This 70 year old retired geologist appreciates what you are doing with your videos. Always enjoy seeing the science I love promoted. FWIIW, on the age of the science, two points. I remind folks that Lyell and Smith, the founders of geology were contemporaries of our Founding Fathers, so geology has existed almost exactly as long as the United States. But more interesting I think, I received my M.S. in 1975 and in retirement again pursuing more study than economic '"use" of the science's knowledge, I am continually amazed at how much I was taught in the 60s and 70s is now no longer valid. Not a bad thing, but just a sign of geology's relative youth and the advances of technology. Ms. Reizner and Nick Zenter are doing great things for geology today. BRAVO!

@macking104

2 жыл бұрын

Dr Thomas Richard Holtz (U of Maryland) posted his Geo 104 Dinosaur class lectures...

@richardmourdock2719

2 жыл бұрын

@@macking104 Thanks. I'll check it out. Taking a group of students to a Cretaceous site over their Spring Break. My vertebrate paleo is very rusty.

@711zuni

2 жыл бұрын

Yes Nick has been Huge for explaining so much Want more for other areas Thanks so much

@josephcernansky1794

2 жыл бұрын

As a geoscientist myself, I couldn't agree more. The problem is that most of the scientific community thinks so little of the branch(es) of science that studies the planet they exist on. So much money and mental energy is wasted chasing geo-political excuses for their agenda, just like the Catholic church did in the medieval times. So extremely little is ever devoted to the geophysical understanding of the dynamics that rules our planet, whether from the surrounding cosmos to the multiple layers of our planet down to the inner core. Things have been occurring most recently (last several hundred years) to our magnetosphere that will definitely affect all life on Earth (especially an electrified world) yet only a tiny fraction of what we need to know has ever been researched. There have been several substantial studies and serious science, that have declared we need to be increasing CO2 levels if to avoid a climate and vegetative disaster that is coming in the natural cycle of Earth's dynamics. The issue really comes into play when multiple conditions arise to intersect each other that leads to very severe and recognizable events in the planet's history. It's NOT just one simple or singular condition that becomes the culprit of catastrophe. Our planet has a tremendous amount of resiliency and so many differing causes and effects counterbalance each other. Until there is a confluence of overwhelming conditions, then the affects can be severe and catastrophic.

@ericclayton6287

2 жыл бұрын

This is somewhat relevant, Nick Zentner from Central Washington University is currently doing a series on Eocene geological events in the formation of western specifically, northwestern North America.

Learning that the Appalachian Mountains aren't done cooking yet has just set my hyperfixation into overdrive lol.

I can’t “like” this video as much as I want to. I live in and am amazed by the Appalachians. Everytime I see twisted and layered rock formations, my mind is blown by how it got that way. Thank you for your in depth and illustrated explanation.

I went to elope in Asheville, told my husband about how the Appalachians were formed. HAD to find a video on it, started this one and said “oh hey, that’s Julie Reizner!” I took your class around 2014/2015 at NKU. You are a great educator!

@boxsterman77

7 ай бұрын

You left out the whole eloping thing. What happened to that sub-plot?

Grew up in WV (huntington) and now live in the Piedmonts(charlotte). Excellent lesson. I have lived most of my life in the Appalachians. Thank you

This is EXCELLENT! I live in southern NJ but spent years in the Pocono Mountains growing up.

These mountains have always fascinated me, thanks for this.

Thanks for the video. and greetings from the other side of the rift from which the Appalachians emerged. The north of Spain. A region with surprising similarity.

I grew up in Maryland Appalachia and am not a geologist but more of an earth history enthusiast. This was a wonderful video and just what I was looking for! Excellent lecture with detailed yet easy to understand content. A+!

@jvillain9946

8 ай бұрын

Baylor sucks

Growing up in CT, NY and VT…. we didn’t really care how it was pronounced…. “In U.S. dialects in the southern regions of the Appalachians, the word is pronounced /ˌæpəˈlætʃɪnz/, with the third syllable sounding like "latch". In northern parts of the mountain range, it is pronounced /ˌæpəˈleɪtʃɪnz/ or /ˌæpəˈleɪʃɪnz/; the third syllable is like "lay", and the fourth "chins" or "shins".[14] There is often great debate between the residents of the regions as to which pronunciation is the more correct one. Elsewhere, a commonly accepted pronunciation for the adjective Appalachian is /ˌæpəˈlætʃiən/, with the last two syllables "-ian" pronounced as in the word "Romanian".[15]”

@annamyob4624

8 ай бұрын

Well, Wikipedia ain't the be-all and end-all on everything. However, for the sake of discussion let's look at the preceding paragraph: "The name was not commonly used for the whole mountain range until the late 19th century. A competing and often more popular name was the "Allegheny Mountains", "Alleghenies", and even "Alleghania"." So we northerners came in late to the game... and I bet "al-la-GAY-nee" influenced "a-pa-LAY-cha." We're also the part of the country that turned Pennsylvania Germans (Deutsch) into Pennsylvania "Dutch." Once an altered spelling or pronunciation is used enough, it becomes standard, and in that sense no longer wrong... but I cain't blame the southerners one bit if they don't care for their word being altered/butchered by newcomers, so to speak. So, having grown up using the LAY sound, I now choose to pronounce it LATCH. As for those Elsewhere people tacking that guy Ian on the end... they obviously are wrong. :-)

Enjoyed listening to you without losing interest. An enthusiastic, articulate presentation.

@AL4LVE79

2 жыл бұрын

if you mean unfamiliar and artikulate sure .

The Apps fascinate me, considering their great age. I grew up in NH with the White Mountains, a part of the Appalachians. I'm in my early 60s and living in Missouri, so I doubt I'll ever hike the Appalachian Trail but I'd sure love to!

Excellent stuff! Thanks!

Glad you posted this. How do you age the different mountain building events?

I grew up in the Blue Ridge and have lived in the Allegheny. As a kid I loved finding sea shells and fossils in shale outcrops and creaks. And one winter we had two to three feet of snow in the upper mountains. And then one day had temperatures in the 70's. When the floods resided we had several feet of rocks in a small mountain river with some large boulders. And it was easy to sea how mountains that were once as great as the Himalayans have eroded to what we see today.

I really enjoyed this lecture. Geology is so interesting and the Appalachians in particular. Thank you.

thank you for sharing this video!

Watching from Asheville NC area. Thx for the upload, grt info. Plz ignore the pronunciation critics, they're everywhere, and have a hard time dealing with things.😄

Former Western NC mtns here. Beautiful area.

We have acreage on Middle mountain in Wv. We found fossilized remains of a scallop like creature in some small rocks. One day while hiking up a hill on a rainy day , I slipped on the slick ground, almost bouncing my nose on the rock. Fused in what looked like granite , was a fish like skin. We gave the scallop like fellas a new home. Haven't looked for the embedded fossil for years. But, really puts in our place,huh?

At 29:20 you mentioned a video that you had a link to which taught you a lot about this process of a river going to present Alaska. Where may I find that video?

@JulieReizner

2 жыл бұрын

Ahh yes, here it is. My students had links to several additional videos, not just my own lecture. kzread.info/dash/bejne/mH6O28F7c67Yebg.html

This is fantastic. I watched this for fun

I was wondering what formed those stretch marks along Appalachians through West Virginia through Pensylvania. They are very pronounced in Bald Eagle State Forest. Are these formed as a part of the Wilson Cycle?

The way subduction zones arise at the margin of a continent is not so because the oceanic crust is old dense and sink. It is denser than continental crust and the oceanic crust is literally thrusted under the continent margin by Earth thermal motor that create giant convection cells. The oceanic slab (3.0 g/c3) do not fall into the mantle (3,6 g/c3) because it is less dense than the mantle. It is thrusted forcefully into the mantle by the convection of the underneath mantle.

If you have any further info on the piedmont, point me in that direction

I live in Allegheny county Pennsylvania and the hill I live on is topped with Monongahela formation Pittsburgh Coal bed and at the base of the hills is Glenshaw formation Pittsburgh RedBed with Ames limestone lining the valley til I go a mile east the the Casselman tops the hills with Glenshaw halfway down 😮 the geological survey the museum did when I found Batrachichnus foot prints in Duquesne sandstone or the very top of the Grafton sandstone. What was confusing is there’s a red bed and freshwater black shale the splits the Duquesne from other Birmingham shale. However there’s also red bed mixed on top of the Ames Limestone mixed throughout the Grafton sandstone with some fresh water limestone in the Grafton horizon. The museum people did say geography is extremely complex and even within a horizon there will be a ton of different environments within. Keep in mind that you can go a mile from a location to another outcrop of the same horizon but it could be a completely different environment that’s the same age 😮

I live in Feasterville Trevose Pennsylvania where the Atlantic coastal plain meets the Piedmont . These ancient rolling foothills are very much part of me .

which "story of the earth" book are you referring too? I would be interested in reading it, but have found multiple with the same title. Thanks!

Thank you very much for this lecture. Reminds me of my college days (I miss college).: So we have continental collision, subduction, subduction, and again continental collision. Are there other ranges with this much complexity?

Great presentation. Thanks for sharing

Hello, great presentation. How do you account for Planetary Collision Dynamics from subsequent impacts by XL-Asteroids and Active/Impact-phase Comets? Comets atomize H/O/C/N/elementals/rock/etc. then may smash into Earth at Mach >30. Newton's, Gay-Lussac & Thermodynamic Laws will apply. 🤔🖖🏽♻

Thank you for the presentation. When I originally took a geology course back in 1962, none of this was known. I was taught the major movement was up and down not lateral. As I continues on for my graduate studies in the university of Alaska, I was dealing with professors who could not conceive of the history of Alaska. As I mapped the basalts of central Alaska they looked more and more like oceanic basalts. My professors were in another world, it was now the 1966-8 period when the revolution really started to hit the world of geology. They would not allow me to put into my thesis the reality of what I saw. So my thesis on the basalts of central Alaska had nothing of the reality we now know is true, Alaska is made up of many portions of the island arches that collided with the Rocky Mountains (known as the Brooks Range). How far we have come. The rocks always tell the truth, never ignore what they are telling you! For my Ph.D I did high pressure temperature research for one reason, I could not stand the political environment of the geology profession at that time!

Ive become obsessed with PA geography (I'm from SW Ohio) and what is driving me crazy is that the Alleghenies are part of the Appalachian Plateau but then other stuff lists them as part of the Ridge and Valley province

Nice lecture. Thank you!

Thanks for this fine video. Lots of good information. For future reference: Is there a way to present the slides so the text is not cut off by the small window of the lecturer? Anyway, excellent video and I hope to see more.

great presentation on Appalachians. I cannot figure out how to get rest of your text or presentations. Pls advise. Kathleen Myers, Seattle

@JulieReizner

2 жыл бұрын

Hi, this was a lecture for a class I taught that went online at the beginning of COVID called Earth History, at Northern Kentucky University. You can see a few more lectures if subscribe to me and I'll get more up, but I didn't put everything up. Thanks!!

Very nice job. Thanks 😊

Lecture starts at 3:30.

@JulieReizner

2 жыл бұрын

I didn't realize I had the classroom "housecleaning" stuff on there too - deleted! Thanks!

It's awesome seeing how this planet works.

I live in Southern west Virginia in the Allegheny mountains which are part of the appalachian mountains

@Xessa82

11 ай бұрын

I also live in the Allegheny Mountains but in South western/central Pennsylvania.

@jvillain9946

8 ай бұрын

Congrats on living in a place

Will the Appalachians mountains get any taller in the future

I’m not in your class but these are sooo cool!!! I wish I had a teacher like you when I was in school!!

Odd how you didnt mention how the appalacians were basically knocked on their side showing vertcal layers, whick can be seen openly at seneca.

10:17 - Brian was greater genius than we ever knew . . .

@briank4972

2 жыл бұрын

Pet Sounds and SMiLE taught me music can be art. The Beach Boys Love You, like this video, taught me about geology in our solar system. If only this video touched on Johnny Carson...

Nice presentation. Thanks.

Thank you for the excellent explanation about the Appalachian Mountains. I especially liked the very informative graphics. As a result of your video, I finally have an understanding of the Grenville Orogeny and its significance. All of us have grown up in a seemingly static world, but this video very neatly demonstrates the changes over time. The asides to Brandy, the dog, however, were major distractions that interrupted the continuity of the flow of information and disrupted learning. I like dogs and am sure that Brandy is a fine dog, but including Brandy was totally unnecessary.

It's crazy that mfs think the earth is only a couple thousand years old.

Orogenous Zones? Erogenous Zones? Anyone remember that from the 70's?

@ericclayton6287

2 жыл бұрын

I fondly remember several erogenous zone from the 70’s

Love the topic! Processes is not pronounced with a long ‘e’ usually except by professors!

When the Appalachian mountains ended in Western Australia…

It is nice video but could you not have your picture cover information, maybe put on the side of instead of on top.

Appalacians between Harper’s Ferry and Luray, here, 😎

@jvillain9946

8 ай бұрын

The mothman did it

the surface of the planet started making more sense... when i began to view the whole thing like a brain... thus caves are access points into the different homunculi of an over-mind... in which that region/area correlates to the higher function of planetary and cosmological consciousness...

Cue Sloop John B.

I hear sasquatch uses the Appalachian mountains as migrational tool

@jvillain9946

8 ай бұрын

We do

Subduction leads to Orogeny

@ontherocks23

2 жыл бұрын

I had that on a bumper sticker for a while.

@JulieReizner

2 жыл бұрын

Sometimes

@ontherocks23

2 жыл бұрын

@@JulieReizner FWIW, the slogan posted by Victor (and the bumper sticker I mentioned) is meant to employ sort of a "double entendre" for the sake of humor. To those with no Geology background, "Subduction" sounds like "Seduction" and "Orogeny" sounds a bit like "Orgy".

Subscribe, very well said....

3:15 Norway is a basin? What?

You should drink water during your presentation. Helps smooth the throat.

Excellent classroom video. Living on the west coast of Lake Michigan in Wisconsin. The current controllers of this society should take a geology course. Claiming climate change when a drought or rising water of five inches is going to destroy the planet.

@TSZatoichi

2 жыл бұрын

Sigh... Better make sure your kids buy flood insurance for their house over there in Wisconsin, and if you're next to Lake M, make sure to teach them to test the waters for Ciano Bacteria's before they let their kids go swimming in it. BTW, seen any zombie deer in your area yet, if not you will, cause the cold winters that used to kill off the gnats that cause that disease before they could infect the deer are going away sooner than you believe. We've literally been telling you people that the sky is falling for the past 40 years and you still won't listen. The earth don't give a damn what WE do to it, we're just a blip in the life of this planet, but if you want your grandkids to enjoy the same level of stability that you've enjoyed your whole life, you'd start taking this whole "climate change" thing more seriously.

@barryfroelich3526

2 жыл бұрын

@@TSZatoichi hopefully when the big one hits we won’t even realize it . Have not swam in the lake much. Twenty five years at least. Was nice . We had a good view from the back patio until the neighbor put up a giant garage.

@JulieReizner

2 жыл бұрын

It's actually by studying the history of the Earth that we DO have a decent understanding of current climatic conditions, their causes, and their results. Climatologists definitely understand this stuff in order to make predictions today.

Quetzalcoatl is the Appalacians

go around WV and look at the state and oil, gas, coal, petroleum, gold, silver, tons of difference in the state! be nice if the people did not take gas out and destroy the MOUNTAIN NEAR!

@jenrferruso

2 жыл бұрын

how many bits of dinosaurs are in this state!

Pronounce it apple-atcha or I’ll throw an apple atcha! ;-)

I came across a KZread video awhile back which explained that the reason the continents fit together like a jigsaw puzzle was not necessarily a total result of pure plate tectonics. As is well known, the circumference of our planet is wider around the Equator than the Polar circumference. So, an obvious question would be why that is the case. If you think of Earth being formed by extreme heat as it spins in its orbit, the spinning itself would cause Earth to expand by its centrifugal force. If you see that before the Earth cooled to its relative state presently, it expanded, it becomes easy to see how the continents were formed. So, you could think of Pangaea as one land mass that existed when the circumference of the planet was much smaller than today. I think it's a fringe theory...but it makes sense.

@JulieReizner

2 жыл бұрын

Several supercontinents have existed - up to about 8, I believe is what we've uncovered, including Rodinia and Columbia, prior to Pangea. This is something called the Wilson Cycle and has occurred many times. Your fringe "theory" may make sense if only one supercontinent had ever existed, or if we had evidence of the Earth expanding. It's an important scientific lesson to realize that "just because something makes sense, doesn't make it true."

Humans not long on earth..geology not studied not very long..

@Chrishelmuth1978

15 күн бұрын

Correct... and?

Super interesting. But as a native WVian, I'm here to tell you it's appa-LATCH-ah. 🙂

@TM-vq1bf

6 ай бұрын

It’s not . Only trailer trash proonounce it like that

Perhaps you should talk to Roger at Mudfossel university. He has discovered a fascinating reality regarding the Applachaen mountains. You may discover a way to make geology relevant again.

@JulieReizner

2 жыл бұрын

Geology is super relevant today! Moreso now than ever!

Thanks. And then there is the supposedly debunked 'Electric Universe' model which I subscribe to. Really! What's the results of the near catastrophe collisions of planet Earth and planet Mars? Massive geological changes to both in short order. View the Southwest USA and Grand Canyon on Google Earth from about 40 and more miles altitude. Striking features.

Pronouncing Appalachian wrong lol

@Xessa82

11 ай бұрын

Not really. It's pronounced differently depending on where you live. I live in the Allegheny Mountains in South western/central Pennsylvania which is part of the Appalachian Mountains we pronounce it like she does. People in the south tend to say it differently.

@willmeyer1849

11 ай бұрын

@@Xessa82 yeah I recently heard that’s how people in New England say it

one name...randell carlson....2nd Bretts

Plate techtonics depends too much on a paradigm of a homogenous mantle. The newest data plots mantle anomalies that may extend to the core whose content is still a mystery. The idea of an iron core is simplistic so we can model Earth's magnetic field that is observed. Most geology can be replicated in the lab using hypersonic plasma winds that deposit strata in layers in characteristic shapes. No repeated submerging land necessary. No collision fetish which includes techtonics and impact craters. The vast majority of the solar system's craters are plasma discharges between celestial bodies. The Grand Canyon and other water tracts were formed by plasma discharges searching to "ground." The Wilson Cycle doesn't answer the "why?" The Electric Universe explains these cycles by repeating solar discharges that are in rythym with mountain building and extinction event calanders. Our judgement of time is anchored in Newtonian physics that need to be recalibrated to match obersvations and diagnostic tools.

I do that too sometimes, mispronounce a word I have only seen in books.

@miguelanon2357

2 жыл бұрын

Imagine all the Latin in horticulture textbooks “metasequoia glyptostroboides” (the dawn redwood) is one of my all time favourite plant names :p it just rolls off the tongue once ya learn how to pronounce it.

@JulieReizner

2 жыл бұрын

I grew up in Kentucky, but sure.

Please clear ur throat and figure out how ur maps are working then film.

if your not familiar with the material dont make a presentation it shows also Um uh cough uh side tracks um uh clears throat .... really ? D -

@jvillain9946

8 ай бұрын

Would if cut the time down to 3 minutes without all the uhh, okay, coughs

Good video, but your saying Appalachian wrong. Lol

@kriswright1022

2 жыл бұрын

You're saying you're wrong, lol!

Volcanoes in Siberia and India killed the dinosaurs 8:00?? Really?

@stainlesssteellemming3885

2 жыл бұрын

Try actually listening .. "not a tight correlation, but somewhat" .... We're talking geologic timescales so, in other words, plus or minus 10 million years.

@Harry1s

2 жыл бұрын

@@stainlesssteellemming3885 Thanks for your condescending response which confirms what I thought she said. BTW - the consensus is the extinction only took a couple of decades. Not plus or minus 10 million years or from 2 volcanoes in Italy and Siberia.

@stainlesssteellemming3885

2 жыл бұрын

@@Harry1s you're welcome. But younare still missing the difference between correlation and causation

@Harry1s

2 жыл бұрын

@@stainlesssteellemming3885 Did the dinosaurs go extinct 10 or so million years ago?

@stainlesssteellemming3885

2 жыл бұрын

@@Harry1s You can't be this stupid by accident, you must have worked really hard at it.

This is all wrong sorry this it's just imagination

@stainlesssteellemming3885

2 жыл бұрын

It's your assertion - now prove it

@ontherocks23

2 жыл бұрын

Mr. Gray, "this" is rather vague. Context, please?

@williamchamberlain2263

2 жыл бұрын

Citation needed

@jvillain9946

8 ай бұрын

Right. Continents can't drift a on flat earth. Everyone knows that

BS

I find it hard to believe that Antarctica and Australia were once side by side with California ... That's a lot of travel without a lot of explanation ... What was going on in the Mantle to cause such a fantastical journey ? ... And , Why were all the Continents all lumped together ? Were they the remains of the planet that collided with Earth when the Moon was formed ? ... Are all the Continents Alien Material ? ... Or is Earth the result of its impact into a larger Water World ? Therefore we are the lump ... Also it seems the North and South Poles keep shifting , so How do we even know which way is N S E or W at any time in this Continental migration ? ... I can't see how "Scientsts" can possibly explain how all this happened , with so many variables ! ... Therefore , the only thing we know for sure , is the Present ! ... Maybe you should start from the present and work back ... Then you won't confuse people with speculation at the beginning , and fill them with the Facts first !

@stainlesssteellemming3885

2 жыл бұрын

So robert, next year in 3rd grade they will teach you about the mantle, crust and core. Just be patient

@williamchamberlain2263

2 жыл бұрын

Bloody hell, so much lack of investigation.

@b.a.erlebacher1139

2 жыл бұрын

She did mention the Wilson cycle. Look into that. If things haven't changed too much since I last learned about all this, very early on during the Hadean period, the earth was more or less molten, and the lighter minerals percolated up and formed the shields, the cores of continents. One way that scientists can determine the location of rocks at the time they formed is that any magnetic materials in the rocks will be oriented toward where the magnetic poles were at the time they formed. The magnetic poles stay reasonably close to the rotational poles, although North and South magnetic poles swap polarity at intervals. It was the mirror image polarities of sediment bands on either side of the Mid-Atlantic ridge that provided the first really conclusive evidence for continental drift. Continents move at about 2-5mm per year, about the speed your fingernails grow. This doesn't seem like a lot, but when you have hundreds of millions of years, it works.

@robertbrander2074

2 жыл бұрын

@@b.a.erlebacher1139 That's my Point ... These Know-it-all Scientists are making Statements of Conclusion through weak and Spotty Evidence ... We have an early Earth that's molten , Moon making collisions , a Water World , and a super continent lump with its bits mixed around like a Jigsaw puzzle ... all bumping into each other ... Then after a few mixing of the pieces ... Mother Nature finally spreads the Continents around the Globe , with some bits barely moving and some speeding halfway around the world ... Then on top of that you have pole shifts and flips to add to the Confusion ... LOL ! ... and if continents are moving at 5mm/year ... 1km would take (5mm/10mm x 100 = 1000mm/m x 1000m/km = 1km = 1,000,000mm/5mm = 200,000 Years to move 1km ... the Atlantic is 5000km wide ... So 200,000 x 5,000 = 1,000,000,000 = 1 Billion years ...... But the Dinosaurs lived 300,000 years ago ... when the Atlantic was 2/3ds spread ... So how do Similar dinos live on Spread Continents ?? ... Alexa says the Appalachians are 500 million years ago ... LOL ! ... So they must have formed when the Atlantic was Half Spread ?

@JulieReizner

2 жыл бұрын

Hi! You can use the very same technology you are using right now to find out what is going on - we actually do have very good explanations based on ample evidence gathered over more than a century. I did not post my Plate Tectonics lecture because there are already so many great ones, but maybe I will. I recommend this: kzread.info/dash/bejne/fXZrqtx_YrKZe8o.html

Could you have not written down and rehearsed this entire talk in advance? Too painful to finish.

Wow, this is some really heavy stuff, young lady. Hey, mabe we could get together, compare notes, and do some heavy duty, valuable mineral mining, aye?

A very disorganized presentation. "All over the map," as the saying goes.

It is pronounced apple at chin not apple lay chin...

@flyingjeff1956

3 жыл бұрын

How do you pronounce N-E-V-A-D-A?

@christophersmith8316

3 жыл бұрын

I grew up in the same area as NKU. It is pronounced there just like she says it.

@jato791

3 жыл бұрын

Grew up back in Baltimore & we always said Appa Lay Shins

@marambula

3 жыл бұрын

Same thing just regional pronunciations, cheers ;)

@Thx1138sober

3 жыл бұрын

I'm from KY and I say apple Lat chenn

Your wordy introduction bored me so much I had to click off. Sorry.

This mispronunciation makes my ears hurt.

@marambula

3 жыл бұрын

thanks for your contribution!

@HuminBeenz

2 жыл бұрын

What mispronunciation? Appalachian? Because both are correct.

@hamnchee

2 жыл бұрын

He gon throw an apple atcha!

@ericclayton6287

2 жыл бұрын

Sounds fine to me.

this is a horrible teacher.