In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of carpal tunnel syndrome!
Key teaching points include:
1) Carpal tunnel syndrome results from median nerve compression and is the most common upper extremity entrapment neuropathy.
2) With carpal tunnel syndrome, see hypoechoic enlargement of the median nerve as enters carpal tunnel with flattening of nerve = Notch sign, also volar bowing of flexor retinaculum.
3) Median nerve area: Less than 8 mm2 = Normal; 8-12 mm2 = Borderline; greater than 12 mm2 = Abnormal.
4) Most accurate to compare nerve area at proximal pronator quadratus muscle and carpal tunnel: Increase of 2 mm2 or more from proximal to distal = 99% sensitive and 100% specific for carpal tunnel syndrome. Measure inside the echogenic epineurium.
5) Bifid median nerve: Normal variant in 15% of population, one trunk may take aberrant course through flexor digitorum superficialis musculature, and often associated with persistent median artery between the two trunks.
6) Important to recognize persistent median artery pre-operatively due to potential injury.
7) For diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome with bifid median nerve: Combined increase of 4 mm2 or more.
8) After carpal tunnel release surgery, median nerve may return to normal diameter or remain enlarged regardless of clinical outcome. Retinaculum may appear thickened or disrupted.
9) Carpal tunnel syndrome can be caused by extrinsic compression by a mass, ganglion cyst, or tenosynovitis.
Reference: Klauser AS, Halpern EJ, De Zordo T, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome assessment with US: value of additional cross-sectional area measurements of the median nerve in patients versus healthy volunteers. Radiology. 2009;250(1):171-177.
To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-pr...
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