Rhesus Incompatibility | Rh Incompatibility in Pregnancy - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatments
Rhesus incompatibility, or Rh incompatibility, occurs when a pregnant woman is Rh-negative while her fetus is Rh-positive, leading to potential complications due to the mismatch in blood types. During pregnancy, exposure to the fetus's Rh-positive blood cells can trigger the mother's immune system to produce antibodies against them, a process known as sensitization. While this may not harm the first Rh-positive fetus, subsequent pregnancies with Rh-positive fetuses can face severe complications, including hemolytic anemia, jaundice, and even fetal death. Diagnosis involves assessing the mother's blood type, father's blood type, performing indirect Coombs tests to detect Rh antibodies, analyzing amniotic fluid for bilirubin levels, and fetal Rh typing through invasive procedures like amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.
The treatment of Rh incompatibility focuses on preventing sensitization in Rh-negative mothers and managing complications in subsequent pregnancies. Rh immunoglobulin (Rhogam) administration is a common preventive measure, given to Rh-negative mothers during pregnancy, childbirth, miscarriage, or abortion to neutralize any Rh-positive fetal red blood cells in the maternal bloodstream. Close monitoring of Rh-negative mothers, intrauterine blood transfusions for fetal anemia, and early delivery or fetal therapies in severe cases are also part of the management strategy. Neonatal care may be necessary for infants born to Rh-sensitized mothers, while preconception counseling and education for healthcare providers and expectant parents are essential for early detection and effective management of Rh incompatibility complications in subsequent pregnancies.
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