Qualitative analysis of interview data: A step-by-step guide for coding/indexing
Video shows coding (also known as indexing) and thematic analysis. It applies to qualitative data analysis in general. Do not forget to share this KZread link with your friends.
The steps are also described in writing below (Click Show more):
STEP 1, reading the transcripts
1.1. Browse through all transcripts, as a whole.
1.2. Make notes about your impressions.
1.3. Read the transcripts again, one by one.
1.4. Read very carefully, line by line.
STEP 2, labeling relevant pieces
2.1. Label relevant words, phrases, sentences, or sections.
2.2. Labels can be about actions, activities, concepts, differences, opinions, processes, or whatever you think is relevant.
2.3. You might decide that something is relevant to code because:
*it is repeated in several places;
*the interviewee explicitly states that it is important;
*you have read about something similar in reports, e.g. scientific articles;
*it reminds you of a theory or a concept;
*or for some other reason that you think is relevant.
You can use preconceived theories and concepts, be open-minded, aim for a description of things that are superficial, or aim for a conceptualization of underlying patterns. It is all up to you.
It is your study and your choice of methodology. You are the interpreter and these phenomena are highlighted because you consider them important. Just make sure that you tell your reader about your methodology, under the heading Method. Be unbiased, stay close to the data, i.e. the transcripts, and do not hesitate to code plenty of phenomena. You can have lots of codes, even hundreds.
STEP 3, decide which codes are the most important, and create categories by bringing several codes together
3.1. Go through all the codes created in the previous step. Read them, with a pen in your hand.
3.2. You can create new codes by combining two or more codes.
3.3. You do not have to use all the codes that you created in the previous step.
3.4. In fact, many of these initial codes can now be dropped.
3.5. Keep the codes that you think are important and group them together in the way you want.
3.6. Create categories. (You can call them themes if you want.)
3.7. The categories do not have to be of the same type. They can be about objects, processes, differences, or whatever.
3.8. Be unbiased, creative and open-minded.
3.9. Your work now, compared to the previous steps, is on a more general, abstract level. You are conceptualizing your data.
STEP 4, label categories and decide which are the most relevant and how they are connected to each other
4.1. Label the categories. Here are some examples:
Adaptation (Category)
Updating rulebook (sub-category)
Changing schedule (sub-category)
New routines (sub-category)
Seeking information (Category)
Talking to colleagues (sub-category)
Reading journals (sub-category)
Attending meetings (sub-category)
Problem-solving (Category)
Locate and fix problems fast (sub-category)
Quick alarm systems (sub-category)
4.2. Describe the connections between them.
4.3. The categories and connections are the main results of your study. It is new knowledge about the world, from the perspective of the participants in your study.
STEP 5, some options
5.1. Decide if there is a hierarchy among the categories.
5.2. Decide if one category is more important than the other.
5.3. Draw a figure to summarize your results.
STEP 6, write up your results
6.1. Under the heading Results, describe the categories and how they are connected. Use a neutral voice, and do not interpret your results.
6.2. Under the heading Discussion, write out your interpretations and discuss your results. Interpret the results in light of, for example:
*results from similar, previous studies published in relevant scientific journals;
*theories or concepts from your field;
*other relevant aspects.
STEP 7 Ending remark
Nb: it is also OK not to divide the data into segments. Narrative analysis of interview transcripts, for example, does not rely on the fragmentation of the interview data. (Narrative analysis is not discussed in this tutorial.)
Further, I have assumed that your task is to make sense of a lot of unstructured data, i.e. that you have qualitative data in the form of interview transcripts. However, remember that most of the things I have said in this tutorial are basic, and also apply to qualitative analysis in general. You can use the steps described in this tutorial to analyze:
*notes from participatory observations;
*documents;
*web pages;
*or other types of qualitative data.
STEP 8 Suggested reading
Alan Bryman's book: 'Social Research Methods' published by Oxford University Press.
Steinar Kvale's and Svend Brinkmann's book 'InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing' published by SAGE.
Text and video (including audio) © Kent Löfgren, Sweden
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This is how you refer to this source in APA Style: Löfgren, K. [kentlofgren]. (2013, May 19). Qualitative analysis of interview data: A step-by-step guide [Video file]. Retrieved from (put the URL to the film here) Note: Write the title of the video in italics.
@OtiGaming14
3 жыл бұрын
🙌🏽❤️
@celesteyappy3794
2 жыл бұрын
Thank you so much!
@joyo6063
2 жыл бұрын
Thank you
@philocaLYY
Жыл бұрын
bless u omg
@melmorris134
Жыл бұрын
So sorry to ask but could you direct me to how to write the invitation for potential candidates to attend the interviews for the research? Thanks so much
I can't thank you enough! I've read numerous books and articles but this is the only thing that has given me a clear understanding of qualitative analysis. You are a life saver.
@kentlofgren
8 жыл бұрын
+iampaxo I had the same experience earlier, too, and decided to (try to) simplify as much as possible.
@foxybloodykiller2777
6 жыл бұрын
me tooo! why is that books are like that? hahaha
@dino0930750
5 жыл бұрын
Agree. My supervisor kept telling me to read those articles about qualitative analysis but the problem is they are not practical for a beginner who' s going to start their first qualitative analysis.
@usamaali367
5 жыл бұрын
Can we say We develop a scale after thematic Analysis, but before Pilot study?? As i am going to conduct a research for my thesis. I will do thematic Analysis, Then thems will be counvert into Scale items/scale. But I am not interesting to do pilot study for thesis work, Is that right or Should I go for Pilot study as well???? Plz give you valuable suggestions.
@roderickselda5225
5 жыл бұрын
Yes. Same here. I've downloaded so many power points and pdfs, surf the net and read books, and it really messed me up not until i saw this video. Thanks a lot from Philippines with love!
Your voice is ASMR for researchers - I can't thank you enough for clarifying and calming in one go.
As a second-semester PhD student, I can say that this is very informative, useful, and easy to understand. Thank you, Dr. Löfgren!
Thank you. This tutorial taught me in few minutes what I could not learn in an entire semester.
@watson10431
3 жыл бұрын
Same here, Rajshree! I agree with you.
@honestguide4552
3 жыл бұрын
its amazing how a good mentor makes all the difference
The most simplified guide on qualitative data analysis ever! Thank you a bunch for sharing this!
Once again, a youtube video solved my strugles. This was exactly what I needed in my graduation research. Thank you, Kent, for this helpful and clear video.
Thank you so much!!! You've been able to help me get rid of that "drowning in data" feeling. been stuck on this dissertation a while and having someone explain this with examples is priceless.
Thank you! This is such a great help! The books I was reading were leaving me more confused than when I started. Your video cleared up many questions I had.
Thanks ,, it just save my life man. Easy, simple, super clear, thank you very much!
Seven years later, you helped another person. Honestly, thank you!!
@kentlofgren
3 жыл бұрын
Glad to hear it!
Kent - hurrah! Wonderfully presented - wow. Simple, but complete. And your vocal style is really, really relaxing for us harried would-be-researchers. Working on my first real research paper as a graduate student. I am usually close to tears under the cascade of data and formal requirements. I'm so glad your video was a top hit on Google. Thank you.
I am really greatful for this video. I have up to 7 standard books on qualitative research and seemed very overwhelmed with the sheer amount of data including the interview transcripts that I had generated. I had very little time and was really overwhelmed and didnt know what to do next until I came across this video. Thank you!
The best video I watched in 2019, made my life so much better and wiped so much stress out of my mind
Thanks for this! Dissertation due in two weeks and I've yet to analyse my data but this has been so helpful!
I can read books forever and it rarely gives me the integral overall information I need. Your audio tutorial has consolidated my general preconceptions of doing analysis and also given me additional concepts and processes. Many Thanks.
Thank you so much for sharing this tutorial, Mr. Kent. It was crystal clear and easy to comprehend. All the best for you!
STEPS MENTIONED IN THE VIDEO Step1: Reading the transcripts Step2: Labeling relevant pieces Step3: Decide which codes are the most important, and create categories by bringing several codes together Step4: Label categories and decide which are the most relevant and how they are connected to each other Step5: Decide if there is a hierarchy among the categories, if one category is more important than the other or draw a figure to summarize your results. Step6: Write up your results
@kunalsingh503
6 жыл бұрын
it's like an easier version of an easy version. lmao thanks
@priscahmanyimo2509
5 жыл бұрын
thank you crismarie
@JohnSmith-yn7jz
5 жыл бұрын
Step7: $$$!!!Profit!!!$$$
@malfieri760
4 жыл бұрын
@Nayan Kadam I'm pretty sure there is no 'correct' approach to Coding data, just the one most appropriate for your own research aims and objectives :) This is just a thorough way of doing it
@chandrakumarbankar3579
4 жыл бұрын
Is it possible to work manually with large data? What could be other method please explain.
After reading for days about qualitative analysis and feeling more and more confused your presentation finally gave me something I can work with.
THIS is awesome! Thank you so much for this video! Most people just tend to make things more complicated than what it actually is, but you explain it all in a simple & straightforward way. Now I know what to do with my data. :)
This was exactly what I needed! Thank you so much for putting it so concisely!
Thank you Kent, this makes it easier to understand research analysis. Thank you for spending the time to help people with their projects.
Thank you SO much for sharing this. I am doing my masters and my research involves qualitative interviews. I was feeling very overwhelmed by all the resources and texts out there, and this really helped simplify things for me! I really appreciate this short, simple, and accessible explanation of the possible steps :)
Thanks Kent. I have been a qual practitioner for 30 years and internalized the analysic process completely. Now I have to explain the process to students and your video has helped me a lot. Of course there is so much more to say about this beautiful process of analytic reasoning, but this gives us a firm basis.
I was able to quickly browse through and gather all the information I need without watching the whole video. all thanks to your informative scripts and neat, bullet point presentation. Thank you very much.
Thank you so much! I'm in the middle of the qualitative research of my Master thesis and this clear construction helps me get familiar with the steps I have to take!
you will have a very special thank you note in my phd thesis :)
Had a two hours lecture on this topic but didn't even understand a bit about what to do. This has been helpful. Thank you!
Sitting on a huge pile of data right now. This video is so simple and so clear. Thank you!
I love how you are effortlessly explaining this with simplicity. Thank you so much.
@kentlofgren
4 ай бұрын
Thank you for your kind comment; best wishes!
Thank you so much for this video! I have struggled so much trying to understand the thematic analysis process and thanks to you it has now become clear. Really am very grateful
Ahh you legend, all the reading I've done have muddled my thoughts on how to code interviews, but this video is a god send. Pretty much have saved my dissertation haha
A very nice and clear video. I am trying to combine qualitative data from interviews, questionnaires and observations and I already learned a little bit about coding, but this video really helped in how to structure it. This will certainly help me with writing my master thesis! Thanks Kent Löfgren
Thank you for this video!! I read a lot everywhere, trying to understand the main steps of this analysis and no one is like yours
I subscribed so I could repeatedly review - your video is clarifying what I must do as I prepare to do coding of interviews. Thank you.
I totally concur. I will definitely share this with my colleagues, its easy to go through the process with these guidelines. You are indeed a life saver.
Being completely new to social science methods of analysis and coming from a quantitative background, I cannot thank you enough for this helpful video!
Thank you for the clear, helpful explanation. I understand the examples in my books and articles, but when I was trying to do my own coding, I was feeling very uncertain. Your video really clarified some of the processes.
Thank you so much! Your voice is so calming and it makes me understand better. A big hug from central america!
I finally understand! Been going around in circles about this. Thanks very much!
Thank you! In a doctoral world of abstract, philosophical explanations, it is nice to have a clear simple explanations of how to make sense of interview data. Thanks! Aaron C. Kingsley - Exeter University
@kentlofgren
8 жыл бұрын
Very kind of you. This is precisely the aim I had in mind when recording it.
This is the best step by step guide on youtube. Thank you so much, very helpful.
This is very helpful Kent. I use it in one of my classes. I've probably shown it to a few hundred students at this point. Thank you.
The best video i have stumbled into as I embark on my qualitative data analysis. Thank you very much.
Wow! This is everything I needed. Simple yet very much effective. Thank you!
Thank you for this - I have spent all day looking for clear information but none was helpful! Very informative.
I would like to say thank you for this very short and precise video.. I found it very useful. Keep up the great work !
Referred to this video to make sure that i was on the right track. Extremely helpful. Thanks!
Hi! I'm from Indonesia and I saw this video for my thesis. Thanks for lots of information, I need them a lot. Thank you, Sir!👍🏻
I teach action research at a graduate level. This is a very helpful resource for my students. Thank you for creating such a clear, brief explanation.
Tack för en UTOMORDENTLIGT välgjord och användbar guide :D
This is just so great... You melted my fears in less than 7 minutes. Many thanks sire!
Still changing the lives of everyday researchers and students.. thanks Kent
One of the most helpful tutorials I've ever seen- thank you for being so clear!
@kentlofgren
2 жыл бұрын
Glad it was helpful!
Thanks for this video. It is a real lifesaver...I have been struggling with my analysis for days, this video just broke the steps down quite beautifully.
Jeez! THANK YOU!!! I put that in caps to represent my deep appreciation. Indeed, there are teachers and there are TEACHERS! 🙌
@kentlofgren
3 жыл бұрын
Glad it was helpful! Good luck with your projects!
I appreciate your chill and knowledgeable approach.
Thank you so much for your tutorial. It simply the process of using qualitative analysis to analyze interview data but captures the paramount features. I really learned a lot, thx again!
Thanks a lot! Very concise and most helpful for a first-timer of qualitative data analysis!
your voice is so calming, never have I ever wanted an educational video to last longer... and thank you so much! i have my dissertation to hand in three days and this is god send.
@kentlofgren
2 жыл бұрын
You got this!
Kent, I've been teaching QDA for several years and I greatly appreciate the clarity of your explanation--you said in a few minutes that it usually takes me a couple of hours to explain. Great job.
@kentlofgren
8 жыл бұрын
+Ross Sackett Thanks! Always nice to hear from a colleague. As we know, trying to define various methods, theories, and research traditions can be a bit... tricky :-) It's like a minefield sometimes.
I wish I could like this video a million times. It's exactly what I'm working on right now and I had got stuck until I came across your tutorial. Thank you 😊
@kentlofgren
10 ай бұрын
I struggled with the same thing when I was new, so I wanted to make a short and to-the-point video to help others. All the best!
Finally something that I understood properly. Nice !!! Joss !!! Thanks a lot ... keep sharing
You are a lifesaver! Really nice put, simply written! Blessings!
Thank you very much for such simple and clear instructions on how to code and categorize the data. The more books I've read, it was less and less clear to me what it was all about. But thanks to your video it all came together in my head! :)
Thank you very much . This short video made my life easier, I have no enough words to really thank you and show my appreciation
Fantastic video - really helped me wrap my head around how to analyze interview data for a graduate school class project.
Wonderful, just what I have been looking for, for months. Thank you very much, Sir Kent
After scouring the internet for the best part of 3 days looking for info on a research methods assignment I had to do, this is the only thing that has truly helped me. Thank you kind sir :)
Once again, another video that has helped me immensely in my dissertation. Thank you, thank you, thank you!
thank you thank you so much. I was at a loss and didn't know where or how to start. your video is a saver! Good job!! :)
Awesome tutorial, thank you very much! It is very helpful for my university qualitative research, because I could not understood from the books how to do coding, this process is described everywherein a veeeery complex way. Now everything is clear!
You have helped to simplify what I already thought but doubted was legit. Ready to proceed with my analysis thanks to your invaluable help from your tutorial
This is very interest step by step explanation on how qualitative data analysis from interviews could be explained to novice researchers and research students. Very helpful presentation. Thank you.
Thank you so so much for this video, as a first year uni student i have been struggling with coding for weeks now.
This is a fantastic video. Nice and concise and I like how it is broken down into steps. This is just what I needed.
thank you very much! This is clearer than any other books online!
Hi professor... I´m from Brazil, I´m working with the impact of the petro and gas companies over tradicional fishery and I found your class very usefull. Thank´s very much!
Brief and informative, what an excellent video!
I am writing my thesis and your video helped me to analyse my interviews. My supervisor were unhelpful with it. Thank you.
You have helped me to understand the concept and process on qualitatitive date management. I am now able to explain it to my students. Thanks so much.
Very well described. Your coverage was exhaustive and succinct.
Thank you! This is great! You taught me in few minutes what I could not learn in other materials!
@Kent Lofgren - You just brought sanity into my horror on interview analysis right now Sept 27.2016!. Thank You!
Thanks, I appreciate the compliment.
Thank you so much for doing this. Helped me so much. Was just told about this today and told to demonstrate it, thank you for sharing this, and yes I am working on my Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology .
Thank you, Kent. Short and sweet!
Thank you Ken. Your video was very helpful. Keep up the good work..You are making a positive impact with your videos.
Thank you so much Kent, this has been very helpful. Also doing a little research along the business lines, and your words resonate very much with my way of thinking and organising info, seeing patterns etc. I was feeling alittle overwhelmed, although new I would be able to find patterns eventually, your clip helped me touch ground level again and see it as not such a huge task after all. Remembering that it just requires time and a thoughtful process. I also wanted to add that I found your voice lovely to listen to and if I needed "eye candy", you have a little picture below the video so all good :).
@kentlofgren
8 жыл бұрын
I'm glad the content helped you forward and that you enjoyed the format (sound). I put a lot of time and effort into most of my videos, including making the sound/voice clear and smooth.
thank you, your post gave me a better understanding than any book or teacher could of done!! This video was a lifesaver!!
@kentlofgren
7 жыл бұрын
thx for your kind words. I just wanted to simplify this process, and put together a very short video.
Clear, concise, simple. Thank you for this video.
The steps are clear and can be followed easily.L have been looking for the simple way to analyse my date but yours has given me a starting point thank you
I wish I read this before, this is a great and clear methodology. Thank you.
Thank you!!!! Just found this gem! I appreciate your information!
Thank you for the information. It was easy to follow, and I now clearly understand this process in my qualitative analysis of my interviews. Thank You!
Really well done! Such a concise explanation of the steps and terms. Bravo!
This is an amazing, rich and precise video. Thank you for sharing!
Really helped me with analysing my interview answers for my masters dissertation! Thanks
This is an excellent explanation of the analytical process - well done, and thank you for compiling this!!
Thanks a lot, I read quite a bit of literature about the coding process and it really confused me as everybody seems to give slightly different advice - this cleared it all up!