I’m with editor on this one… I wanna know about the lightening strike thing!

@toldinstone

Жыл бұрын

The Romans regarded any spot struck by lightning as sacred. A person killed by lightning was thought to have been singled out by the gods, and was buried on the site of his immolation.

@wintergreen9949

Жыл бұрын

@@toldinstone went to look this up while tabbed in still nd gave up. but i came back to the explanation, somewhat to be expected by the time they lived in

@edanarator7716

Жыл бұрын

@@toldinstone What did the Romans think about people who survived being struck by lightning? Sacred as well, or did the lack of modern medicine mean it was basically impossible to survive at the time?

@thechiz5

Жыл бұрын

@@edanarator7716 dude modern medicine has nothing to do with a blast of electricity to your body. You either survive or you don’t, the same is still true today

@QuantumHistorian

Жыл бұрын

@@toldinstone Singled out in a positive or negative way? I mean, I know being struck by lightning is not something most people look forward to, but was it viewed as death by an angry god or as a fatal blessing?

Dr. G! A tale to amuse you... During WWII the Germans bombed the crap out of Malta and when I worked there, my Scottish boss who had married a Maltese, told me that during the Siege of Malta, his wife's father - a kid at the time - helped his family delve a deep bomb shelter down into the friable limestone of the island, as so many did. Then, this kid and his sister, digging away one afternoon, broke into a vast subterranean space. They told no one about it, but explored it with candles and lamps and then, having disguised the entranceway they had created from the adults, would retreat into it during the heaviest bombardments. They even brought in chairs and a table to play chequers on. What they had found was the ancient Neolithic megalithic temple of Tarxien, now a major tourist attraction. I think of it still. Two kids deep underground in a temple built over 5,000 years ago, playing chequers in absolute stillness by candlelight while the Luftwaffe raids roared overhead demolished Renaissance palazzi, medieval fortresses, Roman villas with only a handful of Spitfires to fight them off.

@toldinstone

Жыл бұрын

Fascinating stuff. Taking refuge in history...

@cerberus6654

Жыл бұрын

@@toldinstone Well, pre-history, to be academically precise.

@ok-kk3ic

Жыл бұрын

@@cerberus6654 Not prehistory

@fetus2280

Жыл бұрын

Thats Wild ! Would give anything to have experienced something like that ... I live in Canada and e have sweet f' all here .. What we do have is the odd lump of dirt in a mound and some chipped stone bits . Thats about it . I am so Jealous and Envious of those who live in Europe and more so the UK where my Ancestors are from . One day i will get there and see what my heritage left for us . I just wish that day was Years ago . Cheers .

@cerberus6654

Жыл бұрын

@@fetus2280 I'm Canadian too and yeah, you're right. We've got scenery and wilderness but that's about it. I think the most amazing thing that happened to me on Malta was hiking along a beach one Saturday that was beneath some cliffs with caves in them and right there on the sand was a red-brown fossilized bone about ten inches long. Beautiful huge rib bone, bigger than a modern cow. Then I noticed that both ends had been cleanly chopped like spare ribs, and all up and down the thing you could see little cross-hatched cuts where a razor sharp stone had been used to cut the meat off. Well, it seemed clear to me that hundreds of thousands of years ago when there were forests there and the Med was at least a couple of miles away that some Neanderthals up in those caves had a BBQ of some huge animal and tossed the scraps down the hill.

The horrors of just stumbling around in the dark for days in a catacomb

I was supposed to go with my dad to rome this spring or this autumn.. It would've been my first time visiting the city and i had made a bit of list of places to visit, maimly based on your videos... Although ironic now, we for sure would've toured the catacombs May he rest in peace

I’ve been to the catacombs of Rome and the underground city in Orvieto. They are mind blowing. The day that we visited the Santa Domatilla catacombs there was a group of Slovakian pilgrims who were having a worship service in the catacombs. They sang old Gregorian chants. It was an opportunity to get a tiny idea of what it might have been like for worshippers who were burying their dead.

@allisonandjerrybrown8454

Жыл бұрын

Just visited these catacombs last week. Amazing

In The Netherlands there was this rich dude in the early 1900's who was so fascinated by the roman catacombs that he ordered a replica to be made in the old lime stone quarries of Limburg. Of course it is not the real deal, but it is rather convincing and was nevertheless entertaining to see.

@OlizerVanAntoninus

Жыл бұрын

Are those the catacombs in Valkenburg? I was there in 1980. Lovely place.

@jarinierop8065

Жыл бұрын

@@OlizerVanAntoninus Yes as a matter fact. I've been there several times and it sure is a charming little town.

@willemhaifetz-chen1588

8 ай бұрын

Sure

I’m actually so glad I bought your book. Your writing style is great and the subjects you cover are amazingly interesting.

@elizabethwamsley7953

Жыл бұрын

I requested it from my library. They bought a copy for their stacks. I'm loving it

@hewitc

Жыл бұрын

I bought it. It was fun to read!

Amazingly, the sponsor is spot-on matching here and not annoying at all. Well done!

@AaronSikkink

Жыл бұрын

I was hoping for the plumber sponsor! People need plumbing in catacombs too you know ;)

There are tons of catacombs all over Latium; my moms family is from Latina and Cisterna di Latina, and the latter also has catacombs under a palace built in the 1500s. Nearby was a place called “tres tabernae”, which are the remnants of a Roman roadside “diner”.

@optimusprinceps3526

Жыл бұрын

Mine is from Neopoli

@paoloviti6156

Жыл бұрын

I know very well Cisterna di Latina and of course Latina as I was living there for 7 years. What a shame that 96% of Cisterna di Latina was destroyed during the landing of Anzio-Nettuno and was bombed by massive cannons by battleships, around the town in the countryside there are still craters from those shells. An ugly town that I never stopped but curiously I never new that it had catacombs!

@sergpie

Жыл бұрын

@@paoloviti6156 Cisterna isn’t very pretty at all, but the catacombs are under the towns main palazzo in the historic center. Funny you mention the landing; my grandparents home was one of those destroyed by the artillery fire, and is the reason the moved to Venezuela… Then, in 2002, they had their homes and businesses expropriated by the Chavez administration. I’ll never forget how good the buffalo mozzarella and burrata are; I miss stopping by the side of the roads there to pick them out of the barrels and eat them fresh with olive oil and a basil leaf

@sergpie

Жыл бұрын

@@optimusprinceps3526 My grandmothers side is from Scauri and Formia- we could see Vesuvius from their homes hehe

@paoloviti6156

Жыл бұрын

yes I understood that it was under the "palazzo" and somewhere the center. I'm very sorry what Chavez did to you and many people in Venezuela. And I miss very much too those "mozzarella shops" as well and those shops on the way to Sperlonga. They were so good that I made pasta with mozzarella. It is a long time I moved back to Tuscany but I heard that many shops have been closed because it was not up to EU standards. Sad...

I know it's somewhat common to call the Roman volcanic layers "Tufa." However, Tufa suggests that the beds are layers of a limestone-esque carbonate rock (see examples such as the Trona Pinnacles). What is actually surrounding Rome is Tuff, a consolidated volcanic rock comprised of lithified ash. Not sure exactly where the catacombs are, but I'd guess it's in the Villa Senni Tuff Unit, since it's the thickest of the three tuff layers, and it underlies the anthropogenic (ruins, etc) layers on top. Love all your videos! As a geologist I don't get a chance to weigh-in on history videos, just wanted to make a distinction between the two rock types.

@toldinstone

Жыл бұрын

You're right, of course - geologically speaking, the rock under Rome is tuff, not tufa. But because the Italian term is tufa, it's become conventional (at least among ancient historians) to use that name, despite the risk of confusion with actual tufa. The tangled webs we weave...

@paoloviti6156

Жыл бұрын

In Italian grammar we say Tufo as a male not Tufa as a female. My Swedish girlfriend says that Italian language is "sexist" but I tried to explain her that it is not entirely correct because it is question of "musical" associations!! It is fine to call it tuff in English but perhaps it would better to call it Tufo in Italian or Latin to avoid misunderstanding but it is just my opinion....

@saaddagoat

Жыл бұрын

@@paoloviti6156 I don't understand. Is your girlfriend joking about Italian being a sexist language because it conjugates on gender? Because if she isn't, she does know Swedish does the same thing right? Edit: update, I did some research because this really caught my eye, and it turns out, the system of masculine and feminine overtime merged into one single form in Swedish. It USED to exist historically, but now it's like how in french we say "le" or "la" but in English both translate to "the". The language essentially simplified

@paoloviti6156

Жыл бұрын

@@saaddagoat she was actually joking but was a bit miffed. But you are correct, I speak a a bit of Swedish as my mother is Swedish and I'm born in Stockholm. That said in the eighties Olof Palme and his party then was so politically "motivated" that imposed a simplified Swedish dispensing much of the old grammar, that was almost identical to German grammar. It was ridiculous because you can't say hej/ciao to the King or Prime minister and maybe give a nice slap on the shoulder. In this those same kind of people tried something similar in Italy but didn't work at all....

@saaddagoat

Жыл бұрын

@@paoloviti6156 the more you know! I always imagined Nordic languages were similar to romance and Germanic, but I never imagined the speakers would take it upon themselves to simplify the language lmao. This kinda makes me want to learn Swedish now ahaha. It would be a nice change from Russian grammar that's for sure

I also tend to use a bottle of perfume or two to disguise my own decay.

I've always loved that fresco called 'Cubiculum of the Veiled Woman.' the middle image of the woman with the outstretched arms is 🔥 I often wonder if this is a depiction similar to how an early Christian teacher like Marcellina would've been remembered. Great work, Garrett 👏

@toldinstone

Жыл бұрын

Appreciated as always!

I recommend visting around noon. The temp is cooler in the summer and wherever there is a skylight (a small roof opening), a sun beam hits the ground like a white laser 👌

@aka99

Жыл бұрын

Maybe, but I would never ever visit rome during summer times. Too hot.

Excellent background on the underground, really lays bare the scope and scale of Rome as the earliest metropolis. Amazing history, thank you!

AHHH! I've been waiting for an ancient funeral practices video from you! This is awesome!

My favorite tomb/burial/tombstone/whatever the proper term is would be the dog whose epitaph reads in first person…Err first canine… Like “I’m Fido. My master buried me here and provided this cool tombstone for me cause I was a good boy and performed my dogly duties faithfully for twelve years. Then I became infirm with the fart needles and the gods saw fit for me to cross the Styx.” Like dudes grave is probably long gone and forgotten if he even had one. He was there to bury his dog but possible no one was there to bury an old destitute fellow. I think if only him or his dog could be known for thousands of years he’d choose his pooch.

I was in the Catacomb of Santa Domitilla a week ago. This is an interesting video to watch afterwards as it goes over the same topic, and provides more information.

Thank you for doing this fella! Awesome as always.

I would assume that inhumation in the Middle East was the only option in a dessert. I think if wood was something abundantly available it would be a preferred option, until talk of resurrection was taken seriously.

@optimusprinceps3526

Жыл бұрын

Sometimes

@absalomdraconis

Жыл бұрын

It's thought that Gobele Tekle (or however you spell it) in Turkey was associated with sky burials. At any rate, you won't find many people living in most actual deserts, though Mesopotamia at least was certainly lacking in the wood that would have been desirable for cremation.

Loving your videos man!

Fantastic Video, Thank You.

Thank you. Interesting and informative.

Great video; Malta has ancient catacombs as well.

Glad to see you! I forgot to check your channel for a few weeks. . . A bit odd KZread never notifies when you upload

excellent video!

What a wonderful video.

Always the best pairing sponsors fr

Thank you for the video!

Fascinating! Thanks.

Very entertaining and educational :)

That new logo is really awesome

Thank you!

I have visited years ago the Catacombs of Santa Prescilla that was very interesting especially the almost intact tombs with paintings almost as if it was painted some years ago, not centuries. It is an incredible labyrinth to visit but I can't fathom how it is so dark to walk around with only a torch as it is really creepy there..

BUY THE BOOK!!

I love your presentation. I live in the Rome of the New World and have worked in a historic cemetery. I have read about the transition of what people once called "Christian Burials" as described in the story of how Adam was buried by Seth. Some tribes used burial mounds for their elders However, it is no longer seen as hugging an ancestor, but instead a "Tree Hugger" is a nature activist. Then the Latin speaking people arrived on the land, raised the symbol of death and hid all their dead men. I'm assuming they documented the location, because they all received new grave markers during the late 1800s Greek reform. These were the ones buried in the ground, but didn't become a tree, but instead their family mourns over stoned masonry. There was an a sect of cursed beliefs that arrived a little after that time, they sole the belief that buried like a King was the new thing of the day and the toured around the body of a dead President to sell the corporate new way. After that sect finally changed the original thought, the President signed legislation that took the original teachings out of education. However, he didn't last long, he was taken by a bullet and the pre-need business was sold by the charm. Now, I am out of the industry and can say for sure that the reformation is upon us again. Some historic cemeteries have sold their lands for "the fathers" of science and modern medicine to be built above. Others are now being abandoned, Catholic Cemeteries are being left to rot and disappearing with the churches that used to serve the community. Sadly, it is history that is lost that can't be regained, but the Natural Burial Commission has arrived as a player in this New World game. It comes and it goes, gets built and demolished, but it's with people like you that we remain knowledgably astonished

Thank you

Two weeks ago I was at the Catacombs of San Marcellino and San Pietro and it's breathtaking.

Thanks!

Fab video!! 🏆⭐👍😁

Thank you sir

I never see any of the Tour Books talk about the beautiful Verano cemetery; great art and lovely grounds...and FREE ...No crowds. People suffer long waits and lines at the Vatican yet can go to Verano free and see actual funerary art in situ! Famous angels by Monteverde too.

Sack ray blew! I never knew how extensive the catacombs were. Mind boggling.

An endorsement deal! Nice to see.

Ive been fascinated with catacombs like the ones in paris, but this many mysterious routes makes me want to see it myself!

@leonardodavid2842

Жыл бұрын

Most of the catacombs are closed. Seeing as mass tourism in what is a cheistian cemitery next to the pope wouldn’t be well perceived. By most I mean 99%. I would also imagine most of them are also unexplored, since no official exploring mission was ever undertaken, and I don’t see what people would be doing down there (seing how much of it must be in part collapsed, unlike in Paris bodies/bones were never taken out, etc). I am not sure who would have access to the closed off entrances. Maybe the church maybe cultural ministery. And probably there are other entrances to some sections which aren’t being checked or aren’t known. If you dig a whole in the right place (and there could be places where you could do this undisturbed) you could find yourself in it. So maybe if you want to explore that is the path?

Excellent! Did the popularity of certain names wax and wane during the Empire? What were the most popular names? And new subject-have you thought about hosting any tours of Rome yourself?

@toldinstone

Жыл бұрын

They did (stay tuned for a future video on names)! I've never really considered doing tours myself, simply because (truth be told) the guiding thing doesn't really appeal to me.

@automaticmattywhack1470

Жыл бұрын

@@toldinstone sounds good on the names! On the tour guide part, I can completely understand.

@olorin4317

Жыл бұрын

@@toldinstone just hire entertaining guides, but you write the script and plan the tour. Bet it would be far more interesting than most tours.

" You'll never find my Sarcophagus " 🌿😆🌿

@Rumpelstoss333

Жыл бұрын

Aber jeder weiß, wo dein bescheiden er Sarkophag ist

We visited the subterranean world below San Clemente, and the "City of Water" under Harry's Bar and Hotel last summer. Highly recommended!

yay upload

I’m a Christian and I absolutely love your vids bro!! ❤️

Enjoyed the video! One also wonders in addition to the reasons you mentioned, if the cremation of the emperors who were (usually) declared divine, also influenced early Christian practice to bury instead of cremate?

Orvieto is a really nice place!

We have quite some villages which large tunnel systems which are historic. In Oppenheim at the Rhine river people escaped there during all the wars. Nowadays they are attractive for tourists. They're great wine cellars and nice restaurants. Trier has been a roman emperor city. An underground tour is as fine as a wine tasting in the big roman wine cellars....Come and visit!

the romans thought that where lightning struck was sacred. they built special little temples on those spots. persons struck by lightning were seen to have been killed directly by the gods and were untouchable things.

Pretty badass

Uhh some dude was blindly walking through the catacombs for 2 days…. That sounds freaking terrifying

Underground base full of weird niches :)

Someone should ask the question: "Could people have moved from cremation to burial because of deforestation?" Lack of wood for fuel, especially in the eastern Mediterranean would have made cremation more difficult.

How could humanity descend so much with the fall of a State? I hope our civilization keeps thriving long enough to never see a period like 450-1000 again.

are the carvings of fish and such on the tombstones made at the same time as the tomb was placed or when other carvings were made on the tombstone? or before or after?

At 1:30 you ask if the coin depicts a funeral pyre or a birthday cake. Could a tall cake actually be it? Did the Romans have birthday cakes? Thanks!

@optimusprinceps3526

Жыл бұрын

Yes and I love cake

@toldinstone

Жыл бұрын

They did have cakes, but usually not fancy ones like that. The reverse of that coin shows the four-story funeral pyre of Antoninus Pius.

1:01 I can totally see getting lost in there forever haha

Which catacomb is the least claustrophobic? Or brightest lit?

Could you do a video on cult of mithra?

Anybody played Ninja Gaiden Black/Sigma before? The hidden underground underneath the monastery with all the huge brown undead ghouls crawling out from the burial niches in the walls is definitely 100% inspired by this.

I have always wondered if there are still people entombed underground in their original places.

I hate to ask this question, but- When a human decomposes, they basically leak out a bunch of gross fluid. Any chance they were collecting the fluid and using it as some sort of fuel or oil, and that’s why they did it this way?

@wickjezek5093

Жыл бұрын

Doubtful. Those fluids wouldn't be good for fuel and sure as heck isn't oil. In very specific conditions adipose tissue can undergo a process that creates "corpse wax" that perhaps could be used as fuel.

I visited some catacombs when I visited Rome in 2003. They were empty. Where were the bodies moved to?

Were the spots in the catacombs rented out for a number of years, as is current in many French cemeteries?

@alland1241

Жыл бұрын

Not just the French ones, in the UK you only get 50 years then your out of there if they need the space

@SubTroppo

Жыл бұрын

@@alland1241 My parents opted for "green" burial. so they are in what Australians call 'scrub' within earshot of the M1. They might be disturbed, as anyone can, but it is not a rental situation.

@alland1241

Жыл бұрын

@@SubTroppo it's all in the burial and plot details, believe me you will have paid for it

are there other companies doing the same mission as the sponsor? What are the ethics and practices used by this type of efforts and companies? How do different ones compare, both the practices/ethics and the companies using them?

wow

Finally! An North American KZreadr who knows how to say 'niche'

I'm not trying to do historical one-up-man-ship, but how do they compare to the much more recent (and famous) catacombs of Paris? Both in size, decoration, and care with which the deceased were placed?

@toldinstone

Жыл бұрын

The Paris catacombs are, of course, much more recent, and were built much more systematically (since they originated in a government-sponsored "sanitization" project). Unlike the Roman catacombs, which were true cemeteries, the Paris catacombs are really a gigantic ossuary, designed to hold the bones of the long dead. Their scale, however, is comparable to that of the Roman catacombs, at least in terms of total burials.

I was told by a Catholic priest that the reason relics of the Saints were placed in the altar stones was in remembrance of persecuted early Christians celebrating their services in the catacombs, but it is apocryphal. It's actually to remember early services held over the graves of the Saints, though some were certainly in the catacombs. I'm amazed every time I study Ancient Egyptian mythology/religion how often it is aligned with Jewish/Christian teachings. I guess the roughly 500 miles between the peoples is a short journey for mythology!

How do you visit the city catacombs in Rome.

@stellamarina4123

Жыл бұрын

There are two catacombs on the Appian Way. The hop on, hop off bus stops there.

I wonder what they did with the material that was removed? Concrete production?

cool but where are the draugrs

Perhaps cremation fell out of fashion because fuel became less abundant and more expensive

@cerberus6654

Жыл бұрын

And The Clean Air Act of Diocletian...

The Silent Majority

Are you writing a second book?

@toldinstone

Жыл бұрын

I am! It's a sequel to "Naked Statues," and will be published in September 2023.

@jamesporter628

Жыл бұрын

@@toldinstone Awesome! I hope all goes well with publishing it. Will be looking forward to it!

Well.. if the gods are mad enough at poor Horious to strike him dead with lightning I sure af am not gonna dare stir the gods anger by moving Horious to bury him.

2:49 hundreds if not thousands of niches for funerary urns tumblr probably

@optimusprinceps3526

Жыл бұрын

Obviously

Maybe there are Eastern Roman catacombs beneath Istanbul too.

@Michael_the_Drunkard

Жыл бұрын

404 Istanbul not found Did you mean Constantinople?

@lucas9269

Жыл бұрын

@@Michael_the_Drunkard I was originally going to write Constantine, but the Turkish people on the internet can be quite hot-blooded, a lot of them say Eastern Rome never existed and the "Byzantine Empire" was only Greek and therefore their enemies 🙄

@TwizzElishus

Жыл бұрын

@@lucas9269 Even the ottomans called it constantinople.

😎💀

Bro............................the lightning

Think what a treasure trove for DNA archeologists...

When I die, please... just cremate me and spread my ashes at the next Foreigner concert.

Was a fresco of Dionysus found in the catcombs? Romans called him Bacchus.

@toldinstone

Жыл бұрын

There were a number of "pagan" frescoes in the catacombs, both because non-Christians were buried there, and because early Christian art borrowed heavily from traditional Roman models.

@metametaphysician2279

Жыл бұрын

​@@toldinstone Was Inpace (in peace) a non-Christian sentiment? If not this fresco is a little confusing.

@Laurelin70

Жыл бұрын

@@metametaphysician2279 That wasn't "Dyonisius", it was "Dyonisia".

Christians: "We only want a World in which Christ's justice and love rule all of us" Emperors Nero, Domitian, Marcus Aurelius, Septimius Severus, Thrax, Decius, Gallus, Valerian and Diocletian: "So, anyway, we started burning..."

@optimusprinceps3526

Жыл бұрын

I didn't

@aka99

Жыл бұрын

Lol

I'd love to go on one of these tours. But I'm an unvaccinated Australian. Is this still a problem?

why were lightning strike victims buried on the spot?

@Laurelin70

Жыл бұрын

Because a lightning was a sign of the gods, the ones stroke by lightning were deemed to be "chosen" by the gods or to have enraged the gods, so they would be "sacer" (in Latin meaning both "holy" and "cursed") and would have to be separated from other people/dead.

@alr2989

Жыл бұрын

@@Laurelin70 thank you so much

I visited the catacombs some time ago. The tour guide said there were some one million people buried down there! I thought for sure he must be exaggerating. Anyone know if that's correct?

@toldinstone

Жыл бұрын

Nobody knows the exact number, but there were probably well over a million burials in the Roman catacombs.

@steener76

Жыл бұрын

@@toldinstone I'll be darned. I feel really bad now for calling him a liar and leaving him a 1 star review.

@tomsuiteriii9742

Жыл бұрын

@@toldinstone Wow! I never would have guessed anything that high.

@aka99

Жыл бұрын

Change the rating. Or delete it. It could be 1 million, because rome was for centuries the capital with million inhabitants.

@steener76

Жыл бұрын

I was kidding about the review, etc.

Is the word Catachism from the same root word?

@daniel8444

Жыл бұрын

It's spelled catechism, and no.

@Laurelin70

Жыл бұрын

Catacumbas from the Greek "catà" = near and "cùmbas" = caves. Cathechismus from the Greek "cathekèin" = to teach orally.

Why are you making me look up "inhumation"? "The action or practice of burying the dead; the fact of being buried."

I told by a man who taught history at U of M that by the end of Rome's status as the major world power, the names you see engraved on tombs of that ere reflect that those later people weren't "real" Romans, but people from around the empire with Romanized names. He also claimed that was why Rome ceased to be the major power. Does your research reflect that, or was I getting bamboozled?

@toldinstone

Жыл бұрын

It's true that many of the people with Roman names found in places like the catacombs were not native Romans, or even ethnic Italians. But that doesn't mean that they weren't "real" Romans. Rome had always been a melting pot, and a Roman name - whatever a person's origins - indicated Roman citizenship. In the eyes of Roman law, at least, that made someone Roman. Rome's decline had nothing to do with the influx of new Romans. In fact, "new" Romans - emperors like Aurelian and Diocletian, whose ancestors came from the Roman frontiers - saved the empire in the third and fourth centuries.

@nullifye7816

Жыл бұрын

Romans at the time certainly felt so, OP, I recall reading that there was a lot of consternation about the extension of the citizenship even to all Italians. The loss of "small-town" energy and interconnectedness and mutual sacrifice for the sake of kinship couldn't not have had an influence on the mindset of the population. To what extent Romans actually existed by the third century, then, is debatable, but I do think the core ethnic group was still present and clinging on conservatively to privilege by means of kinship groups. As for ruling individuals, I don't think is hugely relevant, many peoples have been ably led by a foreigner to their own benefit, eg. the British under the Hanoverian dynasty.

It is news to me that Christians allegedly did not hide out in the catacombs during persecutions. I wonder where the story came from, and what evidence was used to refute it. Proving that something like that never happened seems like it would be a difficult task.

Wasnt the transition to catacombs fueld by the emergence of christianity itself,

The early Christians we’re praying God would free them from tyranny of Rome. Rome took their religion over instead.

is your voice faster in this or something? It sounds off.

1st

@kenycharles8600

Жыл бұрын

Next

I just want to play with some bones 🦴