Systems Thinking Speech by Dr. Russell Ackoff

Пікірлер: 133

  • @MachoniontheGO
    @MachoniontheGO6 жыл бұрын

    Very profound...."Changes in the field are never produced by experts. But by outsiders looking at the field"

  • @mindscapereality1173

    @mindscapereality1173

    4 жыл бұрын

    Hayek talked about how ignorant Keynes was about academic literature, yet he had a massive and lasting impact on the field of economics.

  • @vindieu

    @vindieu

    3 жыл бұрын

    For me it's the less true statement of the talk. In my field I've never seen any outsider arrive, and do any significant contribution. i'm in computer graphics. idk maybe he thinks about a bunch of anecdotal instances of that happening. But I'm not sure that makes it a rule.

  • @benmcculloch9222

    @benmcculloch9222

    2 жыл бұрын

    @@vindieu yes its not common in a lot of fields for an outsider to make meaningful contributions. However that statement is a philosophical comment on entrenchment / dogmatic perception. Often when a person acquires a great deal of information in an area, they develop an overly convergent perspectice. Subsequently they are less able to perceive & think laterally. So that type of person will regularly work through iterative steps in well explored channels, often without any generative outcomes. Whereas a newcomer, with a more flexible set of eyes may see more, or differently, & contribute something meaningful, suddenly, that required a lack of bias from a mutual lack of experience.

  • @joayeni68

    @joayeni68

    Жыл бұрын

    I heard that too.

  • @vivianemassari2863
    @vivianemassari28633 жыл бұрын

    How can I like this video infinite number of times? EVERYONE should watch this

  • @obinnanwosu9819
    @obinnanwosu98196 жыл бұрын

    I am a skipper, but i watched ever second of this speech with no regret. So much insight. Thank you Dr. Russell Ackoff. I know you are in heaven spreading wisdom

  • @tariganclan
    @tariganclan2 ай бұрын

    DIKUW = data -> information -> knowledge -> understanding -> wisdom Thank you Dr.

  • @phionahingabire8740
    @phionahingabire87404 жыл бұрын

    Never heard such rich information my entire life, such great men of their time. I do not understand how someone speaks so much sense for more than an hour and follows the speech so well that i couldn't even blink to miss one work. Dr. Russell Ackoff is one great speaker and teacher of all times. May the Lord bless him!

  • @prezadent1

    @prezadent1

    3 жыл бұрын

    What do you mean by 'may the lord bless him'? He's been dead for over 10 years.

  • @joayeni68

    @joayeni68

    Жыл бұрын

    Amen. You are spot on.

  • @LuckyvillageLife

    @LuckyvillageLife

    4 ай бұрын

    Ay yo whaaa sap dude, ganna playya

  • @felixnatercsc3653

    @felixnatercsc3653

    4 ай бұрын

    You wrote what I feel.

  • @RodneyDaut
    @RodneyDaut4 жыл бұрын

    12:31 "The better the school is the less teaching there is. You see the ideal school is one in which there is no teaching (pause for laughter) but a lot of learning."

  • @frankshines-stroudfamily
    @frankshines-stroudfamily6 ай бұрын

    Brilliant, witty and provocative

  • @ieinlalala
    @ieinlalala7 жыл бұрын

    I seldom leave messages on a video but this one is so good I need to log into my account and leave a message!!

  • @SteveBrant55
    @SteveBrant555 жыл бұрын

    "A mobilizing idea... ideas that diverge from the normal" is one of the most important ideas ever! We MUST be inspired to break our current patterns of thought! Fear can motivate us but so can hope! And hope adds to our energy over time, while fear depletes it. Fear wears us out. Here's to a future in which HOPE emerges as a leading motivational force in society!

  • @bsavu2863
    @bsavu28635 жыл бұрын

    Pure brilliance! Wow!

  • @bisongobi-akatchak5365
    @bisongobi-akatchak53656 жыл бұрын

    Wow !! blown away.

  • @aztecalunar560
    @aztecalunar5606 жыл бұрын

    Genial, el Dr. Ackoff sigue inspirándome.Un gran sabio.

  • @HarrisChiso
    @HarrisChiso4 жыл бұрын

    One of the greatest insights and detailed provoking lectures I have ever focused and attentively listened! Thank you Sir!

  • @erikpaterson1404
    @erikpaterson14042 ай бұрын

    "examinations are about trying to anticipate the answers expected about the teacher - expected answers cannot be creative, they're already known"

  • @useienglish
    @useienglish3 жыл бұрын

    As a teacher trainee, this speech is a gem.

  • @okeygee24
    @okeygee244 жыл бұрын

    awesome. very good Dr Ackoff.

  • @oluwasesanogunade450
    @oluwasesanogunade4506 жыл бұрын

    This is awesome, problems do not really exists; they are concepts of reality which are solved by design or re-design of the whole. Adapt versus Shaping....

  • @charlesboampongkodom3346
    @charlesboampongkodom33466 жыл бұрын

    This is what we should be teaching if we truly want real-time solutions. Excellent speech Professor.

  • @jadsoj
    @jadsoj3 ай бұрын

    What a good teacher. Wonderful storytelling!

  • @pauoliver
    @pauoliver5 жыл бұрын

    It is unreal that talks like this one are available online for free, accessible at any time. I wish more people watched them. Anyways, the concept of dissolving problems blew my mind. I'll rewatch this a few more times for sure. Thanks for uploading this.

  • @joenitajoya.baguio6994
    @joenitajoya.baguio69942 жыл бұрын

    Our teacher presented this to us. Thank you for this informative video!

  • @jemimahsaru5057
    @jemimahsaru50576 жыл бұрын

    Best lecture so far..

  • @omodolaporahman3876
    @omodolaporahman38766 жыл бұрын

    Enlightening and motivating!

  • @emmanuelisabirye7625
    @emmanuelisabirye7625Ай бұрын

    Sense at every minute spoken. Got hooked from the start. I like!

  • @jimmyolenge1955
    @jimmyolenge19554 жыл бұрын

    I do not only love this but got a lot from it. It is true that our University Education systems need a lot of restructuring. In my country Uganda, students and pupils are not given opportunity to be creative. Thanks Dr. Ackoff.

  • @Collaborologist
    @Collaborologist2 жыл бұрын

    one of the best talks I've come across on YT

  • @ToriKo_

    @ToriKo_

    2 жыл бұрын

    For real

  • @ricochetsixtyten
    @ricochetsixtyten4 жыл бұрын

    so many good quotes in this video i have to write them down. damn.

  • @viswas9930
    @viswas99307 ай бұрын

    Salute for the richness in thoughts

  • @JamesOfKS
    @JamesOfKS Жыл бұрын

    "In any system, when one improves the performance of the parts taken separately: the performance of the whole does not necessarily improve, and frequently gets worse."

  • @JamesOfKS

    @JamesOfKS

    Жыл бұрын

    3:32

  • @leonardportuondo2403

    @leonardportuondo2403

    3 ай бұрын

    I find it so difficult to agree when he said. If you improve an individual component of a system it can improve the systems as a whole depending on the individual part of the system which is being improved. Example imagine I want gain muscle and my system to make this happen is eat protein, train and recover if improve in a individual part like I train harder I’ll likely gain more muscle so one individual component just improved my whole system.

  • @swampyhiker

    @swampyhiker

    Ай бұрын

    @@leonardportuondo2403 Does your muscle grow independently? No just as you say it relied on your stomach GI system to process the protein you ate. And will it perform without your brain telling it or your bones being adequately strong to support the muscles… Improving one component in isolation without consideration to the others is not system thinking. Not is he saying you shouldn’t improve a component. Just consider the interaction that each component has on the others and the whole.

  • @leonardportuondo2403

    @leonardportuondo2403

    Ай бұрын

    @@swampyhiker I agree with the idea that you should consider the interaction that each component has with others and the whole, but I 100% disagree with the notion that one component in a system cannot affect the whole system. Here are two examples of how a single component can impact a system or multiple systems. A vehicle is made up of interconnected parts to achieve the functionality of driving. If you remove something as simple as the battery, the vehicle can no longer function despite the whole system being intact. Another more complex example is the incident of the Ever Given cargo ship getting stuck in the Suez Canal in 2021, which also shows how a single element can disrupt a huge interconnected system. The Suez Canal is one of the world’s busiest trade routes, and the blockage of a single cargo ship stopped the transit of hundreds of other vessels, affecting global shipping and causing substantial economic impacts.

  • @saviousjabangwe6959
    @saviousjabangwe69597 жыл бұрын

    Invaluable wisdom

  • @eltonleao3979
    @eltonleao39792 жыл бұрын

    mindblow. tks for sharing this diamond

  • @vladz3485
    @vladz34855 жыл бұрын

    Very grateful for the speech. To say it brings value is to be more obvious than captain obviousness

  • @kechy332
    @kechy3324 жыл бұрын

    Great video, learnt alot.

  • @JonathanObise
    @JonathanObise6 жыл бұрын

    Brilliant!

  • @SoulzzFF
    @SoulzzFF4 жыл бұрын

    Wise and engaging. Thank you Sir!

  • @irikefecyrus6895
    @irikefecyrus68953 жыл бұрын

    Beautiful Mind with a splash of rich philosophy

  • @jeroenbusscher1713
    @jeroenbusscher17133 жыл бұрын

    This is brilliant!

  • @SudeshSawant
    @SudeshSawant6 ай бұрын

    Who else waited for the applause to end? Get a feeling of giving a standing ovation after listening to this.

  • @oneness1_
    @oneness1_4 ай бұрын

    His teaching brings light and healing to humanity😊

  • @felixnatercsc3653
    @felixnatercsc36534 ай бұрын

    Fantastic! Resolving problems I work on in my workplace violence prevention consulting practice does not call for a cookie-cutter solution but a leadership one that addresses the problem at hand. .

  • @Truesilverful
    @Truesilverful7 жыл бұрын

    This is gold

  • @johnunamba9265
    @johnunamba92657 жыл бұрын

    This piece is quite educative. I will rate it 5 star

  • @rameshn4968
    @rameshn49686 жыл бұрын

    Sir your mind function is above super computer. Under development countries needs such people's guidance.

  • @sreyam7

    @sreyam7

    3 жыл бұрын

    yes but at the end of the day we have to solve our own problems

  • @hoover-dn5jk
    @hoover-dn5jk3 жыл бұрын

    Brilliant speech

  • @apocalipsereich6997
    @apocalipsereich6997Ай бұрын

    ❤❤❤ Amazing👏

  • @innocentshamboko650
    @innocentshamboko6506 жыл бұрын

    great lecture

  • @kinshukvasan8968
    @kinshukvasan89685 ай бұрын

    Thank you it was amazing

  • @user-pq7zd6tr2d
    @user-pq7zd6tr2d4 ай бұрын

    This is brilliant

  • @Innerdiamond
    @Innerdiamond4 ай бұрын

    Superb lecture. ❤

  • @bonfacelengisho3485
    @bonfacelengisho34853 жыл бұрын

    Nuggets of Wisdom!

  • @djm9276
    @djm9276 Жыл бұрын

    l love it. Yes Profound

  • @stevenkalavity9879
    @stevenkalavity98796 жыл бұрын

    The education is about efficiency also. Years of thought and creativity from Pythagorus to Einstein are presented as outcomes so that the creative process can have a new baseline. Einstein still had to have an understanding of classical physics before he could imagine his new concepts. So, yes the classroom needs creativity. But, you can only improve a system if you understand the system. Education is about familiarizing with the conventions and from there only can real progress and creativity be developed. I am a huge fan of Deming, systems and Ackoff. But, there needs to be foundation before change is improvement.

  • @judahpereira6764

    @judahpereira6764

    2 жыл бұрын

    The foundations can be taught creatively. It is not necessarily about teaching absolutely new things. It's about motivating students to be self-driven at every point of the way.

  • @MsCutie2003
    @MsCutie20033 жыл бұрын

    Just wow.

  • @persianajyia
    @persianajyia6 жыл бұрын

    contains the lot more that you know!

  • @jivest2132
    @jivest2132Ай бұрын

    Learned more in 1 hour than in 4 years of college

  • @pip0072009
    @pip00720097 жыл бұрын

    Why wasn't this guy part of my education as a teacher?

  • @aa2781

    @aa2781

    6 жыл бұрын

    most likely because outside of business management his ideas allow a person to address the complex social system we are apart of, therefore teaching many young folks these ideas the dominant culture & status quo would be directly challenged in a rational manner with actionable plans and goals from an intelligent interdisciplinary educated diverse population.

  • @i8aNooB

    @i8aNooB

    6 жыл бұрын

    He was part of mine. Through his many academic articles. Unfortunately, I am a creative, questioning individual now in a shitty drab corporation that refuse to try and improve, never mind trying to be effective.

  • @SteveBrant55

    @SteveBrant55

    5 жыл бұрын

    Because the current system (including the one that existed at Wharton, where Russ was Professor Emeritus late in life) is threatened by his wisdom. Russ WAS able to teach, but even the system at Wharton rejected his transformational insights. When Russ helped launch the Ackoff Center for the Advancement of Systems Approaches at Wharton in 2004, the school's administrators permitted a better connected professor to take over running this new Center in a "political coup"... ruining the Center's ability to function as originally intended because the new guy in charge did not really understand systems thinking or have Russ's commitment to transformational change. I know this story from direct experience. I moved to the Philly suburbs in 2004 to work in this new Center, only to discover (after I arrived) that its leader had been replaced. My work opportunity collapsed, as (eventually) did the Center. We have to get better at looking for ways of thinking that have the ability to transform society... because only such a transformation will get us out of the crisis we are in!

  • @Collaborologist
    @Collaborologist2 жыл бұрын

    3:33 In any system when one improves the performance of the parts taken separately, the performance of the whole does not necessarily improve, and frequently gets worse

  • @Collaborologist
    @Collaborologist2 жыл бұрын

    52:52 Nobody owns a problem; every problem is universal

  • @ehsanrahmani2369
    @ehsanrahmani23692 жыл бұрын

    His all briliant idea brif in just 15 second from 46:00 to 46:16 min.

  • @erikpaterson1404
    @erikpaterson14042 ай бұрын

    This is golden, should be taught at all schools from kindergarten

  • @hearnjohn
    @hearnjohn4 жыл бұрын

    Anybody know where and when this speech was given?

  • @AntonRobinsonSportTechnology
    @AntonRobinsonSportTechnology4 жыл бұрын

    I wish I was thaught by Russel

  • @Cheros
    @Cheros5 жыл бұрын

    What is the name of the German philosopher that he mentions in Colin Cherrys book?

  • @grumble2009

    @grumble2009

    5 жыл бұрын

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz

  • @theRealDavidn
    @theRealDavidn7 жыл бұрын

    beautiful

  • @RodneyDaut
    @RodneyDaut4 жыл бұрын

    24:55 he talks about how we are taught to not ask "improper" questions. One organization that teaches students to question everything is The Right Question Institute. They are reaching thousands of teachers who are reaching 10's of thousands of students now. They are on KZread at kzread.info

  • @Collaborologist
    @Collaborologist2 жыл бұрын

    1:04:25 a part is never modified unless it makes the whole better

  • @IControlsHD
    @IControlsHD Жыл бұрын

    "The parts don't fit... its the way that the parts fit together that determines the performance of the system."

  • @mugokiberenge8818
    @mugokiberenge88182 жыл бұрын

    Listen and listen to learn

  • @adityadwivedi1223
    @adityadwivedi1223 Жыл бұрын

    #Mind, Desire, Problem & Conciousness Desire is not the problem rather Desire is because of the problem and mind uses it as a means to avoid confronting the problem. Since the very confrontation of problem is solution which requires courage and courageousness is antithetical for the authority of mind which is build on creating insecurity and seeking security in the name of desire. Therefore be aware enough to reflect on cunningness of mind to realise how & why desire born at the first place to realise and celebrate the freedom of conciousness. "Consciousness does not provide solution to the existing problem rather it eradicate the exsistence of problem in solving it"

  • @AndrewBrummer
    @AndrewBrummer6 жыл бұрын

    Life foundational thinking - some 101's... first 120 second predicts and states the next hour :)

  • @Ajadi_Kun
    @Ajadi_Kun3 ай бұрын

    Thanks

  • @KenLongTortoise
    @KenLongTortoise3 жыл бұрын

    Bootstrap problem....who wrote the books, and how were they educated?

  • @SteveBrant55
    @SteveBrant555 жыл бұрын

    Happy Centennial Birthday, Russ! Russell Lincoln Ackoff. Born 12 Feb 1919 My memorial essay written after he died in 2009 www.huffingtonpost.com/steven-g-brant/russell-ackoff---the-eins_b_341349.html

  • @rijonathome
    @rijonathome Жыл бұрын

    20:20 on Revolution

  • @kayode8616
    @kayode86167 жыл бұрын

    11:05 !!!!

  • @reneewallace8079
    @reneewallace80794 ай бұрын

    Everytime we solve a problem we create another one.

  • @sharonsimon84
    @sharonsimon847 жыл бұрын

    hi, do u have the original video? the audio and video do not seem to sync aft 40 secs.

  • @sharonsimon84

    @sharonsimon84

    7 жыл бұрын

    wanted to show the video for a presentation..hope u can help asap. thanks

  • @sharonsimon84

    @sharonsimon84

    7 жыл бұрын

    any other sources where i can get the video?

  • @RickTashma

    @RickTashma

    7 жыл бұрын

    Sharon. I might be able to correct the sync problem adequately. How soon are you needing it for your presentation?

  • @sharonsimon84

    @sharonsimon84

    7 жыл бұрын

    my presentation is on 8 nov.

  • @RickTashma

    @RickTashma

    7 жыл бұрын

    Sharon - Have been considering what might produce a satisfactory result. I have a couple of ideas and Q's for you. Rather than communicating back and forth here, can you plz msg me via Hangouts, else email me? "denver.rick(at)gmail" Cheers P.S.: If you're wondering why I'm willing to take this on... As an engineer, Dr. Ackoff had a profound effect on my perspective and thinking. I've watched every vid I can find with him. Am very grateful that Awal found and posted this talk! Have thought about correcting the sync at one time or another. Your desire to use the vid for a presentation piqued my interest.

  • @georgiamaurice6100
    @georgiamaurice6100 Жыл бұрын

    can someone tell me the year he spoke this? I need to cite it for my essay

  • @rahmadhidayat8377

    @rahmadhidayat8377

    Жыл бұрын

    1991

  • @Collaborologist
    @Collaborologist2 жыл бұрын

    absolution, resolution, solution, dissolution

  • @yoyobroker8107
    @yoyobroker81075 ай бұрын

    How exactly did the student circumvent the task Ackoff was asking for 25:00 I don't get it

  • @hansbleuer3346
    @hansbleuer3346 Жыл бұрын

    My question: Are systems "entity" inside the world made by nature? or Do man define them from outside? Defined -)with words, because we designed them e.g. "automobil" -)with concepts, because we identyfied them e.g. in nature or soceitities.

  • @julesvern6215

    @julesvern6215

    Жыл бұрын

    My understanding was it’s from the external perspective - what does the observer behold? The example of the automobile, it can only be called such when it retains the ability to transport … if deconstructed, then even if all the parts are available but in this state it is unable to ‘transport’ it is not accurate to refer to it as an automobile, it’s a collection of automobile parts. Extending this concept further, the engine is now a system … whilst it is not powering the automobile, it could still provide some form of energy … but deconstruct the engine into cylinders, cranks and so on it loose that ability. The use of the word ‘nature’ in your question confuses me, ‘nature’ suggests to me something that exists without human interaction.

  • @hansbleuer3346

    @hansbleuer3346

    Жыл бұрын

    @@julesvern6215... thanks .... yes ... in my understanding, "nature" consists of entities, without any purpose ... So the question is, how is the relationship between - immaterial objects as figures or mathematical structures up to - elementary material objects as molecules or stones .... or humans ...? I think, the relationship from immaterial to material is the same, as when we kill the wavefunction .... the trigger is an "idea" from, not an "observer", but a "human action" .... my conclusion: a system is never there, existent without man .... we and only we bring it into the world .... we can never detect a system; we are forced to construct it bases on ideas, wishes ...

  • @nevilleattkins586
    @nevilleattkins5863 жыл бұрын

    What he says can't be done with an automobile, which does sound right - you can with hifi.

  • @SaudBako
    @SaudBako3 ай бұрын

    WHAT YEAR IS THIS?

  • @gisellcastro1727
    @gisellcastro17273 жыл бұрын

    ya

  • @alobodayvn
    @alobodayvn3 жыл бұрын

    teach them how to learn, motivate them, mobilizing ideas (watch a subtitles film

  • @alobodayvn

    @alobodayvn

    3 жыл бұрын

    We teach without context, 2+3 is not always 5, 2 can be 2+ 1/2 and 2 and 3 can be different measure

  • @nurlatifahmohdnor8939
    @nurlatifahmohdnor89392 жыл бұрын

    Kubang. 1868.

  • @Tensquaremetreworkshop
    @Tensquaremetreworkshop2 жыл бұрын

    Excellent, self evident, and largely ignored. Only errors were in how architects work. They design houses from the outside in, not the inside out (except, briefly, the arts and crafts movement). And their interest is not in the customer, but in winning awards... But it is his field, so not surprising that he does not understand it.

  • @andreikapoustine738
    @andreikapoustine7382 жыл бұрын

    Interesting views. However Dr. Russell Ackoff had to accept all principles and concepts of traditional education system during all his life to advance to his extraordinary level of wisdom

  • @ClayShentrup
    @ClayShentrup2 ай бұрын

    if you forced them to put elevators in the buildings the rent would be more expensive.

  • @ralphvsmith4903
    @ralphvsmith49034 жыл бұрын

    This so much Bravo Sierra. Ackoff seems to believe in the failed "Whole Language" approach to education. He has be summarily discredited but may well represent the latest wisdom of education which is robbing our citizens of any useful knowledge. His new-age philosophies are the opposite of the well-worn and successful systems of the past. "Classical Education is one where one learns to think inductively; that is you observe symptoms, make a diagnosis then offer a prognosis. Additionally Classical Education gave a body of knowledge, facts, ideas and references to draw upon: literature, math, science, rhetoric, philosophy. It explored a set of disciplines such as Arts, Humanities, Social sciences, Sciences, Technology " Ackoff is a postmodernist Marxist theorist at its best.

  • @sreyam7

    @sreyam7

    3 жыл бұрын

    found the lobster

  • @DesafiosSostenibles
    @DesafiosSostenibles2 жыл бұрын

    P

  • @vickyarya4285
    @vickyarya42854 жыл бұрын

    Bapak ngomong apa sih saya tydack mengerti

  • @muhammadridholatif8817

    @muhammadridholatif8817

    4 жыл бұрын

    bcah tolol

  • @1986verity

    @1986verity

    4 жыл бұрын

    Mantap

  • @imad1996
    @imad19963 жыл бұрын

    I enjoyed most of the presentation but have a few notes. The claim that the ultimate parts do not form a better products does not have a basis. Better parts can make better products based of course on some assumptions. This presentation shows clearly the disconnection between scholars and practitioners. The issue with many university professors is that they want to tell CEOs how to manage a business but themselves have never worked in a company. A balanced approach should be adopted. On education, not all students are the same. The old approach is we assume every student is a scientist. The new approach is based on flexibility of having a system that elevates the level of each student from their level up.

  • @arikujala4992

    @arikujala4992

    3 жыл бұрын

    Whole thing this professor said, was that part is not the whole reality. If you take his speech, it's only part. I also tought at first 'oh this professor does not say 'smart architecture takes care of connections between parts and makes the whole work right'. But finally I got it. What is fundamental is that he was teaching.

  • @godfredafriyie5948

    @godfredafriyie5948

    2 жыл бұрын

    You are right. If parts of a whole is improved, there is going to be significant increase in performance. In the car example improving parts of lets say Toyota car, will lead to a significant improvement in performance. Thats taking Toyota as a whole. But here he grouped all car makers as a whole and that is wrong.

  • @godfredafriyie5948

    @godfredafriyie5948

    2 жыл бұрын

    You are right. If parts of a whole is improved, there is going to be significant increase in performance. In the car example improving parts of lets say Toyota car, will lead to a significant improvement in performance. Thats taking Toyota as a whole. But here he grouped all car makers as a whole and that is wrong.

  • @KenLongTortoise
    @KenLongTortoise3 жыл бұрын

    Before we had universities in established disciplines, we spent 10 million years fumbling around with this effort at integrated problem solving with very little progress. Then we get universities and disciplines and no one said that we think that's how the reality really is, but it turns out that's a useful way to study pieces of the problems that we then reassemble and knowledge exploded so nice try

  • @jorisvermeulen4813

    @jorisvermeulen4813

    Жыл бұрын

    You misinterpret him, he reminded us why they were called universities

  • @sindisotebele7130
    @sindisotebele71303 жыл бұрын

    Where my zimbos at?