Antivenoms are purified antibodies against venoms or venom components. Antivenoms are produced from antibodies made by animals to injected venoms. Antivenom is the only definitive treatment for effective bites by venomous snakes. Prior to the availability of antivenom, death ensued in approximately 45% of tiger snake envenomations and more than 90% of taipan envenomations. The decision to use antivenom should be based on the patient's history, examination and pathologic findings, and the type of antivenom used will depend on geographic, clinical and pathologic factors.
HOW IS ANTIVENOM MADE?
Venom is obtained from the various creatures in different ways. Snakes and funnel web spiders are milked for their venom. Stonefish, redback spider and box jellyfish antivenoms are made from venom extracted from the animal by dissection. This may be a dangerous process.
Small doses of venom or venom components are injected into the animal, and the dose gradually increased as the animal builds up a tolerance to the venom. In response to the introduction of the venom (a foreign substance), the animal produces antibodies to the venom. When the doses being injected are large, the amount of antibody produced is large.
These antibodies are harvested by taking blood from the animals and separating out the antibodies, which are then fragmented and purified by a series of digestion and processing steps. When injected into a patient, the binding sites on the antibody fragments bind to the venoms or venom components in the circulation and neutralize the activity of the venoms in the patient. Antivenoms have been made since the 1890s.
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