
Amphibians>>>>>Everything else
@coreytaylor447
5 жыл бұрын
NO. CHOOSE LAND OR WATER. CANT HAVE BOTH.
@russkiydeutsch990
5 жыл бұрын
Corey Taylor LIES
@russkiydeutsch990
5 жыл бұрын
D r . S p u d True
@magnuspeacock5857
5 жыл бұрын
HAVE YOU SEEN PLACEDERMS?
You are among my favourite channels. Thanks for working it!
Learned lots of things from this! Can't wait to find that placenta video as I gradually scroll through your videos
I so love this channel
WHERE IS THE PLACENTA VIDEO!? honestly, I'm joking however that sounds incredible
PBS Eons is the greatest thing to happen to KZread, and my fascination❤️
Will be looking for the next video about the evolution of the placenta. Love these videos.
I'm loving this show more every episode
an episode about placentas. I can't wait for that! call it "the ascension of placentas"
Great episode. Well written script as well!
Little is more fascinating than "old models" of life. The out-of-production line, those that were superceded. The Perm and earlier are truly stunning.
Episode on monotremes would be pretty cool
@jasonfrye4669
5 жыл бұрын
jjhuerta100 kool
I love Dimetrodons there was a picture of one in my dinosaur book and it looked really happy. and so does 5:21 :D if I lived in the Permian I would have a pet one
thank you Blake, another great one for the collection. i'm always fascinated by those sea to land and land to sea crossover species. i like that idea of moving between two completely different worlds. and those rare inbetwweners that can exist in both in the same life. that's such a sexy concept. to be neither completely one or the other, but be everything at the same time, at home and a part of things no matter where. and you explained it really well, the whole story with reasons why in ten minutes. the pbs eons team rule!
Love this one! I'm waiting for the placenta episode now ! :)
Dude, those joke with your phone is so bad its feels goood LOL
@Mjmannella
3 жыл бұрын
And it came true as well!
Do a video about elephant evolution please.
@scaper8
5 жыл бұрын
Yes. All the crazy extinct elephants alone would make a great video. Add to that how, when, and why they diverged and where the separation from what would become hyraxes would be amazing!
all the illustrations in this episode were so cute!!!!!
As always a magnificent episode! How about an episode about the repeated appearance of the sail (especially in the Permian)?
So it’s important to know that amphibians were one of the first animals to conquer land and now we are hunting them to near extinction for development.
Blake: "...Frog like teeth, as well" Me: "Frogs have teeth?"
Dayum, the last time I was this early on PBS Eons' newly released video, giant fungi were all up in here!
I’m actually really excited for the placenta video! I’ll keep my eye out for it
Do a video about the giant ground sloths! Megatherium and such
Thank you for finally saying 'niché' properly
I knew nothing about the natural history of amphibia; it's wonderful to be enlightened by something I wouldn't have otherwise immediately thought of researching. Wondering if you can do a video sometime in the future on the arachnids. Also keen to hear about the evolution of live birth. Thanks again Eons!
A new video of EONS???? YES! HELL YEEEEES!! I'm so happy! Guys, who makes the music you use during your episodes? And also, you are awesome!, thank you for making my day a lot better!
Such cute amphibians! More on plant evolution, please!!!
Koolasuchus? I think you mean Quagsire.
@toby-os4fi
4 жыл бұрын
Koolaidsuchus
This channel is so informative, arguably the best decision I’ve made was to follow it
Al always, informative and intelligent delivery, thank you