The 8 Climbing Knots You NEED TO KNOW

Ойын-сауық

I get a lot of questions about climbing knots and wanted to share some things I've picked up over the years. There are 8 knots that I ever needed for rock climbing or tree climbing included in this video:
Figure-8 Follow Through (0:10)
Triple Fisherman's Knot/Double Fisherman's Knot (1:30)
Flemish Bend/Figure-8 bend (2:44)
Alpine Butterfly Loop (3:36)
Water Knot (5:11)
Clove Hitch (6:21)
Prusik Knot (7:38)
Munter Hitch (8:52)
Official website, blog, and online store.
www.inner-bark.com
Join me on social media to be up to date on the latest projects, news, and giveaways.
Facebook- innerbark
Twitter- innerbark
Pintrest- www.pintrest.com/innerbark
Instagram- www. innerbark

Пікірлер: 155

  • @deriksteven
    @deriksteven4 жыл бұрын

    Best posting of its category, in my personal experience (I'm no authority on this but I am able to recognize quality work, plus I'm a 30 year non-climbing enthusiast of knots in general). Clear, specific, calmly & confidently illustrated for each knot. Thorough enough for me to understand & establish a strong foundation of each knot's application to the specified task (plus general use category), while keeping the run-through of each knot simple and even-paced. I appreciate the demeanor in which you've presented these while conveying an unquestionable competence in the specific tasks. KZread, like the Internet in general, tends to drown out the postings of quality & worth. Diluting that previously mentioned content with others of questionable or suspect nature and excessive durations (much like the length of my comment, lol, however a thumb up & simple comment just didn't seem to do your video justice). Simply put, I truly appreciate the quality & duration of your post. Cheers

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    3 жыл бұрын

    Wow, thanks Derik! Comments like this are great to receive. Hope you are enjoying the channel content

  • @rayli1723

    @rayli1723

    2 жыл бұрын

    L@:-%-0%@

  • @deriksteven

    @deriksteven

    2 жыл бұрын

    @@rayli1723 sooo…wtf does that mean?

  • @rodrigofaillace2316
    @rodrigofaillace23162 жыл бұрын

    Thanks for showing them slowly , that's how we learn!

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    Glad it helped!

  • @nonsh-
    @nonsh-2 жыл бұрын

    This is the kind of video I wish all my climbing friends would watch. I will spread the knowledge, thank you for making it accessible, concise, and informative.

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    Thanks for watching

  • @beardedbliss8135
    @beardedbliss81354 жыл бұрын

    I worked at a shipyard,there we did heavey rigging and knots were extremely important.Good job and thank you.stay safe

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    Glad you enjoyed! Thanks for the comment

  • @annecolumbo8713
    @annecolumbo87132 жыл бұрын

    Awesome video!! I'm trying to teach my grandchildren useful knots because they're always outdoors climbing or making things (we live in rural Alaska). Now I can just show them this video!!!

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    How awesome! Thanks for doing your grandchildren justice and showing them much needed skills.

  • @saulgoodmanfromthehittvsho1314
    @saulgoodmanfromthehittvsho13144 жыл бұрын

    These knots have helped me out on numerous occasions while taking down trees👌👌👌👌👌💪💪💪💪🇺🇸🇺🇸🇺🇸🇺🇸

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    Awesome!

  • @lms7305
    @lms73053 жыл бұрын

    Brilliant, clear & concise. Thank you, just what i was looking for

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    3 жыл бұрын

    Glad I could help 🤗

  • @liquidsofa
    @liquidsofa2 жыл бұрын

    This video taught me new ways to tie some knots I have been using for years!!

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    The more you know!

  • @davidwhite2364
    @davidwhite23642 жыл бұрын

    Best knot demos online thank you 😊

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    Thanks David!

  • @karenjoannadavis
    @karenjoannadavis2 жыл бұрын

    Thanks mate! Super helpful and easy to understand.

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    Glad you enjoyed it

  • @snooslee6508
    @snooslee65084 жыл бұрын

    Exactly brilliant....

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    Thanks Lee, check out the other vids we got up!

  • @brianfoley4328
    @brianfoley43282 жыл бұрын

    I wish this was available fifty years ago...I struggled with ropes and knots in Ranger School...this was easy...nicely done, great presentation.

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    Pass it to the new guys! Thanks for watching 🤘

  • @sheldontokoro1991
    @sheldontokoro19912 жыл бұрын

    Awesome video! Keep up the great work

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    Жыл бұрын

    Thanks a ton!

  • @deepquake9
    @deepquake92 жыл бұрын

    Loved this!

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    Thanks!

  • @avici0182
    @avici01824 жыл бұрын

    Appreciate this dude 🤙

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    Thanks! Use it in good health- AT

  • @bjj6910
    @bjj6910 Жыл бұрын

    Very very good!🙂

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    Жыл бұрын

    *thumbs up*

  • @timbulbendot6059
    @timbulbendot60594 жыл бұрын

    Tanks tutorial...👍👍

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    Thank you

  • @seanliles5103
    @seanliles5103 Жыл бұрын

    Awesome video keep it up

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    Ай бұрын

    *thumbs up*

  • @michaelorhan1842
    @michaelorhan18423 жыл бұрын

    Thank you!

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    3 жыл бұрын

    You're welcome!

  • @577buttfan
    @577buttfan4 жыл бұрын

    Yeah bro,epic knot video!!

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    Thanks brother, glad you enjoyed

  • @luizhenrique187
    @luizhenrique1874 жыл бұрын

    I'm not a climber or anything like that but your videos is very satisfy to watch, greate video

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    Glad you stopped by to watch!

  • @ericrosales9722
    @ericrosales97223 жыл бұрын

    great vids...what sets this apart from the others is you show the orientation and positions of the rope clearly which makes it easy to follow. Question is, how long is the rope you use for the prusik cord?

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    3 жыл бұрын

    This one was about 5 feet long. If you purchase a good length of accessory cord and make slings of different length, you should be able to tackle just about anything.

  • @chipper442
    @chipper4423 жыл бұрын

    Thank you

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    3 жыл бұрын

    You're welcome

  • @ahmednizwa4614
    @ahmednizwa46142 жыл бұрын

    Nice one thank u

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    *thumbs up*

  • @Frittefrizz2935
    @Frittefrizz2935 Жыл бұрын

    This is so good made. I am left handen so it's tricky to get my brain to do this but really good video !

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    Жыл бұрын

    Glad you liked it!!

  • @julianalderson3938
    @julianalderson39382 жыл бұрын

    Great vid ive been doin trees long time only know bowline an 8 butterfly have done but forgot. That said im not climbing ground. But wish when did climb abit knowing these thanx.

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    Yep 👍

  • @visitkarakoram1103
    @visitkarakoram11032 жыл бұрын

    After watch this video I'm able te fixe rope . Thank u so much for such a great video ❤️🇵🇰

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    *thumbs up*

  • @dansigmon1559
    @dansigmon15594 жыл бұрын

    Thanks, A great tutorial of useful knots.

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    Glad you found it that way :)

  • @worldoftheflies
    @worldoftheflies Жыл бұрын

    Top notch

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    Жыл бұрын

    *thumbs up*

  • @TomokosEnterprize
    @TomokosEnterprize4 жыл бұрын

    These are knots to depend on saving your life my friend. Great post fella ! Once again I have forgotten all but a few of these working knots. You do a great job of recreating them for us bud. Many thanks eh.

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    Thanks for watching! Share with your friends and fam!

  • @pfyljan95
    @pfyljan954 жыл бұрын

    Fantastic 👍 nice

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    Thanks! Glad you like it!

  • @CoYuGG
    @CoYuGG2 жыл бұрын

    muy bien explicado

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    Жыл бұрын

    *thumbs up*

  • @roverscouts1795
    @roverscouts17954 жыл бұрын

    Appreciate 👏👏

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    Thank you!

  • @nikokraliz8287
    @nikokraliz82872 жыл бұрын

    Nice

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    *thumbs up*

  • @clydedyson2147
    @clydedyson21474 жыл бұрын

    Good job on the video. Over the years as a truck driver, I have learned a knot or two. One knot that I frequently use is a trucker's knot, but with a twist. I start with a loop and put a full twist in it. Then I reach down pull through another loop from the loose end and pull down. With this knot you can pull tight against it, but when you are ready to take it apart, just simply pull it out. It comes apart much easier that the original trucker's knot. Try it out to see what you think if it.

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    I think I know the variation you are talking about, it's similar to the sheep shank, correct?

  • @clydedyson2147

    @clydedyson2147

    4 жыл бұрын

    @@innerbarkoutdoors , I believe your right. I never knew exactly what it was called. But I know that it is very handy to use, but I haven't seen anyone do a video on it.

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    @@clydedyson2147 The sheep shank was a more common knot and is the base for the old school truckers hitch. I think it's fallen out of favor due to it failing under certain loads with vibration or repeated loading. It is, however super easy to undo after it's been set.

  • @clydedyson2147

    @clydedyson2147

    4 жыл бұрын

    @@innerbarkoutdoors , that I can believe. I've use this kind of knot for years. I guess it like that old saying goes, to each their own. Thanks for the input. Have a good day.

  • @ScorpionRegent

    @ScorpionRegent

    2 жыл бұрын

    I know it's been a year. The version Clyde is describing is not the sheep shank variant, but a slipped loop made by pulling a bight through a figure of nine knot. It comes undone nicely, but the working end has to be fed through the loop. The sheep shank version captures the working end saving some time. Which way is better? There are religious wars being fought over less, if it works for you that's all that matters.

  • @Aj-fb2ji
    @Aj-fb2ji4 жыл бұрын

    Awesome This is definitely going to prepare me for the firefighter academy thanks

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    Sweet! Lot of these were in the SAR refresher

  • @tr0ubl3mak3r
    @tr0ubl3mak3r4 жыл бұрын

    Great tutorial Andy! 👌

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    Thanks, troublemaker!

  • @ericrosales9722
    @ericrosales97223 жыл бұрын

    what midline knot would you recommend for securing a rope to a tree trunk? I need it to have the following characteristics: 1) very secure (wont slide up or down or rotate around the trunk) 2) very easy and quick to undo with just one pull if needed 3) once untied, given there's tension on one end of the line, the rope will easily free and clear itself and not snagged to the trunk PS, what is also great about your vid is it states what the knot is commonly used for. Thanks in advance and keep up the great work!

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    3 жыл бұрын

    Nothing comes to mind that fits all of that criteria but I know a few knots that arborists use to secure their climbing lines and rigging lines. There are some knots that used to be used but aren't considered safe anymore

  • @davidsimpson3885
    @davidsimpson38853 жыл бұрын

    clove hitch and the prusik are the best knots for their respective uses, but for tying in I would always use the double bowline, kind of the Standard knot over here in Germany once you go from being a beginner to actually having a bit of experience, and defenately when you start working routes its a knot you should know, also for Winter or alpine climbing as you can undo this knot with gloves or cold hands.

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    3 жыл бұрын

    I like the clove hitch for a temporary hold while setting an anchor or cleaning a route

  • @OnlyTheStrongSurvive712
    @OnlyTheStrongSurvive7122 жыл бұрын

    Please show us the best way to tie the ends of your rappel rope together when you are on a big wall rappel so you don't get carried away having too much fun and go sailing. Also what is a good distance from the ends. Thanks.

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    Good idea for a separate knot video. Thanks for the comment

  • @cmitsuro2
    @cmitsuro24 жыл бұрын

    Excelent man!!! Really usefull instructions!!! Does the prusic knot can be used on bars or solid things instead of a rope???

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    Ropes have a lot of friction which makes it work. Your mileage may vary, but I wouldn't risk life or limb with it not on a rope/line.

  • @lyingcat9022

    @lyingcat9022

    4 жыл бұрын

    Check out The Gripping Sailors Hitch for solid smooth objects. You can also lay a small strip of rubber under the knot to increase friction.

  • @jeremyharris2980

    @jeremyharris2980

    3 жыл бұрын

    I wouldn't recommend it

  • @jeremyharris2980

    @jeremyharris2980

    3 жыл бұрын

    Just outta curiously what where u trying to do a different Knott or system might work depending

  • @kyriakilago6446
    @kyriakilago6446 Жыл бұрын

    Hey how do i make a bigger knot ?

  • @seaotter52
    @seaotter524 жыл бұрын

    Nice job. Good speed and clarity. Guess the down votes wanted you to dance 💃 lol

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    Thank you!! 😁

  • @thecookieling8280
    @thecookieling82803 жыл бұрын

    how is the purpose of the fishermans and figure 8 bends different? can you use only one and still be safe?

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    3 жыл бұрын

    Fisherman's is better for smaller diameter cordage, figure 8 bends are easier to take apart

  • @padyakpitikadventure
    @padyakpitikadventure2 жыл бұрын

    What size of the rope that you are using in your video? Thanks in advance 👍

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    I think this is run of the mill 10mm static climbing rope. I'd have to cut it to find out the brand but you can find many similar ropes online or at climbing shops.

  • @padyakpitikadventure

    @padyakpitikadventure

    Жыл бұрын

    Thank you very much sir.

  • @NHNISH123
    @NHNISH1232 жыл бұрын

    Hi, I am a final student of Tourism Management. Can I take this video for reference in my ebook What is Rope Course? Your cooperation is much appreciated.

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    Sure!

  • @rockclimbingprobs1886
    @rockclimbingprobs18863 жыл бұрын

    and stopper note and overhand

  • @rockclimbingprobs1886

    @rockclimbingprobs1886

    3 жыл бұрын

    triple fisherman's knot for going in direct. Prusik for self rescue during any time, and for lead climbers. Munter for when you are repelling or rescuing.

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    3 жыл бұрын

    *thumbs up*

  • @User33223
    @User332232 жыл бұрын

    This is what my pe teacher is showing me now 😂

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    Finally something more useful than shoulder circles

  • @JakeHunter2010
    @JakeHunter20104 жыл бұрын

    Knot making videos make me happy lol #jakehunter88

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    Videos that make you/people happy - make me happy ;) lol

  • @mikemike9449
    @mikemike94492 жыл бұрын

    Imagine he was lost and the only compass he has is his tattoo compass! What a tease!

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    I have a 1/360 chance of being dead on 🤘

  • @timothyaldrich4926
    @timothyaldrich49262 жыл бұрын

    there’s a easier way than that as well but that’s if you use a carabiner

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    Interesting

  • @samedge8854
    @samedge88542 жыл бұрын

    🤠😘

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    *thumbs up*

  • @loveuprising7951
    @loveuprising79513 жыл бұрын

    Thinks hes captain tyin' knots

  • @joshuabogart2745

    @joshuabogart2745

    3 жыл бұрын

    "Not my chair not my problem," that's what I always say.

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    3 жыл бұрын

    *thumbs up*

  • @sharksshark6212
    @sharksshark62124 жыл бұрын

    Climbing knots honestly scare me because it seems like every other one is like oh if it backwards you die

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    You most certainly have to be careful with these knots, that's why practice makes perfect!

  • @Milky_Nguyen
    @Milky_Nguyen2 жыл бұрын

    Idk man... i dont think thats a “Butterfly loop”... idk my dirty mind just wont allow me to look at that with a straight face lol. Anyhow, a great video. Thank you

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    Lol *thumbs up*

  • @vashishthparmar7483
    @vashishthparmar74834 жыл бұрын

    This guy whistles at 's' sound

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 жыл бұрын

    That I do

  • @trux91ify
    @trux91ify Жыл бұрын

    Am I the only one who still had to watch it at 3/4 speed? Music is pretty cool that way though

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    Жыл бұрын

    haha, someone who doesn't complain about slowing it down!

  • @Bakanelli
    @Bakanelli5 ай бұрын

    3:43 pretty sure that’s not correctly tied butterfly knot

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    Ай бұрын

    It is

  • @brerrabbit4265
    @brerrabbit42652 жыл бұрын

    why a triple fishermans knot? Double works just fine.

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    More cushion

  • @mattbrad788
    @mattbrad7883 жыл бұрын

    Who fast forwards a video when showing how to do somthing

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    3 жыл бұрын

    The only parts of the video I fast forward are repetitive parts that I’ve already taught you how to do and if I didn’t then the video would be twice as long. By the time the parts that are fast forward, you should be knowledgeable of how to do that part… And if you aren’t then just rewind or manually slow the video down.

  • @amdrewf3456
    @amdrewf34563 жыл бұрын

    I love how it speeds up when ur trying to teach how to tie a knot

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    3 жыл бұрын

    It only speeds up when I have already told you what to do and it is monotonous, or when I am tightening up the knot...

  • @bad0beef
    @bad0beef3 жыл бұрын

    Good video but the butterfly can be done much easier than you show.

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    3 жыл бұрын

    *thumbs up*

  • @luluschannel9862
    @luluschannel98623 жыл бұрын

    Running bowline

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    *thumbs up*

  • @shanebuell1754
    @shanebuell17543 жыл бұрын

    Why would you speed it up 🙄

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    3 жыл бұрын

    So it’s not 10min long. I only speed up when it’s repetitive or I’m tightening it up. U can also change the speed :)

  • @floewqua
    @floewqua3 жыл бұрын

    1:20 A safety not doesn't add ANY safety to a correctly rethreaded figure of 8.

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    3 жыл бұрын

    You ever see a tail shrink on a figure 8?

  • @floewqua

    @floewqua

    3 жыл бұрын

    @@innerbarkoutdoors In the Netherlands we have a standard that says the tail has to be at least 10 times the diameter of the rope. In reality two fists is more than enough. If you leave that amount of tail, it is never gonna slip through.

  • @baxtiar9910
    @baxtiar99102 жыл бұрын

    I do love to watch it to the end, but i did not cause of he fucking written thing during the video. Soooo bad

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    2 жыл бұрын

    K

  • @Getyourmomoffmygrom
    @Getyourmomoffmygrom5 ай бұрын

    Instead of speeding the video up when you're tying the knot maybe try slowing it the fuck down👌🏽

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    4 ай бұрын

    Maybe learn how to slow the speed of the video so u can keep up *shrug*

  • @dariocarafa3788
    @dariocarafa37882 жыл бұрын

    You screwed up on that first knot with the safety knot. when tying a safety knot you need to make sure that the knot touches the other knot. It's a fairly common mistake we see but you want that double fisherman's or stopper knot to actually touch the figure 8 and then you'll want some tail coming out of that knot if you were to do it like that in a guides course you'd probably fail or at least they'd make you do it again

  • @KindGottes92

    @KindGottes92

    Жыл бұрын

    The safety doesn't mean that the knot itself is safer. It is already safe enough. If you have too much access rope, it prevents you from clipping the wrong end of the rope into the quickdraw by accident.

  • @Jacksirrom
    @Jacksirrom3 жыл бұрын

    Of all the reactions to 2020, wearing that clown bracelet is pretty lame

  • @innerbarkoutdoors

    @innerbarkoutdoors

    3 жыл бұрын

    Not going to change myself on the opinions of a few. Sorry.

  • @williamphipps533
    @williamphipps533 Жыл бұрын

    Well a very nice presentation... however.. I can tell this person is not a very experienced climber.. As a guide and instructor of a climbing and mountaineering guides training program I see many common mistakes. examples would be no climbers use the Flemish bend anymore no climbers use a triple fisherman's we only use a double any fisherman's knot in climbing needs longer tails that presented here an alpine buttery is not a normal knot to incorporate into an anchor most do not tie a "safety knot" above a figure 8 fallow through anymore. Doing so is very old school and has been show to have many negative side effects the comment that a water knot can come undone is off as a water knot is one of the few knots that is extremely hard to get undone (especially after loading it with weight) I would suggest taking a course from a proper climbing instructor to learn the current and up to date techniques that are currently employed by trained professionals.

Келесі