So…What Exactly Is A Dinosaur?
Ғылым және технология
Dinosaurs, the word brings to mind frightful and terrifying animals, dragons of reality. Some of the largest animals to ever walk the earth, big enough to dwarf buildings and swallow humans whole. The very nature of their existence fascinates our imagination and fuels our quest for knowledge. But… Ever wondered what it takes to make one?
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Пікірлер: 385
Maybe the real dinosaurs was the friends we made along the way.
@daspletoproductions
2 жыл бұрын
n i c e
@gregsatermo3852
2 жыл бұрын
Bruh
@monkey8077
2 жыл бұрын
maybe we’re just apart of a Disney movie
@phillipogden5804
2 жыл бұрын
...Cause they're all dead
@danizz8581
2 жыл бұрын
Is this a Barney reference
Dimetrodon: not a dinosaur Pteranodon: not a dinosaur Pleisiosaurus: not a dinosaur duck: is a dinosaur
@SuperBetaBuxbros.
2 жыл бұрын
Oblivious
@pengen_gantinama
2 жыл бұрын
bird: is not bird-hipped Triceratops: is bird-hipped
@cyborgar15
2 жыл бұрын
Chewbacca is not a Dinosaur
@pengen_gantinama
2 жыл бұрын
Chicken: "not a dinosaur but it's a T. rex"
@brianlaudrupchannel
Жыл бұрын
Duck is not a dinosaur
11:50 It should be mentioned that it's not just birds; many saurischian Dinosaurs evolved the bird-like hips before them. Like Therizinosaurids or Dromaeosaurids. You can even make a little timeline of the pubis bending further and further back as they get more birdlike. (except for the therizinosaurs, who did it independently)
@borttorbbq2556
2 жыл бұрын
Birds are dromaeosaurs.
@phaex2288
2 жыл бұрын
@@borttorbbq2556 Nope, they just belong to the same clade
@madisonbrown8851
2 жыл бұрын
@@borttorbbq2556 Wrong.
@macroglossumstellatarum5932
2 жыл бұрын
@@borttorbbq2556 Not quite, they're sister families within Paraves, together with Troodontids and the rather bizarre Scansoropterygids (a name that everyone has to look up the spelling for, even though it also contains the record-holder shortest name, Yi qi)
@cdex-ra1771
2 жыл бұрын
@@borttorbbq2556 Archaeopteryx showed up before them in the late Jurassic. Even then that’s like saying Hyenas are true felines.
lizard/bird thing, they ded. they cool, I like
@SlothOfTheSea
2 жыл бұрын
Thank you for this excellent summary
@thetommyhawk8244
2 жыл бұрын
Do they be ded tho?
@Ebola-Kun
2 жыл бұрын
@@thetommyhawk8244 birds do be flying
@portugueseeagle8851
2 жыл бұрын
Yes.
@REAL.T0AD
2 жыл бұрын
Very based comment
So this morning I'm in the shower thinking about a scifi story I might want to write, and wondering what defines a dinosaur. What traits would a palaeontologist use to say 'this creature I am looking at is descended from dinosaurs who survived the asteroid'? And then my phone bings and goes 'hey, watch this new EDGE video!' Get out of my head, Destin.
@EDGEscience
2 жыл бұрын
Never! It's cozy
@HornyNStrangler
2 жыл бұрын
did you write it?i am doing the same thing
Birds not being descended from the bird-hipped dinosaurs is less a quirk of evolution and more a quirk of the naming convention itself, as the names are very old and clash with information gleened from later discoveries.
It should be noted that many pseudosuchian archosaurs, as well as pterosaurs, also had fully upright leg postures but were not dinosaurs.
@drsharkboy6568
2 жыл бұрын
It actually was noted in the video when the leg diagrams were shown. Their legs are actually more upright than dinosaur legs. 4:34
@fermintenava5911
2 жыл бұрын
That's why the less obvious traits are just as important :)
I remember when a good friend of mine told me about that new classification system for dinosaurs. My initial response was, "Curse you science! You always have to make things so difficult!" In all seriousness, I was wondering if that was still a thing. At least now I know it's still up in the air.
@Gildedmuse
2 жыл бұрын
I am more confused by the video brushing it to the side like, oh, either way it doesn't matter. I mean, seems like an entire rearrangement of the tree would matter somewhat. But, you know, I'm more a spectator so...
@petrruzicka9815
2 жыл бұрын
Scientists ignore the fact that God himself is a Dragon with wings
Now I have an interesting question. Would Dinosauriformes and Dinosauromorphs be considered proto or pseudo-dinosaurs? Meaning they're related to Dinosaurs but aren't true Dinosaurs themselves.
@wikansaktianto9215
2 жыл бұрын
They are not TRUE dinosaur alright, just long legged weird archosaur that adapt the aftermath of Permian Mass Extinction.
@marjae2767
2 жыл бұрын
This include Dinosaurs and their closest relatives, such as Silesaurs.
@birbdad1842
2 жыл бұрын
Pseudo meaning fake, then only those resembling dinosaurs. Proto meaning ancestral, then only those well... ancestral to them.
@oliverwilson11
2 жыл бұрын
They should be dinosaurs but they're not because Richard Owen didn't know about them. Owen got lucky that his initial definition based on only three fossils ended up including 99% of dinosauromorphs (assuming sauropods are not the outgroup) but a few still got arbitrarily left out. This is a problem with using node-based definitions because you will often end up later discovering something that falls outside your defined group of critters so you have to awkwardly categorise it as a critteromorph
@fast1nakus
2 жыл бұрын
Depends on how much you believe in considerations of other people. Naming things is not a precise science and you're question can be only answered with someone's opinion.
I like to envision dinosaurs as a transition from reptile to bird Same with proto-mammals, from reptile to mammal
@aggeisme
2 жыл бұрын
dinos are still reptiles tho, and mammals didn't come from reptiles (just share a common ancestor)
@asaxena9921
2 жыл бұрын
@@aggeisme Problem is that Reptilia isn't even a valid thing anymore just because of how loosely defined the term is. It is rather synonymous with Sauria as of now.
@ecurewitz
2 жыл бұрын
mammals are synapsids, and birds are dinos!
@KateeAngel
2 жыл бұрын
@@aggeisme if the word "reptiles" originated from description of modern day reptiles, then extinct dinosaurs are much closer to living birds, than to any modern reptiles. So any time when the distinction of vertebrates into 5 original non-cladistic groups is used (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals), then extinct dinosaurs and even other Avemetatarsalia, Pterosaurs, should be among birds, rather than reptiles
@aggeisme
2 жыл бұрын
@@KateeAngel That was the old definition, nowadays dinos (and by extension birds) are 100% considered reptiles. The modern definition is practically 'any animal in sauropsida'. Birds shouldn't be distinguished from reptiles in that way anymore. They're still birds of coarse, but they are also reptiles. Like how snakes are snakes but also reptiles. (I'm saying that because some think they can't call them birds if they're reptiles). One should actually use the word sauropsid instead of reptile nowadays. (you don't have to tho, just makes things clearer when talking science, but it makes things more confusing when it's just normal talk)
I saw a dinosaur hunts other dinosaurs yesterday... ...it was my old teacher from elementary school chasing down the pigeons in the park.
Either fluffy munchins or Towering Behemoths of ancient past
@bluecadet8517
2 жыл бұрын
In reality i feel it's a bit of both
a lot of people already have a hard time believing birds are dinosaurs. but when i tell them we are technically fish they think im full on insane😂😂
@lukejones7164
2 жыл бұрын
Everything is energy if you go back far enough lol.
@ayeflippum
2 жыл бұрын
*the flying dutchguy* You are.
@pengen_gantinama
2 жыл бұрын
try to tell them that whales are fish
@etinarcadiaego7424
2 жыл бұрын
Well, we're really nothing but a reeeeealy derived single cell lol
@oliverwilson11
2 жыл бұрын
The meanings of normal English words don't change based on your cladistic ideology. What you mean is that birds are dinosaurians and also vertebrates. Dinosaur is not synonymous with dinosaurian and fish is not synonymous with vertebrate.
in Poland, many articles about the new palaeontological find also from Poland have been written today, there are many traces and bones of dinosaurs from the early Jurassic, it may be the largest find of this type
Well, all vertebrates are fish when we get down to it.
Awesome video! Learned so much, love this channel!
I ❤ DINOSAURS 🦖🦕🦅
I love the fact that what makes a real dinosaur is so awesome,yet very interesting and I love that about this channel
Love this so much!! Great job dude
Showing LOVE for the channel thank you for another great video once again. Have a Blessed day everyone
This is just prime YTP material. If no one makes my dream a reality, I'll try my hand at it myself lol
marginocephalia is the cutest
I have to say, sometimes when I am super sick, I prefer not having a reading that's so dramatic (I feel that's a valid choice you've made, I can just be weird about things when I feel ill) but this was so interesting while also not requiring me either lift my concentration from work or be totally healthy and 100a% to understand, that I would have listened to it even if you had my voice (imagine a cheerleader who has just broken up with her boyfriend but faking being happy about it and.... Yeah that is the pitch of my voice) so that's saying something. I would kind of love if you broke down some of the individual specimens that really exemplify some of the reasons the new paper thinks the lineage should be rearranged. But that would probably be a lot of work to ask. Still, loved this overview. Thank you. (Sorry if this comment sucked. Very sick.)
@luroluroluro
2 жыл бұрын
Hi, I read your story trought the comments you wrote on this channel and I wanted to say this: I think you are a kind and wonderful human being and I send you my love.
Ancient chickens. They're dead and gone and I love them
That comparative skeletal anatomy escalated quickly.
It's amazing how much is known about animals that have been extinct for 66 million years, that's a very long time .
Mr. incredible after watching this video: DINOSAURS ARE DINOSAURS
Is this a colorado based channel or is there just some stock footage from the Denver natural history museum being used? Great content!
I may have missed it, cuz I'm watching this at like 5am with no caffeine in my brain, but where do aquatic critters like plesiosaurs fit in all of this?
@aggeisme
2 жыл бұрын
They were just other big reptiles that lived at the same time.
@ImVeryOriginal
2 жыл бұрын
Big aquatic reptiles actually come from several distinct families: plesiosaurs are seuropterygians along with pliosaurs and nothosaurs, mosasaurs are relatives of lizards and snakes, and we seem to have no idea where ichthyosaurs come from.
Enjoyed your video and I gave it a Thumbs Up
Funny how some say birds are too different from other reptiles to be one. 'they got beaks n' feathers, do any other reptile have those?' like, turtles have beaks and a bunch of other dinos had feathers, which are thought to just be modified scales.
@sidewinderb2669
2 жыл бұрын
Even our hairs are modified scales when you dig into what we know
its interesting theres a stretch of coastline near me where you can literally walk (if you weren't cut off by the tide) between cliffs containing neogene fossils (Whales, sharks, seals, dolphins etc) to cliffs containing Paleogene (cretaceous) fossils: (Mosasaurs, pliosaurs, ammonites, belemnites, and sharks). Where basically an hour's difference in travel represents a passage of time of roughly ten million years. Im not sure how conformous said rocks are, but i can imagine it would have been hard back in the day foir scientists to try and guess which massive bones were mesozoic, and which bones were from far more recent periods, since there is little difference in the appearance and hardness of the rock types.
I love hearing about dinosaur and this video was really great.
Dinosaur are dinosaurs.
14:21 "That [...] is a dinosaur" *shows bird on screen* brilliant
If the hips are dummy thick it's a dinosaur, got it lol
Saying that mammals are fish is somewhat problematic though, since "fish" is an old term that basically includes all marine vertebrates with gills and fins. Which includes sharks, salmon, clown fishes, coelacanths and many more. And (as far as I know) we did not come from ray-finned fishes such as salmon and clown fish, rather an ancestor to the coelacanth. So mammals aren't really fish, since fish includes fishes that we aren't related to in that way. (but I think you knew this but just simplified it) 4 months later Edit: Got the reason for the fish-thing wrong, really it's just because fish isn't a scientific term and only refers to, well, fishes. That's literally it.
@andy-the-gardener
2 жыл бұрын
no. sharks are not fish. fish may have evolved from sharks (probably not though). but sharks didnt evolve from fish. mammals did evolve from fish however, via amphibians and reptiles. so there is a case for calling mammals fish. its better to call them reptiles though, as mammals evolved directly from reptiles. i'm gonna so annoy purists who claim mammals evolved from special animals that were not reptiles, thus maintaining our privaliged status as better and more advanced than those primative dinosaur reptile bird things.
@drsharkboy6568
2 жыл бұрын
@@andy-the-gardener fish didn’t evolve from sharks. The discovery of Enelognathus, a placoderm with a bony skull, implies that sharks lost their bony skeleton while bony fish retained their bony skeleton and improved it, both groups having evolved from placoderms early on. kzread.info/dash/bejne/eZWfvKd6aJPefqw.html
@aggeisme
2 жыл бұрын
@@andy-the-gardener Didn't amniotes split into reptiles and mammals, not into reptiles, then mammals? Or do you mean amniote when you say reptile (about mammals being reptiles) or am I just wrong? And what i meant by mammals not being fish is that fish is a very broad name that includes fishes that split off from our evolutionary thing long before we crept onto land, so we aren't those fish that split off, but we are the ones that didn't and the common ancestor. So basically we are fish but you should use a different word since fish includes fishes that we are not. Also, aren't sharks considers fish, just cartilaginous ones? I'm not saying they evolved from fish, i'm saying that they split of from each other but are both considered fish (which might not be the case). (they obviously share a common ancestor, which i'm guessing didn't have bones in the skeleton, Like that one with an armored head) I'm not exactly an expert in this field, so please do correct me wherever i'm wrong. (And I'm not very good at explaining what i mean )
@andy-the-gardener
2 жыл бұрын
@@aggeisme as far as i know sharks are far more ancient than fish [bony fish]. i don't think they are close relatives. sharks don't even have bones [made of bone] and they have little teeth all over their skin. and they are very different in lots of other ways like their mermaid purse eggs, fleshy fin structures etc. i'm just repeating what i heard an evolution expert say in a lecture. that we are more related to fish than fish are related to sharks. about the mammals are reptile thing. an argument can be made that the common ancestor of both mammals and dinosaurs was 'a reptile' as far as most people would understand the term. my point is as simple as that. if it wasn't a reptile, or 'reptilian' then what the hell was it. so, as we call dinosaurs reptiles because they evolved from reptiles it is only consistent to call mammals reptiles too because they evolved from a similarly reptilian ancestor. if it was a separate line so what. or we could just stop calling dinosaurs reptiles. the problem being that the word reptile implies negative connotations. that dinosaurs and birds are somehow more primitive and lesser than us fantastic mammals. which is ironic as dinosaurs were in fact by far the more physiologically superior of the two groups...of reptile.
@aggeisme
2 жыл бұрын
@@andy-the-gardener As far as I understand it, Amniotes split into two main seperate lineages, Synapsids and Sauropsids, with the Synapsids turning into mammals (and some other weird dimetrodon animals). And the Sauropsids turning into dinos, snakes, lizards, crocs, turtles, etc. Meaning that only the Sauropsids are reptiles, none of the amniotes before it. And about that fish and shark thing, I know that sharks are older than bony fish (or, I think, there seems to be evidence for the opposite) but their common ancestor was an early fish (bony or not) so they are both fish, just bony fish and cartilaginous fish which are quite distantly related. Or am I wrong and sharks split off before any of them were considered "fish"? (And aren't teeth just modifies scales, so those teeth all over the body are just weird scales?)
Yo! Nice thumbnail, I approve
non avian birds xd
@PelicanMobBoss
28 күн бұрын
That's like saying mammals are non bat bats
Lizard chicken with big feet long neck but most importantly the feathers and scales, oh and a nubby tail
7:34, well fish think we have really messed up fins.
I am watching this with one Cockatielosaurus sitting on my shoulder and 2 Cockatielosaurus sitting on my lap. 😄
dinos go quack
It's always been one of my most fantastical wish since I was a little kid to know how dinosaurs would taste like if they still existed today. Turns out I've been eating dinosaurs my whole life! Hah! How funny is that!!!
@etinarcadiaego7424
2 жыл бұрын
Dinosaur tastes just like chicken!
"what exactly is a dinosaur"? my mother in law
im stinking drunk and "dragons of reality" just made me ascend
great stuff!!!
When you think about it we sharks are distantly related to you humans
great video a lots of detalis
Great video! 👍👍👍
There is also the number of fused sacral vertebrae which defines dinosaurs. As for who is most closely related to who; if I remember correctly the ornithischia has the largest genome (the size of the individual cells tells the size of the genome, and fossilized dinosaur cells have been found), then the long necked dinosaurs and finally the therapods which has the smallest genome. Does the new family tree that has been suggested explain the variation of the genome size between the groups, and which made more sense in the old system?
Hypothetically if the Ornithischians were proven being Silesaurs in the end, would we exclude Ornithischians from Dinosauria or include Silesaurs as Dinosaurs?
@EDGEscience
2 жыл бұрын
Guess not! They would be silesaurid dracohorans
@ye_he2968
2 жыл бұрын
I’ve always thought about this
@Ozraptor4
2 жыл бұрын
Most commonly accepted cladistic definition of Dinosauria (Padian & May 1993) is the most recent common ancestor of Triceratops + Passer (House Sparrow) and all it's descendants. Since Triceratops is integral to the definition of Dinosauria, it (and the rest of Ornithischia) must always be dinosaurs in any reshuffling. So silesaurs would automatically be become dinosaurs.
Great work🚀🚀🚀
I'm over here trying to pay attention to the dinosaur groups controversy, and then I very clearly hear "sam at the lake" start playing XD I know that soundtrack a little too well.
_"A miserable little pile of secrets! But enough talk, have at you!"_
Me after seeing the title: dinosaur is dinosaur!
I'm really puzzled how theropods could descend from horned dinosaurs in the new system?
@EDGEscience
2 жыл бұрын
They didn't. The horned dinos and theropods descended from a common ancestor. They're cousins.
@wikansaktianto9215
2 жыл бұрын
@@EDGEscience Psittacosaurus is came from theropod lineage? Are they related to Bernitasaura?
@EDGEscience
2 жыл бұрын
@@wikansaktianto9215 Psittacosaurus is a horned dinosaur!
1:00 The wording here, Dinosaurs and birds are reptiles, and Mammals are fish, is really confusing, suggesting two completely different ancestors. I get it, but there bound to be a lot of confusion among other laypersons viewing this video.
I've learned alot from this one video! Thankyou e.d.g.e ❤️
Thank you so much
Everyone asks what is dinosaur, but no one asks how is dinosaur :/
@etinarcadiaego7424
2 жыл бұрын
Lawl
Me: reads the title Also me: a question for a true philosopher.
@shloop-juice3717
2 жыл бұрын
monke
a creature that kills you early game- wait wrong topic
Why didn't you mention the 2017 philogenetic tree might make dinosaurs paraphilophetic?
@spatrk6634
2 жыл бұрын
because people have a problem with classifying birds as dinousars. same as they have problem with classifying humans as apes
@wcdeich4
2 жыл бұрын
@@spatrk6634 Hi, I think this is a separate concern people have. The 2017 phylogenetic tree had 2 groups of dinosaurs descending from 2 different dinosaur-omopha. That might make dinosauria a non-monophyletic grouping. I'm not an expert, but here is a video that explains it better than I can
@wcdeich4
2 жыл бұрын
@@spatrk6634 kzread.info/dash/bejne/h6R7r7RsYbfdfJM.html
@pengen_gantinama
2 жыл бұрын
You mean polyphyletic right? One way to work around it is to change dinosaur definition into "a clade including birds and sauropods" instead just "birds and ornithischians".
@wcdeich4
2 жыл бұрын
@@pengen_gantinama Sorry for the spelling mistakes lol
4:48 Hey, I'd recognize that exhibit anywhere!
Does the new classification come from the fact that dinosaurs like Deinonychus in the Maniraptora family have a pubis more in line with that of the Ornithischians?
Hmmmm very interesting
This may be a difficult question or something I don’t think I should be asking but, What if dinosaurs were made of metal? Would it make more sense that they looked like the Dinobots from the 4th transformers movie? Or would they be more smooth but still realistic (like an apple product)? This may be out of topic, so if you have no answer or aren’t interested, then I’m ok with that. Not everything needs to be answered…
@SpaghettiToaster
2 жыл бұрын
Dinosaurs made of metal wouldn't be alive.
@Mike-mf3ed
2 жыл бұрын
@@SpaghettiToaster batteries, pistons or pneumatics could argue against that…
@SpaghettiToaster
2 жыл бұрын
@@Mike-mf3ed If they were alive, but in reality, they can't because they're not.
@Mike-mf3ed
2 жыл бұрын
@@SpaghettiToaster if you say so…
Chubs wasn't giving puting tips, it was dino fossil ID types all along. It's all in the hips, it's all in the hips
New vid, less goo
Holy shit, that music is from Slow and Heavy by Diplodocus! A great synth/ambient album!
New edge video oooga :)
them hips don't lie
"Fed-Ex Amphibians, and more!"
7:23 Noice...
@aggeisme
2 жыл бұрын
bruh
Interesting video. Now where do I go to win one, or at least get a free sample?
I draw so many of these so many times each it's not even funny. Anyway could you do a vid on Cedrorestes Creightoni?
I FEEL LIKE IT
Dinisaurs got extinct but I just realized how they had hundreds of millions of years to exist. We humans have only been around 2 million years and may go extinct in the near future because of ourselves. I say Dinosaurs had a really good run.
@brianlaudrupchannel
Жыл бұрын
2 million years? No we haven't
Heh Edge, quick question. Where can I join your Discord server?
It’s oversimplified, but I always described dinosaurs as a mutation of lizards and early version of birds (namely theropods).
@aggeisme
2 жыл бұрын
They're not lizards, they're archosaurs, and theropods are already types of dinos.
@reddevil6005
2 жыл бұрын
@@aggeisme sperg
@brianlaudrupchannel
Жыл бұрын
@noname9 there not birds either
8:35 mmmm walnut
I like the video footage from the Denver museum of nature and whatever forgot the full name just shouting out my native museum
Royal Tyrrell Museum?
3:47 THATS THE DENVER MUUSEUM OF NATURE AND SIENCE ITS MY FAVEROUTE MUSEUM
🦅
"So where does this dinosaur go in the dinosauria tree?" "Just use the traditional classification method and you'll figure it out." "But this new publications suggests that the old classification method is wro-" "DID I STUTTER!?" "..."
What are the 2 ribs on the triceratop's butt? Do humans have those?
OMG
Grunkle Stan: Dinosaurs aren’t magic they’re just big lizards.
@parakeorex
Жыл бұрын
not
Am I a dinosaur?
@wikansaktianto9215
2 жыл бұрын
Maybe by the time mankind perished from this planet.
@ZillyWhale
2 жыл бұрын
@@wikansaktianto9215 So you're telling me that if I'm not a dinosaur I will become one!
@wikansaktianto9215
2 жыл бұрын
@@ZillyWhale If that is your decision, than go. Go my friend, and become the Pirate Ki.. I mean the Dinosaur of your dream.
@ZillyWhale
2 жыл бұрын
@@wikansaktianto9215 My new goal is to become the greatest Dinosaur Pirate King I can be.
@teathesilkwing7616
2 жыл бұрын
@@ZillyWhale I believe in you
I hate that birds are considered reptiles when they are distinctly endothermic it’s big enough difference.
@EDGEscience
2 жыл бұрын
But reptile is an outdated term. There are plenty of warm-blooded non-lizard reptiles and mesotherms that the warm-blooded birds don't stand out much. Plus we're mammals and some ancient synapsids were cold-blooded, so there's no reason to uphold old fashion beliefs.
@michaelbayley9432
2 жыл бұрын
That’s fair I thought about a bit after I commented realized I don’t like the word reptile since technically mammals have scaly skin to and if you count monotremes also lay eggs.
@SpaghettiToaster
2 жыл бұрын
@@michaelbayley9432 And, sure enough, mammals are synapsids and synapsids are reptiles. All seems well?
Birds mutated by gamma radiation.
This guy watches tier zoo.
0:45 DeviantArt Fetishes in a nutshell
now i just want a video on why thomas huxley's support was obnoxious.
@EDGEscience
2 жыл бұрын
He was just an obnoxious dude
Prebird.
Well thats easy..birds.
Animals closer to Chilesaurus than to Pisanosaurus. (What do you mean "that might lead to an unstable taxonomy"?)
@marjae2767
2 жыл бұрын
(For clarification: Chilesaurus is either a specialized plant-eating Theropod, or an early-diverging Ornithischian without the predentary. Pisanosaurus is either a Silesaurian just outside Dinosauria, or an early-diverging Ornithischian. If Pisanosaurus turns out to be an Ornithischian, then this definition turns into a mess; if both turn out to be Ornithischians, then this definition only includes Chilesaurus and its closest relatives.)
Not likely birds evolved bird hips independently… the new proposed classification is smarter.