TOROIDAL PROPELLER on a DRONE | DIY 3D printed

Ғылым және технология

A very simplified version of a toroidal propeller for a drone. FDM printed with PETG. The propeller wasnt balanced nor cleaned after the print.
This is not a scientific test. Just a quick DIY approach. Nothing was calculated nor optimised.
The design was a quick 5min design. It has just the basic shape of a toroidal propeller and was formed in a way so it can easily be 3d printed. It wasnt expected that the 3d printed propeller would survive a flight test. Because of the designs simplicity, it cant serve for a realistic comparison between toroidal and conventional propellers in terms of performance, acoustics, efficiency, etc.
0:00 Design
0:10 Slicing
0:15 3D Printing
0:36 Close up of the finished drone
1:04 Flight with 3d printed toroidal propeller
2:52 Flight with 8 blade propeller
How the frame / base is build: • Building my BASE DRONE
Drone setup:
3d printed toroidal propeller: movr5tpr1 fm2004t 1800kv toroidal propeller fettec aio 35a 6s550 90/95c
8 blade propeller: movr5tpr1 fm2104m 1800kv 76mmx8 hqprop fettec aio 35a 6s550 90c
Toroidal propeller diameter: 90mm / 3.54inch
Drone weight without propeller and battery: 121.5g
Drone weight with 3d printed torodial propeller and without battery: 145g
Drone weight with 8 blade propeller and without battery: 138.5g
Toroidal propeller weight: 5.5g
8 blade propeller weight: 2.9g
Battery weight: 83.5g
ADDITIONAL CONTENT
Where you find my content: linktr.ee/quadmovr
Follow me on Instagram for background infos and more drone related content: / quadmovr
SUPPORT ME
If you like my content and would like to support me, consider becoming a youtube channel member, instagram subscriber or a patreon:
KZread channel member: / @quadmovr
Instagram subscriber: / quadmovr
Patreon: / quadmovr
For people not familiar with this type of drones:
These are selfbuilt.
You cant simply buy it in a store.
Used parts are mostly written in the title.
You dont learn to fly them in a week. It takes months/years.
Researching is a constant part of this hobby.
Im flying them manually in acro mode which means no gps, no self stabilization, etc.

Пікірлер: 3 700

  • @quadmovr
    @quadmovr Жыл бұрын

    Answers to the most asked questions: Why is the toroidal propeller noisier, it should be quieter? - Read the description. Why does the 8 blade propeller sound quieter? - This is a very quiet prop in general. How do other props sound? - Less blades are mostly noisier. The drones weight is also a relevant factor (disc loading). Watch these videos of the same/similar drone but with different props as comparison: www.youtube.com/@quadmovr/search?query=movr5tpr1 What is the weight of the drone and the 3d printed props? - Read the description Where to buy this drone? Whats the name of the drone? - Its a custom build. Details written in the description. Is the video sped up? - No, theres no reason to do so. What you see is real time. Take a look at the cars in the background on the right. They are travelling at 80 - 100 kmh. Also watch my other videos for comparison: www.youtube.com/@quadmovr/videos Isnt this drone overpowered and therefore noisier? - No, this is a moderate powered drone. Heres an example of an over powered drone: kzread.info/dash/bejne/amt-rJmQm7XWfMY.html Is this flown LOS (line of sight) or FPV (first person view)? - Its flown LOS. Like classic RC airplanes. The perspective of the video is what the pilot sees while flying. How long have you been flying these drones? - Im designing, building and flying these drones since 2010. Do you have a build video of this drone? - Build video of a very similar drone: kzread.info/dash/bejne/iqWpqbmoct3ekbg.html How does the onboard/drone view of such a flight look like? - Onboard views of different but similar flown drones. Most are flown LOS: kzread.info/dash/bejne/hZhnq8Wxedyej9Y.html Is there a video of your hands while flying? - Here are some so called 'stick videos': kzread.info/dash/bejne/oaOItqSOgKu5qtI.html What are your fastest drone builds? - 376 kmh los view: kzread.info/dash/bejne/hZupz5KioNqskZM.html - 375 kmh onboard view: kzread.info/dash/bejne/qKKo3JiTnbmplso.html - 313 kmh light drone: kzread.info/dash/bejne/fpaNp9x-h9nQops.html - More videos of my speed drones: kzread.info/dash/bejne/aKtpw9Knm6bAodI.html

  • @quadmovr

    @quadmovr

    Жыл бұрын

    i know and i also pinned it. to me its shown as a pinned comment. but someone else also told me it wasnt pinned. just redone the pinning process. is it shown as pinned comment to you now?

  • @i-love-comountains3850

    @i-love-comountains3850

    Жыл бұрын

    @@quadmovr Yes it's showing pinned, here. Fantastic work, friend. I'm very excited for the 3d printing world, it's becoming more and more affordable as the production continues. I grew up tinkerer, but my friend you are truly mastering a craft and it's great to see. Just subscribed! I hope you have an awesome day🤟😁

  • @liveuk

    @liveuk

    Жыл бұрын

    Lower frequency noise so quieter to humans?

  • @Nenad-ICXC-Shuput-GFAMMA

    @Nenad-ICXC-Shuput-GFAMMA

    Жыл бұрын

    Well why didn't you balance it and clean it. Debile 🤦

  • @RapidVidsProductions

    @RapidVidsProductions

    Жыл бұрын

    great video but holy hell this comment and the description are the most pretentious things ive ever seen in my entire life. for anyone wanting to get into the hobby, don't let people like this gatekeep you out of it. it really isn't difficult at all. this guy just loves placing himself above everybody else.

  • @stacyp4534
    @stacyp4534 Жыл бұрын

    Holy cow, I don’t know what’s more impressive the props or the flying!

  • @Stambo59

    @Stambo59

    Жыл бұрын

    Definitely the flying, this mans flying skills are on a different level than most mere mortals. The props are pretty cool too though, I wonder how long before we see them coming out of China.

  • @winterwolf4127

    @winterwolf4127

    Жыл бұрын

    @@Stambo59 honestly i came for the props but he is no mere mortal

  • @lucaspohlmann7162

    @lucaspohlmann7162

    Жыл бұрын

    First Time?

  • @viktorbihar5384

    @viktorbihar5384

    Жыл бұрын

    @@lucaspohlmann7162 what? Definitely not his first time flying.

  • @jaynorthwoods

    @jaynorthwoods

    Жыл бұрын

    Yeah his flying is best…. He’s been a OG speed trick flyer, always makes me smile. 😊 Cheers

  • @Kids_Scissors
    @Kids_Scissors Жыл бұрын

    Came for the toroidal propellers, stayed for the impressive flying

  • @beatbox20fmj

    @beatbox20fmj

    Жыл бұрын

    Same

  • @tomparatube6506
    @tomparatube6506 Жыл бұрын

    I've never seen such an agile and fast drone of this size - like a flying insect. And the pilot's skill is phenomenal!

  • @Bipolar_Weasel

    @Bipolar_Weasel

    7 ай бұрын

    You should look at FPV drones then. This is standard agility for them.

  • @tomparatube6506

    @tomparatube6506

    7 ай бұрын

    @@Bipolar_WeaselThanks for pointer, man!

  • @Bipolar_Weasel

    @Bipolar_Weasel

    7 ай бұрын

    @@tomparatube6506 - sure! Look up "Glass Dancing" by Le Drib or "Ripping a Roller Coaster" by Rotor Riot. "Evolve II / FPVyle" is pretty amazing as well as "Johnny FPV x Beautiful Destinations - Turkey"

  • @1Chitus
    @1Chitus Жыл бұрын

    That was just amazing. I had no idea a drone could fly like that, regardless of the type of propellers. Incredible flying skills!

  • @Bipolar_Weasel

    @Bipolar_Weasel

    7 ай бұрын

    There are the 'SUV' drones (big, fat, doesn't manuver well at all. lots of creature comforts and driver assists....basically DJI stuff) and then there the 'F1/Race car' drones (smaller, slimmer, super manuverable, no driver assists at all...FPV racing/freestyle drones).

  • @quillclock
    @quillclock Жыл бұрын

    i like how everyone with a 3d printer saw that MIT made some toroidal propellers and was like "I can do that". Their design looks pretty different (looks more like just 2 rings) but I am so impressed the idea itself can be done in so many ways by so many ppl.

  • @theSUBVERSIVE

    @theSUBVERSIVE

    Жыл бұрын

    yeah, it's probably not that easy to get it right to make it quieter like theirs.

  • @theSUBVERSIVE

    @theSUBVERSIVE

    Жыл бұрын

    @@richfromtang the invention in itself yes, but the applicability is quite different. This is not even the first video to try it and so far I haven't seen anyone make it quieter. It's not just the shape, the angle of attack, the little things seem to make a lot of difference so it will take some tries until someone figure it out and everyone start to tweak it. I don't think it's so hard to get it to work but it's certainly not trivial.

  • @sepg5084

    @sepg5084

    Жыл бұрын

    @@theSUBVERSIVE watch Sharrow Marine's videos about their toroidal marine propellers. Same principle, different fluid (air vs. water). MIT just got the hype.

  • @HumanlyRobotic

    @HumanlyRobotic

    Жыл бұрын

    @@sepg5084 MIT didn't get the hype necessarily, I'm sure whoever did testing for toroidal boat props would have gone viral too if they had the internet to boost them as well. In reality there's only one thing that usually stops something like this from being adopted everywhere, and it's oppressive copywrite and IP laws. Remember, the only reason 3d printers haven't been a commonplace hobby tool for the past 40 years is extremely oppressive trademarks and copyright. There have been FDM fabrication machines since the 70's, they just cost 45k to buy for no reason.

  • @qinghuaguan9519

    @qinghuaguan9519

    Жыл бұрын

    Yes, they just have 2 rings to prevent the disturbing between flows.

  • @zergo.z1
    @zergo.z1 Жыл бұрын

    That flying is insane! I've never seen somebody fly like this.

  • @ubaft3135

    @ubaft3135

    Жыл бұрын

    and he is flying vlos

  • @paulhope3401

    @paulhope3401

    Жыл бұрын

    Check out his other vids then, this quad is slow and its performance mild compared to some of his others.

  • @ArnaudMEURET

    @ArnaudMEURET

    Жыл бұрын

    Me neither. However it’s completely insignificant since I don’t watch people piloting drones. Should I suppose you do?

  • @robindas1207

    @robindas1207

    Жыл бұрын

    Yeah that's sick!

  • @gee-ees584

    @gee-ees584

    Жыл бұрын

    LOS GOAT

  • @eedesign878
    @eedesign878 Жыл бұрын

    The fact that this is so well performing with very non finished toroidal prop is testament to the toroidions potential.

  • @Bipolar_Weasel

    @Bipolar_Weasel

    7 ай бұрын

    I've tested a dozen or so toroidoal props sets on my various quads, both 3d printed or mold injected (most common way normal drone props are created). I've tried various pitches and lengths as I was a big believer trying new things and the Toro props really got my attention. I wanted quieter props that gave me longer flight times. Every Toro prop set I have tested are more noisy than standard 3 blade props. No matter where the throttle is set, Toro props pull more current and I always have ended up with less flight time per battery. They are no more or less responsive than standard tri-blade props, but they have more propwash and no amount of messing with my PIDS would clean up how the Toro props would shudder and shake when 'braking' or doing hard manuvers. I also needed significantly more throttle to get my drone to hover when using any Toroidal prop.

  • @NishanthSalahudeen
    @NishanthSalahudeen Жыл бұрын

    Never flown a drone. But watching this, am telling myself that its a worthwhile hobby which could give lot of satisfaction. Thanks for cracking open my mind with your flight skills!

  • @herrakaarme

    @herrakaarme

    Жыл бұрын

    I have flown a drone exactly a single time in my life, but even that single time made me appreciate better the mad skills of the video author.

  • @gtamot0
    @gtamot0 Жыл бұрын

    I love your eight blade propeller comparison. It's a quiet and savage machine! So impressive.

  • @alexandresoutonogueira7675

    @alexandresoutonogueira7675

    Жыл бұрын

    It sounds like an airplane

  • @gtamot0

    @gtamot0

    Жыл бұрын

    @@alexandresoutonogueira7675 the toroidal one, yes. The eight blade sounds so quiet after it.

  • @izzzzzz6

    @izzzzzz6

    Жыл бұрын

    Nice! I almost missed that.

  • @Scapestoat

    @Scapestoat

    Жыл бұрын

    This says more about 3D printed structure and quality than prop shape, though.

  • @Rusznikarz

    @Rusznikarz

    Жыл бұрын

    @@Scapestoat That is one thing I am mainly interested. How silent can toroidal properels be. Are they loud due to how they are made or due to shape just being loud by default so to say.

  • @jolicox
    @jolicox Жыл бұрын

    Incredible flying, I like how quiet the eight blade propeller is.

  • @Baronello

    @Baronello

    Жыл бұрын

    Noctua knows their business lol

  • @PointBlank65

    @PointBlank65

    Жыл бұрын

    @@Baronello is that one of their fan designs adapted to be a quad prop?

  • @AfricanBantu254

    @AfricanBantu254

    Жыл бұрын

    😂 am also impressed by how silent the 8 prop is, so I was wondering how the other prop made MIT win as the most silent prop😂😂😂

  • @furtherstudies

    @furtherstudies

    Жыл бұрын

    @@AfricanBantu254I believe MITs prop design is intended for use in water, thats where they saw the huge increase in efficiency and sound. It definitely seems like it’s improvements dont transfer as good to air.

  • @arealious25

    @arealious25

    Жыл бұрын

    In a catastrophic failure the toroidal design maybe safer.

  • @Ezoriel666
    @Ezoriel666 Жыл бұрын

    I've never seen somebody flying vlos like this. I'm a FPV drone lover, but this has something magical. How the hell can you calculate the space from your POV truly amazes me. What a clean flight: those powerloops, orbits, splits S, all of them smooth and clean. Cheers from Málaga City!

  • @w8stral

    @w8stral

    Жыл бұрын

    Uh, that is how EVERYONE used to fly... And hang on a single prop with rudder hitting the ground...

  • @colinstables

    @colinstables

    Жыл бұрын

    I don’t know if eyes have the FPS for the FPV for this one, must be fine first person

  • @Ezoriel666

    @Ezoriel666

    Жыл бұрын

    @@w8stral ye, it is how everyone used to fly in the past. Helicopters, planes... but quadcopters? How the hell can He identify wich part is the front and which one is the back? That's the magic i cannot understand

  • @w8stral

    @w8stral

    Жыл бұрын

    @@Ezoriel666 You know where you are. News flash on normal aircraft with a single prop your eyes will deceive you and you have no idea what orientation the aircraft is in by using your eyes only. You only know by where and how long you have hit the sticks. Same goes for Quadcopters.

  • @SirBSpecial
    @SirBSpecial Жыл бұрын

    How I love videos without sound then crushing your ears with fan noises from the printer and then the lovely sound of the flying drone. Everything without any comment. Thats really the best part where you dont have to listen to someone. This is the main reason I watch videos on youtube.

  • @damaliamarsi2006
    @damaliamarsi2006 Жыл бұрын

    The 8 blade sound super quiet and efficient. Almost like the motors are working at 1/3 the power to maintain hover. Brilliant flying and building. I wish I had 1/10 of that skill level.

  • @RealPackCat

    @RealPackCat

    Жыл бұрын

    Don't go near Ukraine, or you will be conscripted.

  • @ABaumstumpf

    @ABaumstumpf

    Жыл бұрын

    They are quite but a lot less efficient. Those designs are not new at all, rather they have been known, researches and tested for decades. There are areas where they have been in use for a long time like submarines - where keeping it quite is important.

  • @cristitanase6130

    @cristitanase6130

    Жыл бұрын

    @@ABaumstumpf the classic ones also seem a lot less bulky, having less drag on non-forward movements, less noise and less weight.

  • @ABaumstumpf

    @ABaumstumpf

    Жыл бұрын

    @@cristitanase6130 noise is not inherent to toroidal propellers but rather this specific design and manufacturing method (3d printing is NOT gonna cut it, it is waaayyy to fragile and coarse). Comparing a normal and a toroidal propeller, both decently designed and manufactured, for the same thrust the normal one will need less power and the toroidal will be quieter.

  • @cristitanase6130

    @cristitanase6130

    Жыл бұрын

    @@ABaumstumpf there are some things no amount of polish can fix: 1. the noise, the more the blade contact surface, the higher the friction. The higher the friction, the higher the noise. 2. the noise (yes, once again). Some of the parts are not facing the incoming airflow. Especially during turns. What will happen then? More drag, more friction, more noise. A lenticular propeller is thin and has a low drag on side movements. Not so for these propellers. 3. the drag, same with the noise. More surface and more angles, more drag. 4. the weight, self explanatory 5. the heat, more drag, more heat. Not that important on plastic models with low speed, but extremely important on large metal propellers at high speeds. 6. the structural strength. These propellers have a lot of weight on the outer ring. That weight gets increased a lot due to the centrifugal force. Depending on the materials used, adding friction and heat, the connected elements may break, bend or elongated. Big problems on the long run. Making them thicker may solve the problem, but adds weight and drag and makes them even more expensive. 7. the manufacturing complexity and the price. These things are far more complex that regular blades and they use more material(s), often high quality heat resistant one(s). This increases the costs. Without a big difference in efficiency, fuel consumption, speed or repair costs they won't become a viable alternative.

  • @danielb.2873
    @danielb.2873 Жыл бұрын

    Wow, I've never seen any drones maneuver like that. And they're fast, too! Props to the pilot

  • @virennjay2088

    @virennjay2088

    Жыл бұрын

    Pun intended?

  • @ferocious_r

    @ferocious_r

    Жыл бұрын

    @@Henry-zm9qg I want to see an A"I" fly acro like that. Well, I don't. The only example I know of is where they had an Extra 540 model hover on its own (intended as a kind of STOL thing for military applications). And even that was no A"I" but a regular, old, _actual_ algorithm, i.e. programmed by hand. The kind of acro you see here requires creativity, ingenuity, and most of all, playfulness.

  • @mariusbrabus

    @mariusbrabus

    Жыл бұрын

    Load it with AI and guns, and we're all screwed :D

  • @TymexComputing

    @TymexComputing

    Жыл бұрын

    it was put fast forward - the movement of the hand wouldnt cope with such a pace (the other hand was controlling the drone and first was controlling the camera?) never.

  • @xOperator

    @xOperator

    Жыл бұрын

    RC Helis can do same thing, search for 3D RC Helicopter Flying, on youtube. The sounds of the blades are crazy

  • @gamingSlasher
    @gamingSlasher Жыл бұрын

    The performance of modern drones and a skilled operator always blows my mind.

  • @ecrusch
    @ecrusch Жыл бұрын

    All I can say is you fly one of those a hell of a lot better than I could! That Toroidal prop is really cool. Thank you.

  • @Polar_Onyx
    @Polar_Onyx Жыл бұрын

    Honestly what surprised me the most was how quiet well made traditional blades are, I would definitely like to see some revisions on these blades (maybe see if you can get dimensions from the mit guys)

  • @quadmovr

    @quadmovr

    Жыл бұрын

    would love to try and compare the MIT design to conventional props. unfortunately its not accessible to the public. the 8 blade prop is already unusual quiet. a normal 3 blade prop is noisier.

  • @Entropy512

    @Entropy512

    Жыл бұрын

    This is the first time I've seen 8 bladed quadcopter props - not surprised they are so much quieter than the typical 2/3 bladed props used most of the time.

  • @Danish3Cubed

    @Danish3Cubed

    Жыл бұрын

    @quadmovr where did you get the 8 bladed props? Did you do some simple comparison, like flying a pre programed flight track, with different propeller configurations, to compare data like energy consumption and noise? Both are highly interesting for the development and deployment of drones in different use cases...

  • @Ratkill
    @Ratkill Жыл бұрын

    Thats pretty amazing for just a quick CAD model. Of course theres much to tune in terms of pitch and size etc, but the fact that it still flew decently on such crude props is too cool. They're so much safer too

  • @TwashMan

    @TwashMan

    Жыл бұрын

    "decently" bro he was flying like madman

  • @iDoPew

    @iDoPew

    Жыл бұрын

    @@TwashMan Madman is the only gear he knows. He'd madman a potato.

  • @amzarnacht6710

    @amzarnacht6710

    Жыл бұрын

    Those props aren't crude, they're a recent development from some college or another that people are trying out. Supposedly quieter and lower energy than traditional props. OFC this fellow did not offer any comparisons whatsoever so it's not really helpful at all.

  • @Ratkill

    @Ratkill

    Жыл бұрын

    @@amzarnacht6710 The uniform thickness single axis extrude sweep in Fusion 360 is what I'm referring to. Normally these blades would be a compound curve like a spline with most likely a non-uniform thickness profile. This is just a quick sketch and stretch.

  • @aerobyrdable

    @aerobyrdable

    Жыл бұрын

    @@Ratkill Engineer, here. Will be using "sketchN'stretch" XD

  • @michaelmcdonald8318
    @michaelmcdonald8318 Жыл бұрын

    I am both extremely impressed as well as frightened by that skill of maneuvering. It's like a little flyer of death, with that noise!

  • @Dartheomus
    @Dartheomus10 ай бұрын

    Remarkable piloting. To say that your spatial awareness throughout a few of those flips was impressive is a tragic understatement.

  • @RebelGoatFPV
    @RebelGoatFPV Жыл бұрын

    Great flying! That's pretty impressive for 3D printed props, I'm honestly amazed that the PETG held up to that. I'll be all over it when a manufacturer puts out some molded toroidal props. 👍

  • @quadmovr

    @quadmovr

    Жыл бұрын

    wasnt expecting them to hold up at all either.

  • @meat-hook

    @meat-hook

    Жыл бұрын

    Lay a few thin layers of resin on them. Reinforce and smooth them out. I'm going to print some out asap.

  • @BuceGar

    @BuceGar

    Жыл бұрын

    Same, given the insane multi-directional stresses on those blades, I thought they'd shatter for sure.

  • @EREBUSAETHER

    @EREBUSAETHER

    Жыл бұрын

    Print one and make a mold of it.

  • @littlesnowflakepunk855

    @littlesnowflakepunk855

    Жыл бұрын

    @@EREBUSAETHER most castable plastics are super brittle and heavy

  • @Pixelarter
    @Pixelarter Жыл бұрын

    You should try an ellipse shape rather than a circle. Maybe also two leafs instead of three, like the MIT ones. And progressively give it more twist toward the top, so it cuts the air more efficiently. Might be fun to experiment with different shapes and ideas.

  • @nemtudom5074

    @nemtudom5074

    Жыл бұрын

    The ellipse shape sounds like a bad idea because fans needs to be balanced in a 360 degree circle. If one 'side' of theirs is longer or heavier than the others then its going to be out of whack immediately

  • @Pixelarter

    @Pixelarter

    Жыл бұрын

    @@nemtudom5074 Check the MIT propellers that inspired this. They use elliptical shapes and are perfectly balanced.

  • @nemtudom5074

    @nemtudom5074

    Жыл бұрын

    @@Pixelarter Huh, okay

  • @BLUELEADER78

    @BLUELEADER78

    Жыл бұрын

    @@nemtudom5074 I think what they are saying, correct me if I'm wrong, is that the props are essentially three circles joined together. The individual circles need to be more elliptical in shape. Still maintaining the balance but increasing the efficiency.

  • @nemtudom5074

    @nemtudom5074

    Жыл бұрын

    @@BLUELEADER78 Ah, yes, in that case, it *should* work, since the weight distribution is event I thought you meant one elliptical 'ring' attached to the motor in the middle

  • @wolf1066
    @wolf1066 Жыл бұрын

    That was insane! All the more brilliant reading that the props weren't even cleaned up or balanced after the print and that you're flying it old-school.

  • @franciscofortunato1864
    @franciscofortunato18649 ай бұрын

    Me pareces un auténtico mago! Al margen de tus horas de pilotaje y vuelo. Excelente, siempre es gratificante ver el desarrollo y la aplicación de la ingeniería! Gracias!

  • @adamseab
    @adamseab Жыл бұрын

    I have no idea how I ended up here - and I rarely comment on things, but that flying is hands down one of the most impressive things I've seen in a long, long time. Absolutely outstanding! 👏🏻

  • @Methsman

    @Methsman

    Жыл бұрын

    The video ist fast forwarded. But still good flying skills :)

  • @noudvanysacker8026

    @noudvanysacker8026

    Жыл бұрын

    ​@@Methsman no its not, you can hear someone cough at normal speed, and otherwise the wind would't sound realistic and it does

  • @fallingwater

    @fallingwater

    Жыл бұрын

    @@Methsman You haven't been around here much, have you

  • @noudvanysacker8026

    @noudvanysacker8026

    Жыл бұрын

    @@jasonbowman6931 hahaha you have never seen drones in real life have you? Wake up man this is just reality these days

  • @BradGryphonn
    @BradGryphonn Жыл бұрын

    I thought, based on what I've read/seen about Toroidal propellers, that they would have been quieter than standard blades. However, the 8-blade setup was much quieter than the printed blades. BTW, that was some serious Star Wars/UFO flying there! Love your work.

  • @SirBoomNPew

    @SirBoomNPew

    Жыл бұрын

    Bear in mind, these aren't optimized toroidal propellers, they're a rough but functional approximation of the real thing. I think with more tuning they could be made much quieter than conventional props.

  • @Okararu

    @Okararu

    Жыл бұрын

    Remember that you compare 3d printed rough, thick and heavy toroidal props to injectionmolded flawless 8-blade props. With this in mind imo the toroidals performend very good.

  • @alfredocampanelli

    @alfredocampanelli

    Жыл бұрын

    Wow!!! Very impressive! Toroidal would be a much safer design since blades are a knife and well out of Feng Shui, but too noisy. All drones are too noisy, the next challenge.

  • @ABaumstumpf

    @ABaumstumpf

    Жыл бұрын

    Decently produced toroidal propeller should be a bit quieter but the difference is not that big

  • @PM-wt3ye

    @PM-wt3ye

    Жыл бұрын

    @@alfredocampanelli noise can also be a good thing, as it is with cars. E-cars are, in certain situations, less safe because you dont hear them.

  • @hallucinati
    @hallucinati Жыл бұрын

    That was a F***ING AMAZING video. Script. Production. Editing. Camera. AND F***ING SKILL!!! Thank you so much for top-of-the-line KZread content. It's about time. ❤😊

  • @jamesg2382
    @jamesg2382 Жыл бұрын

    Super impressive. Beautiful modelling and then 3D printing video….then flying with this thing that is next level. Wow

  • @Kabab
    @Kabab Жыл бұрын

    The best test I've seen yet. They don't sound any quieter in the video at least. Just sounds like there's more of a waffle to them. Curious if you felt like they were drawing more amperage higher in the throttle than a typical triblade. Of course multiblade props will be quieter but it's the efficiency of reasonably high speed that I'm curious about

  • @skylerallinghamgotime3609

    @skylerallinghamgotime3609

    Жыл бұрын

    I agree Bob. It would be interesting to build a spreadsheet with all the data. Then plot the thrust curve to Amp draw. Using black box.

  • @chrisbee5481

    @chrisbee5481

    Жыл бұрын

    Hey Bob, check out the t-motor v2808 motor spec thrust test. They are the first to have tested the HQPROP 5x4x6 (5040 in the test) compared to a 7" prop. Assuming this motor is ideal for these props, the data says the multi blade are about 20% less efficient and have 20% less top end thrust. I fell the 5x4x6 are very locked in and much much more quiet. So if it is quietness that you`re looking for, the 6 or 8 blade props are the most viable option for that purpose at the moment. The multi blade props just need more distance to each other to avoid prop wash.

  • @nickvledder

    @nickvledder

    Жыл бұрын

    Same to me… they don’t really sound quieter…. They sound different, scream less perhaps, but make more whooshing sounds! This was a great test Quadmover did. Much respect and kudos to him!

  • @Arthur4all

    @Arthur4all

    Жыл бұрын

    they can`t sound any quieter because they are 3D printed and not even shaped as a proper airfoil. I think we need to give prop manufacturers a few months to play with this idea to see some decent results 🙂

  • @klmx6

    @klmx6

    Жыл бұрын

    Yeah I think this design isn't optimal for that particular drone, but I think most of the sound that you're hearing is the motors themselves. It seems to get a lot quieter as it get further away though as claimed, seems very promising.

  • @PMcDFPV
    @PMcDFPV Жыл бұрын

    IDK about you, but very impressed PETG stood up to your punch outs lol :)

  • @axieman6196

    @axieman6196

    Жыл бұрын

    same, that's what I thought then I first saw it

  • @CoryKing

    @CoryKing

    Жыл бұрын

    Same. I was waiting for them to explode.

  • @quadmovr

    @quadmovr

    Жыл бұрын

    havnt expected it to hold up too. happy it did.

  • @Sunilzyx81
    @Sunilzyx81 Жыл бұрын

    Highly Underrated Channel! Pilot Flying skills are Awesome!

  • @AlyxGlide
    @AlyxGlide Жыл бұрын

    Beautiful geometry & from what I've seen with fluid dynamics - Let's keep going with this!

  • @Brian-S
    @Brian-S Жыл бұрын

    Once we see some of these props being made with actual molds we might be able to do some real testing. I am surprised though with how well some of these 3d printed props I'm seeing are holding up it's very impressive

  • @Inertia888

    @Inertia888

    Жыл бұрын

    I am wondering how varying geometries of the loops, materials used, will change the sound profile, and efficiency. I am interested in hover point noise comparison, between tri-blade, tri-loop, bi-loop. If I was going for sound as the most important constraint, and put performance and speed, below that constraint, at a low RPM, I wonder if and how far away the sound would be dampened to the sensitivity of human ears. But most of all, I wish I had a friend at MIT. (thank you MIT for sharing this, but man I wish I knew someone there 😉)

  • @fadelfarae6019

    @fadelfarae6019

    Жыл бұрын

    Or one can just print them out of PC filament

  • @romualdaskuzborskis

    @romualdaskuzborskis

    Жыл бұрын

    @@Inertia888 sound profile in essence drops to lower pitch..

  • @BRadFPV

    @BRadFPV

    Жыл бұрын

    quite impressed!!! Especially with the loads placed on 2 perimeter FDM. I look forward to seeing SLA with aerodynamic prop shape blended in.

  • @philthayer4087

    @philthayer4087

    Жыл бұрын

    LOS beast! 😮

  • @freestylesfpv
    @freestylesfpv Жыл бұрын

    Wow, I didn't expect the traditional prop to sound so quiet in comparrisson. Great work.

  • @jonp8015

    @jonp8015

    Жыл бұрын

    Those are 8-blade carbon fiber props with an aerofoil profile vs a 3 blade 3D printed prop with a flat cross-sectional profile. Basically the quietest props you can possibly buy vs a 30-minutes model and print. The toroidal props have lots of room for improvement, and even where it is, they sound surprisingly pleasant.

  • @DARKredDOLLAR

    @DARKredDOLLAR

    Жыл бұрын

    @@jonp8015 I'm actually impressed that even if the model is wrong (MIT props are way different, but I guess physics is still there) they perform so well. Noise is probably doe to 3d printing layers enterfering with air more than those smooth carbon props We need better models lol I actually wonder about this tech being used in cooling fans. Fan showdown kicked into high gear and people are sending in more and more models for testing. Interesting stuff

  • @jonp8015

    @jonp8015

    Жыл бұрын

    @@DARKredDOLLAR Fan Showdown guy *just* did a video on this, though he's using his own attempt at reverse engineering the fan. Will be interesting to see just how much the MIT version differs from these attempts.

  • @DARKredDOLLAR

    @DARKredDOLLAR

    Жыл бұрын

    @@jonp8015 yea yea, I've seen it. One fan so far. Waiting for more fan made fans (lol)..

  • @InsufficientGravitas

    @InsufficientGravitas

    Жыл бұрын

    @@jonp8015 idealy they should have been compared to a 3d printed 3/6 bladed fan with a similar blade profile.

  • @AZ-FPV
    @AZ-FPV Жыл бұрын

    Your orientation and coltrol skills are not even human dude !! Well done .. 🤘

  • @TwistyTrav
    @TwistyTrav Жыл бұрын

    Those are some serious Jedi reflexes to pilot this drone the way you did! I salute you.

  • @Stambo59
    @Stambo59 Жыл бұрын

    Wow, 3D printing has come a long way, I was kind of expecting them to explode at high RPMs. As usual, your flying skills are on a totally different level than us mere mortals.

  • @SuperLionpop
    @SuperLionpop Жыл бұрын

    First of all,your driving technique is so crazy 😍

  • @SillyVixen420
    @SillyVixen420 Жыл бұрын

    Incredible flying! I can never keep track of which way is forward when I try.

  • @LightSpirit24
    @LightSpirit24 Жыл бұрын

    I am amazed at the performance of that drone. I go to his description and discover that its home built and it will take months or years to be able to fly it like in the video. Amazing level of dedication to this hobby.

  • @TheJoker6789
    @TheJoker6789 Жыл бұрын

    That's some wild flying dude. I like the sound of the eight blade propeller there the quietest.

  • @slinkerdeer
    @slinkerdeer Жыл бұрын

    This one has a unique sound, rather smooth compared to a lot of other prop designs

  • @ryem9948
    @ryem9948 Жыл бұрын

    this is the most impressive and entertaining drone flight i've ever seen.

  • @JustSomeGuy1979
    @JustSomeGuy1979 Жыл бұрын

    You never cease to amaze.My friend and I were just discussing these props.I just sent him a link to your video.I understand there was room for revisions,but still nice to see a real world comparison under extreme circumstances.Thank you.

  • @BOTGRINDER
    @BOTGRINDER Жыл бұрын

    When i first saw these i wondered how they would handle the rpms, pretty cool!

  • @JerryDSM

    @JerryDSM

    Жыл бұрын

    Been seeing a lot people make these I’m curious if HQ or someone will hop on bored and make some out of injection molding. Would love to hear your opinion on them.

  • @tq64to4

    @tq64to4

    Жыл бұрын

    Yeah I thought they explode 😂

  • @alex-m-jones

    @alex-m-jones

    Жыл бұрын

    Yeah for sure me too, surprised they take it so well!!

  • @BritGeeks
    @BritGeeks Жыл бұрын

    This was hypnotic to watch. Really fantastic flying.

  • @richardgordon
    @richardgordon Жыл бұрын

    Drone pilot is really good! Proves the concept pretty conclusively!

  • @kevincarambot4749
    @kevincarambot4749 Жыл бұрын

    When you first launched it, I'm thinking it looks so heavy and then you flew it like a beast and legitimized the design. Awesome piloting skills.

  • @andrewut7ya511
    @andrewut7ya511 Жыл бұрын

    I watched so many of your videos but the line of sight flying still blows me away everytime. I fly fpv alot and im pretty decent but can not even imavine flying los like this. Good work.

  • @lachlanhodgkinson9246
    @lachlanhodgkinson9246 Жыл бұрын

    I had no intention of subscribing when I clicked on the video, but after seeing how impressive his flying is, you have me sold

  • @Daneshearer
    @Daneshearer Жыл бұрын

    Wow that's some amazing flying skills & I didn't know drones could go that fast.

  • @craftmaster300
    @craftmaster300 Жыл бұрын

    Wow, the toroidal props were much quieter and lower pitched than traditional props. But I did NOT expect the multi blade one to be that quiet. I'm curious what the power efficiency is from the different props. How does each prop feel, does it need to spin faster or slower for the same lift? Also could it be possible to model a toroidal prop to have more like 6 instead of 3? I wonder how that would make a difference.

  • @AlfieMakes

    @AlfieMakes

    Жыл бұрын

    The sound you hear is most likely the roughness of the 3D printed surface as well as the plastic deforming slightly as the velocity increases. Maybe hollow printing them in resin? In any case I think the real innovation here is being able to print a capable prop using a hobby printer.

  • @williwonti

    @williwonti

    Жыл бұрын

    @@AlfieMakes Sounds like a recipe for exploding props, but might be useful for spy stuff if it worked

  • @quadmovr

    @quadmovr

    Жыл бұрын

    as written in the description these are just a very quick and simple design. a well designed and produced one may be very different. this simple design is less efficient, heavier, and overall worse. but i was surprised the printed props hold up the forces. the closed structure give them alot of stability.

  • @jasonstahl73
    @jasonstahl73 Жыл бұрын

    Wow, I wasn't expecting those propellers to be able to put up with the forces involved with your flying. They are definitely not as fast. Did the battery last any longer with the toroidal props? Have you tried making the toroidal props with more of an oval shape instead of round and maybe more loops?

  • @rc-fannl7364

    @rc-fannl7364

    Жыл бұрын

    Same here, with his usual style of flying, I was expecting these props to come apart after a few hard turns.

  • @JoeWeedson

    @JoeWeedson

    Жыл бұрын

    afaik they are supposed to be quieter than normal drone props

  • @Dav2112

    @Dav2112

    Жыл бұрын

    I was expecting them to explode

  • @JeromeDemers

    @JeromeDemers

    Жыл бұрын

    it's hard to evaluate the flight time with this style of flying. Also 3D printed props are 2.6g heavier. total of 10.4g. That alone affects flight time and flight characteristic. ok actually it's 6.5g difference between the 2 frames. So he could add 6.5g to make them equals and then hover tested them for flight time. MIT paper said that it's similar efficiency this mean it's less then regular props. The magic is suppose to be lower sound.

  • @runpuppyfpv5744

    @runpuppyfpv5744

    Жыл бұрын

    You are the master of los for real

  • @sierraecho884
    @sierraecho884 Жыл бұрын

    What´s really cool on those is how you can see some of them slowing down in order to steer the quad, can´t usually see that with the naked eye in normal props.

  • @1EliPrice
    @1EliPrice Жыл бұрын

    Whenever I watch these high speed drone flights I always think of the the flight characteristics described in the tic-tac encounters. Stopping on a dime and changing direction. Pretty dope.

  • @Kettenhund75
    @Kettenhund75 Жыл бұрын

    You always do amazing stuff - can't click on your videos fast enough when you release one. I had no idea a printed prop would hold up to that kind of inertia!

  • @JasonLavarias
    @JasonLavarias Жыл бұрын

    Very cool! AWESOME Flight and video edit!!!!

  • @THEPEANUTGALLERY832
    @THEPEANUTGALLERY832 Жыл бұрын

    The toroidal blade system was impressive. Looks like a strong design. But what stole the show was the silence of the 8 blades... WOW! And it even seemed like the 8 blades speed was a little faster. Seemed to really dig into the air when performing your acrobatics... Really impressed. Thanks for sharing... Liked & Subscribed

  • @giltiger

    @giltiger

    Жыл бұрын

    A 8 blades toroidal design with a more polish construction surely bets the two... Both models have a VERY impressive efficiency transfer of power in a pure vertical ascension flight !!!

  • @deepsleep7822

    @deepsleep7822

    Жыл бұрын

    I was surprised the toroidal blades were as noisy as they were. The 8 blade seemed much quieter.

  • @MrSumphora

    @MrSumphora

    11 ай бұрын

    @deepsleep7822 It's worth bearing in mind that the toroidal propellers were 3d printed, whereas the 8 blade propellers seem to have been professionally manufactured. That would mean much greater precision, and that their size and shape had also been tailored for the drone in question. As such, it's no surprise that the toroidal propellers underperformed in this test. A more equal one would be comparing two two 3d printed designs.

  • @isa_L

    @isa_L

    7 ай бұрын

    ​@@deepsleep7822 you call that quieter? its noisy and sounded like a drill.

  • @baggszilla
    @baggszilla Жыл бұрын

    You are amazing! The Octo Blade Props sound more quiet and look like they have more thrust/power! Thanks QM!

  • @DougJessee

    @DougJessee

    Жыл бұрын

    That’s what I was going to say, also reminded me of the 8 blade versions of the C-130 props…

  • @ivoxx_

    @ivoxx_

    Жыл бұрын

    Well, they are correctly designed while the toroidal are just a rough simple one. A propper design could be similar to the octo for sure.

  • @staylofordo7111
    @staylofordo7111 Жыл бұрын

    Geeez. I thought that second drone would tear itself apart. Very impressive in every way !! Thanks for the video !!

  • @mikejohnson5900
    @mikejohnson5900 Жыл бұрын

    That's some flying skills mate. Well done.

  • @fixerden
    @fixerden Жыл бұрын

    I wish I could fly a fraction of this level! Stunning.

  • @stephantual
    @stephantual3 ай бұрын

    Bro prints out unique PETG props, proceeds to shred. I just love it 🤟

  • @JaydenLawson
    @JaydenLawson Жыл бұрын

    Props to you for making this video so quickly

  • @campraincloud
    @campraincloud Жыл бұрын

    I can't wait to get mine outside! I'm looking forward to seeing how one bi-loop does on an airplane. They sound so smooth! The new design seems to handle acro flight very well too. Good stuff!

  • @chrisB_OG

    @chrisB_OG

    Жыл бұрын

    Cool idea!!

  • @campraincloud

    @campraincloud

    Жыл бұрын

    @LOL-Yolo sure the 8 blade normal props were proper snappy, but the flight with the toroid props is clearly not flown in angle mode. This pilot's got skills!

  • @MarcelG.
    @MarcelG. Жыл бұрын

    Thanks for sharing. Have been waiting for this video since your Instagram post

  • @Otidoesstuff

    @Otidoesstuff

    Жыл бұрын

    Me too

  • @JConabike
    @JConabike7 ай бұрын

    Good to see you are still at it.

  • @josiewalberg2263
    @josiewalberg2263 Жыл бұрын

    Wow ,I agree with Jolico below ,great flying ,very impressive .

  • @wingknots8516
    @wingknots8516 Жыл бұрын

    If it works this well in 3D printing, imagine the strength of a production prop, gotta love u guys for experimenting! 👍👍

  • @rizendell
    @rizendell Жыл бұрын

    My dad spent my entire childhood telling me the propeller had been engineered for hundreds of years and couldnt be improved and now this. I feel so validated that someone out there actually listened and tried this.

  • @baseddepartment285

    @baseddepartment285

    Жыл бұрын

    He's using the inferior materials and the build quality

  • @alexanderstratienko5763

    @alexanderstratienko5763

    Жыл бұрын

    Your dad is absolutely right. The toroidal propeller like this looks ineffective. The actual air speed changes among propeller radius., so the shape should be more complicated. We see only excellent flight skills. No efficiency measurement and comparison to the classic propeller shape.

  • @laszlok53
    @laszlok53 Жыл бұрын

    I'm very impressed of your piloting skills!

  • @sal6361
    @sal6361 Жыл бұрын

    I'm impressed by the great skills flying it! 👏

  • @detroxx56784
    @detroxx56784 Жыл бұрын

    Surprisingly durable. I would have expected them to blow up at these RPMs, but seems like the second “support side” is helping quite a lot.

  • @quadmovr

    @quadmovr

    Жыл бұрын

    expected the same. but the closed loop design gives them alot of stability.

  • @AmaderElectronics
    @AmaderElectronics Жыл бұрын

    Really some insane drone flying technic! I completely agree with you "You don't learn to fly them in a week. It takes months/years." 😀

  • @minle8702
    @minle8702 Жыл бұрын

    Cant figure out what is more impressive.....the production, propeller, process, plane, pilot. Great performance liked and subbed

  • @greg0063
    @greg0063 Жыл бұрын

    I'm impressed the 3d printed ones held up.

  • @chrisB_OG
    @chrisB_OG Жыл бұрын

    Dude sick YOU DID IT!!!! Well done! I hope this makes a million views. Your comparison with the 8 blade was super duper clutch TY

  • @Ultramesh
    @Ultramesh Жыл бұрын

    Awesome flying skills :) I've just made a 3D Toroidal boat prop for an outboard engine. It incorporates a twist into each of the 3 loops.

  • @ewmegoolies

    @ewmegoolies

    Жыл бұрын

    If you put up a video about it, I would watch

  • @charlesgunzelman3323

    @charlesgunzelman3323

    Жыл бұрын

    Would love to test your designs if they're public.

  • @shekharkolawale3724
    @shekharkolawale3724 Жыл бұрын

    Bro your Drone skills are mind blowing 🤯😱

  • @aladinmovies
    @aladinmovies Жыл бұрын

    Awesome, amazing work, talant to build ❤️

  • @whisperware
    @whisperware Жыл бұрын

    the way you're flying this drone is like a pixar animation. Some serious skills here! Maybe I just have an unskilled eye, but I thought the toroidal prop performed better, but I can't know if that was just the pilot flying differently. The conventional prop was definitely quieter though

  • @UberBaby168
    @UberBaby168 Жыл бұрын

    Amazing drone flying skills!! The toroidal propeller drone flying was amazing, but quite loud. I thought it was fast until I see the 8-blade propeller demo, and it is equally fast and quieter too!. Not sure if you are able to compare efficiency, top speed, time to complete a circuit run, etc? Love this!

  • @narmale

    @narmale

    Жыл бұрын

    they are quieter, it sounds loud because you have no comparison audio... only the sound of the motors and blades... just the same as LED lights comparisons done at night... you cant go off of images for their output, you have to have a lumen meter for lights, and a A-weighted dB meter for audio

  • @marcuscoward1158

    @marcuscoward1158

    Жыл бұрын

    Yeah they did a test the noise levels are pretty close when you measure in DB and not by ear.

  • @markcras8508
    @markcras8508 Жыл бұрын

    Thats the most crazy drone flying ive ever seen

  • @Proteus2049
    @Proteus2049 Жыл бұрын

    impressive ! design and performances as well as piloting skills !🤩

  • @jeremylozier7339
    @jeremylozier7339 Жыл бұрын

    Wow, Great video! I'd be interested to know the difference in relative flight times between the two propeller types. The toroids seem to handle the wind fairly well and be quite aggressive.

  • @gege0298
    @gege0298 Жыл бұрын

    For something just printed out and screwed on, that looks quite good. Probably much room for optimisation on the model alone.

  • @linkbond08
    @linkbond08 Жыл бұрын

    First of all that flying was absolutely exquisite! Second I kinda like the sound of the octobladed propellers better, the higher pitch is reminiscent of a supercharger.

  • @caniswolf3394
    @caniswolf3394 Жыл бұрын

    Absolutely excellent demo !!! Hyper speed !!!

  • @maxplusplusplus
    @maxplusplusplus Жыл бұрын

    Incredible flying, I'm thoroughly impressed! I wonder how those props would perform without the print lines/smooth or when they have more blades

  • @SgtFvMC
    @SgtFvMC Жыл бұрын

    Awesome skill 🙌 Im really impressed by that performance. I knew about race drone stuff but that is quite mind-boggling. I think most of the noise comes from the ridges of the 3D printing. The transparent propellers are more quiet than i taught 👌

  • @rueben225

    @rueben225

    Жыл бұрын

    Yeah without post-print cleanup the printed blades would have a significant amount of drag from the layer lines, but considering that, I think they did really well for a printed part.

  • @SgtFvMC

    @SgtFvMC

    Жыл бұрын

    @@rueben225 absolutely. And i think they would survive a crash a bit better than normal propellers.

  • @bustatron
    @bustatron Жыл бұрын

    That was some damn flying. Such control.

  • @remainsmemories626
    @remainsmemories626 Жыл бұрын

    Nice, finally someone not only modeled and printed, BUT ALSO TESTED it on the drone!

  • @mathiacus

    @mathiacus

    Жыл бұрын

    Drones have some form of auto stabilisation. This is a pure quad copter. If he lets go of the sticks, it falls from the sky.

  • @remainsmemories626

    @remainsmemories626

    Жыл бұрын

    @@mathiacus lol it doesn't

  • @remainsmemories626

    @remainsmemories626

    Жыл бұрын

    @@mathiacus fuller answer: his drone is flying in acro mode, that means it will not auto-level, however it will keep it's angle, so if he lets go of sticks, it will not level itself, but will actively try to keep its set angle

  • @jocopowell
    @jocopowell Жыл бұрын

    Awesome job. Would you mind telling us if and how differently the toroidal props felt in operation compared traditional props?

  • @jonboy000

    @jonboy000

    Жыл бұрын

    You can tell they're a lot heavier and more sloppy. I'd be worried about burning out an ESC to be honest 😅

  • @randomsandwichian

    @randomsandwichian

    Жыл бұрын

    Would there be less resistance if he did some finishing work on the toriodal design, I wonder? To reduce noise and such.

  • @wunkskorks2623
    @wunkskorks2623 Жыл бұрын

    Some of you guys are on a different level with these drones. It’s almost like watching a murmuring. It’s hypnotic. Great video.

  • @WorivpuqloDMogh
    @WorivpuqloDMogh Жыл бұрын

    Those movements are really cool

  • @holyoli
    @holyoli Жыл бұрын

    El manejo que tiene del Dron es increíble.

  • @sbwew
    @sbwew Жыл бұрын

    Great work, well done, right to the point video. Would love to see input from folks like Tom Stanton and Joshua Bardwell on the subject. The non-FPV flying was equally impressive.

  • @ewmegoolies

    @ewmegoolies

    Жыл бұрын

    Seems like it could add to blade life if running into tree branches is a problem for a pilot

  • @Itschotsch
    @Itschotsch Жыл бұрын

    I'd love to see a full hour-long guide on how you built your drone! With all the tips and tricks you learned :)

  • @quadmovr

    @quadmovr

    Жыл бұрын

    building a similar one (only building): kzread.info/dash/bejne/iqWpqbmoct3ekbg.html

  • @Itschotsch

    @Itschotsch

    Жыл бұрын

    @@quadmovr wow nice! Thanks :D

  • @user-rn3zm5oz3n
    @user-rn3zm5oz3n Жыл бұрын

    The flying is the best i have ever seen!!!

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