Pragmatics | Endophora & Exophora Types | Anaphora | Cataphora | Presupposition & Interrogation Use
This is the detailed lecture, here is the description:
ENDOPHORA:
Endophora is a phenomenon which derive the reference from something within the surrounding text. The expressions that derive these references are called enophors. In these sentences, “I saw Badar yesterday. He was in hospital.” Here “he” is an endophoric reference because it refers to something expressed before that is “Badar.”
Types of Endophora:
1. Anaphora
Use of pronouns and noun phrases with “the” to refer back to something already mentioned
We make a distinction in introducing new referents (such as a cat, a boy) and referring back to them (the cat, he, it, etc.)
2. Cataphora
A word that refers to or has the same meaning as the later word. For example in ‘When he saw me, Steve looked shocked,’ ‘he’ is a cataphor for ‘Steve.’ Here he comes, one of the prominent man in Linguistics. George Yule!
3. Self-Reference
Any expression or idea that refers to itself is a self-reference. For example, I was the one who helped you.
EXOPHORA:
Exophora is a phenomenon in which the reference is something extralinguistic (i.e. not present in the same text). Exophoric expressions have not their reference within the text but outside the text. In the example: “He was in hospital,” if we do not find the surrounding information that whom he was, then “he” would be an exophoric reference which suggests that the speaker expect her/his audience to have prior knowledge about “he” or “he” is shown to audience and says: “He was in hospital.”
A type of exophora is “homophora."
Homphora:
Homophora is an reference which depends upon the cultural knowledge or general knowledge other than simple contextual knowledge. Example could be “the queen,” “the president,” “baby,” etc. In each country “the president would be different,” similarly “the queen” could be spoken for many queens but in each area it would be different. “Baby” would be spoken by their own baby in each family.
PRESUPPOSTION:
An assumption by a speaker/writer about what is true or already known by the listener/reader.
Something that you believe to be true and use as the beginning of an argument even though it has not been proved; the act of believing it is true. When we use referring expressions like this, he or Chomsky, we assume that our listener can recognize which referent is intended.
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sir basically introvert is a person who doesn't share his / or her sentiment{ but extrovert is a person who is blunt to say everything to everyone.
Sir your explanation is very wonderful I like your all video I Indian appreciate you
@Umair_Linguistics
4 жыл бұрын
Bundle of thanks dear 😊
Your way of teaching is really admirable and because of your effort this subject become understandable and interesting for me thanks a lot ❤❤
Thanku so much I'm so worried another thing modality its types please with examples ??
@Umair_Linguistics
4 жыл бұрын
This topic too. I haven't made video. But you can find it easily on internet.
Bht great sir apnay bht kaml ka samjaya thanks
@Umair_Linguistics
3 жыл бұрын
Thank you
I'm o worried about my exams but I couldn't understand as long as any body to teach
@Umair_Linguistics
4 жыл бұрын
I am also busy nowadays.
No problem sir ap na apologize kary humari problem solve ho jati ha apka lecture sun k thank uuuu soo much. Sir
@Umair_Linguistics
3 жыл бұрын
Thank you. I'm glad I could help 😊
Asslamu alaikum sir thank you so much ap nhi janty main kitni confus thi but after this vedio main bhot relax feel kr rhi hon once again thank you so much Allah Pak apko bhot saari kambyabion sy nwazy ameeeen
@Umair_Linguistics
3 жыл бұрын
Waalkum Assalam. Ameen. Pray for me that I get full scholarship in Finland this year
@ulfatgulzar2623
3 жыл бұрын
In sha Allah jitni help aaj k lecture sy meri hoi ha dil sy dua nikli ha apky liye Allah Pak apki help kraingy in Sha Allah
@Umair_Linguistics
3 жыл бұрын
@@ulfatgulzar2623 Ameen. May Allah help you do.
@ulfatgulzar2623
3 жыл бұрын
Ameen thank you mery bhi exams ho rhy hain pray for me
@Umair_Linguistics
3 жыл бұрын
@@ulfatgulzar2623 insha'Allah Allah will bless you with success
Thank you 😊
Appreciated... Bilkul aisy hi tik hai sir... Lengthy is good...
Metaphor it's types
@Umair_Linguistics
4 жыл бұрын
Sorry, I haven't yet made videos on this.
Mashallah sir thanks for this work especially I got to much concept from your videos❤❤❤
@Umair_Linguistics
4 жыл бұрын
Jazak Allah. May Allah bless you with success in both worlds. My exams are very near, pray for me. Also pray for my scholarship in best universities.
@hizarhayat3406
4 жыл бұрын
Ameen inshallah sir you will be successful in your exam and also you will be got scholarship inshallah we all of your students will specially pray for you.❤❤
@Umair_Linguistics
4 жыл бұрын
@@hizarhayat3406 Jazak Allah and one more that nay Allah use me in His way. Thank you
Good work
@Umair_Linguistics
3 жыл бұрын
I'm glad I could help 😊
Metnomy it's types
@Umair_Linguistics
4 жыл бұрын
I have made video on this: kzread.info/dash/bejne/gZt-u9l_cpzFo7g.html
Thanks you so much sir . Your way of reaching is very good. You made linguistics understand able for me.
@Umair_Linguistics
4 жыл бұрын
Jazak Allah. I'm glad I could help 😊. It's all with the help of Allah. WATCH LINGUISTS LECTURES ON SEVERAL AREAS OF LINGUISTS: The Study of Language Solved Study Questions: kzread.info/dash/bejne/k3WEzdNym5moaco.html The Origins of Language: kzread.info/dash/bejne/aJiumdGTZKanltY.html Animals and Human Language: kzread.info/dash/bejne/gaZosqVshNe9qMY.html Phonetics: kzread.info/dash/bejne/oIpnpNqHptWaibQ.html Phonology: kzread.info/dash/bejne/q6qflbiQps--fKw.html Word Formation: kzread.info/dash/bejne/Z3-Zppiyd5u0c6Q.html Morphology: kzread.info/dash/bejne/ZnZlk8Ouir21abA.html Grammar: kzread.info/dash/bejne/m3l80JeQnpu6lto.html Syntax: kzread.info/dash/bejne/iGd5o5hwdLLNhMo.html Semantics: kzread.info/dash/bejne/ZmGYu82LoqvRYqw.html Pragmatics: kzread.info/dash/bejne/dn6XypWceaW8hJM.html Discourse Analysis: kzread.info/dash/bejne/qKGZ2dqvka61eqg.html Neurolinguistics: kzread.info/dash/bejne/pJtl2cR9iK_Yj9o.html First Language Acquisition: kzread.info/dash/bejne/p6dpsKScZKrPYZc.html Second Language Acquisition: kzread.info/dash/bejne/mK53ydKylMuspKQ.html Gestures and Sign Language: kzread.info/dash/bejne/a5hlm8xylcuvgpc.html Written Language: kzread.info/dash/bejne/fGFq26lrd9etnZs.html Language History and Change kzread.info/dash/bejne/dIehrquMe7qsgNo.html Regional Variation in Language: kzread.info/dash/bejne/k6lhx5iula23ps4.html Social Variation in Language (Sociolinguistics): kzread.info/dash/bejne/lYRlo7Kyk7LAn9o.html Language and Culture: kzread.info/head/PLAcqtFsfySfVw4iyn4pguuWaz9tMKR6pO A Course in Phonetics [English]: kzread.info/head/PLAcqtFsfySfXtQ8qVOthh1PrT7YG21cLf A Course in Phonetics [Urdu]: kzread.info/head/PLAcqtFsfySfXBhbOkpAhoaTdWTZcXEMkG Translation Studies: kzread.info/head/PLAcqtFsfySfV5Lab9S7J6GKqQsJJ7PSgr Corpus Tools and Software: kzread.info/head/PLAcqtFsfySfVL5FV8BkJFf3fNS6CHRLmu Linguistics: kzread.info/head/PLAcqtFsfySfV_7TR4BWmccCfJgZmsahxw Linguistics Lectures in Urdu/Hindi: kzread.info/head/PLAcqtFsfySfWzjQiMC0ZO-3r1X9XNSj4J Linguistics Lectures in English: kzread.info/head/PLAcqtFsfySfWVTPvOS4S8RtCH-xKs2ZY7 The Origins of Language [ English ]: kzread.info/head/PLAcqtFsfySfUqfMB77t75ymwihP2ADgeR Animals and Human Language [ English ]: kzread.info/head/PLAcqtFsfySfWfIT8LYetcAYxTHHHsPycO The Sounds of Language [ ENGLISH ]: kzread.info/head/PLAcqtFsfySfWuBdXHew1ZUpUGqoZIIsGf
Very clear lectures
Thnk uu Sir the way of your teaching is So good
@Umair_Linguistics
2 жыл бұрын
I'm glad I could help
@saimamalik3218
2 жыл бұрын
@@Umair_Linguistics God bless uuu bhaii
Great and knowledgeable video
@Umair_Linguistics
4 жыл бұрын
Thank you for your feedback. Jazak Allah. I'm glad I could help 😊. WATCH LINGUISTS LECTURES ON SEVERAL AREAS OF LINGUISTS: The Study of Language Solved Study Questions: kzread.info/dash/bejne/k3WEzdNym5moaco.html The Origins of Language: kzread.info/dash/bejne/aJiumdGTZKanltY.html Animals and Human Language: kzread.info/dash/bejne/gaZosqVshNe9qMY.html Phonetics: kzread.info/dash/bejne/oIpnpNqHptWaibQ.html Phonology: kzread.info/dash/bejne/q6qflbiQps--fKw.html Word Formation: kzread.info/dash/bejne/Z3-Zppiyd5u0c6Q.html Morphology: kzread.info/dash/bejne/ZnZlk8Ouir21abA.html Grammar: kzread.info/dash/bejne/m3l80JeQnpu6lto.html Syntax: kzread.info/dash/bejne/iGd5o5hwdLLNhMo.html Semantics: kzread.info/dash/bejne/ZmGYu82LoqvRYqw.html Pragmatics: kzread.info/dash/bejne/dn6XypWceaW8hJM.html Discourse Analysis: kzread.info/dash/bejne/qKGZ2dqvka61eqg.html Neurolinguistics: kzread.info/dash/bejne/pJtl2cR9iK_Yj9o.html First Language Acquisition: kzread.info/dash/bejne/p6dpsKScZKrPYZc.html Second Language Acquisition: kzread.info/dash/bejne/mK53ydKylMuspKQ.html Gestures and Sign Language: kzread.info/dash/bejne/a5hlm8xylcuvgpc.html Written Language: kzread.info/dash/bejne/fGFq26lrd9etnZs.html Language History and Change kzread.info/dash/bejne/dIehrquMe7qsgNo.html Regional Variation in Language: kzread.info/dash/bejne/k6lhx5iula23ps4.html Social Variation in Language (Sociolinguistics): kzread.info/dash/bejne/lYRlo7Kyk7LAn9o.html Language and Culture: kzread.info/head/PLAcqtFsfySfVw4iyn4pguuWaz9tMKR6pO A Course in Phonetics [English]: kzread.info/head/PLAcqtFsfySfXtQ8qVOthh1PrT7YG21cLf A Course in Phonetics [Urdu]: kzread.info/head/PLAcqtFsfySfXBhbOkpAhoaTdWTZcXEMkG Translation Studies: kzread.info/head/PLAcqtFsfySfV5Lab9S7J6GKqQsJJ7PSgr Corpus Tools and Software: kzread.info/head/PLAcqtFsfySfVL5FV8BkJFf3fNS6CHRLmu
Thank you very much sir 😊
@Umair_Linguistics
2 жыл бұрын
Welcome
😊
Thanks a bunch , you always made this confusing subject easiest for me .
@Umair_Linguistics
2 жыл бұрын
I'm glad I could help.
Thank you so much sir
@Umair_Linguistics
2 жыл бұрын
Thank you too
Thanks
sir, Pro Form mn Function words mean just Pronouns han, ya all function words include hn??
@Umair_Linguistics
4 жыл бұрын
Pro-form ma kyun k substitution Hoti ha to pronoun k ilawa aur bhi categorised as Sakti hain. I'm not sure, but usually pro-form is described as: A pro-form is a word, substituting for other words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, whose meaning is recoverable from the linguistic or extralinguistic context.
@amnaarana2949
4 жыл бұрын
ok thnx sr
@Umair_Linguistics
4 жыл бұрын
Aur koi question ho to aap Instagram pa Puch lain beshak instagram.com/umairlinguistics/
Plzzz sound zyada krain...zra enthusiasm k sath bolain
@Umair_Linguistics
2 жыл бұрын
Sure, you will see improvement in next videos inshallah
You delivered a good and informative lecture but I am bit confused about constancy under negation.
@Umair_Linguistics
3 жыл бұрын
I'm really sorry but I don't have much command on this topic.
SIR, I'm listening this lecture after 2 years do did you get marry or not? your example was really fascinating and it literally gave risen to my mood XD
@Umair_Linguistics
3 жыл бұрын
No, I have not yet married.
Sir 2 years ho Gaye ha , ap ke abhi shadi Howe k Nahi ?
@Umair_Linguistics
2 жыл бұрын
Haha. Nahi
@midrarullah1488
2 жыл бұрын
@@Umair_Linguistics ... What are you waiting for?...
Anaphora and deixis mn Kia farq h?
@Umair_Linguistics
3 жыл бұрын
Anaphora is also a type of deixis. Deixis means any pointing words
Is there any connection between Metonymy and Inference.. Plz explain it..
@Umair_Linguistics
4 жыл бұрын
Yes, we can create. But usually metonymy is many times fixed e.g. "white house has announced" is a metonymy. Most of the people will understand it easily. On the other hand "inference" a lot more depends on one's personal observation. People may infer differently from the same word based on their background knowledge. Inference is highly influenced by our previous experience and knowledge. Hope, this explanation is useful. You can watch my video on Metonymy: kzread.info/dash/bejne/gZt-u9l_cpzFo7g.html ALL PLAYLISTS ON LINGUISTICS The Origins of Language: kzread.info/dash/bejne/aJiumdGTZKanltY.html Animals and Human Language: kzread.info/dash/bejne/gaZosqVshNe9qMY.html Phonetics: kzread.info/dash/bejne/oIpnpNqHptWaibQ.html Phonology: kzread.info/dash/bejne/q6qflbiQps--fKw.html Word Formation: kzread.info/dash/bejne/Z3-Zppiyd5u0c6Q.html Morphology: kzread.info/dash/bejne/ZnZlk8Ouir21abA.html Grammar: kzread.info/dash/bejne/m3l80JeQnpu6lto.html Syntax: kzread.info/dash/bejne/iGd5o5hwdLLNhMo.html Semantics: kzread.info/dash/bejne/ZmGYu82LoqvRYqw.html Pragmatics: kzread.info/dash/bejne/dn6XypWceaW8hJM.html Discourse Analysis: kzread.info/dash/bejne/qKGZ2dqvka61eqg.html Neurolinguistics: kzread.info/dash/bejne/pJtl2cR9iK_Yj9o.html First Language Acquisition: kzread.info/dash/bejne/p6dpsKScZKrPYZc.html Second Language Acquisition: kzread.info/dash/bejne/mK53ydKylMuspKQ.html Gestures and Sign Language: kzread.info/dash/bejne/a5hlm8xylcuvgpc.html Written Language: kzread.info/dash/bejne/fGFq26lrd9etnZs.html Language History and Change kzread.info/dash/bejne/dIehrquMe7qsgNo.html Regional Variation in Language: kzread.info/dash/bejne/k6lhx5iula23ps4.html Social Variation in Language (Sociolinguistics): kzread.info/dash/bejne/lYRlo7Kyk7LAn9o.html Language and Culture: kzread.info/head/PLAcqtFsfySfVw4iyn4pguuWaz9tMKR6pO
@UsmanShah-lg8wn
4 жыл бұрын
@@Umair_Linguistics Thank you so
@UsmanShah-lg8wn
4 жыл бұрын
@@Umair_Linguistics are pragmatic Markers and Discourse makers considered the same things?
@Umair_Linguistics
4 жыл бұрын
@@UsmanShah-lg8wn I'm glad I could help 😊
@Umair_Linguistics
4 жыл бұрын
Pragmatic markers are actually functional only unlike discourse markers which are physical ties (there, moreover, therefore, firstly, etc). However, pragmatic markers may change the attitude of the reader towards the meaning, e.g. If a writer is creating the background using "haunted" words then the reader will surely be frightened, but no actual "zombies" are appearing in front of you. It's difficult to explain, I hope you understand. The main difference between discourse markers and pragmatic markers is that discourse markers are physically appearing in text (there, moreover, therefore, firstly, etc), while pragmatic markers are functional. Here is a definition: Manipulative uses of pragmatic markers in political discourse I'm sharing the link of an article: www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=journals.linguisticsociety.org/elanguage/pragmatics/article/download/418/418-712-1-PB.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjpxc6N95boAhX8lHIEHaFjBjAQFjANegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw0oaDZwQv3rqHCpoo_QRyZI&cshid=1584085800649
Please answer me Can an endaphoric be an exophoric !??!
@Umair_Linguistics
3 жыл бұрын
Sorry, I don't have the answer for this question right now, I am busy in my exams
@mosawiayda8026
3 жыл бұрын
@@Umair_Linguistics later !
@mosawiayda8026
3 жыл бұрын
@@Umair_Linguistics can an anaphora be an exophora? that was my question..! And i need it argent pls...
@Umair_Linguistics
3 жыл бұрын
Insha Allah after exams, for the time being you can contact me at my Instagram instagram.com/umairlinguistics/
34: 42 Hmari bi shadi nehi huyi he.hhhhhhh
@Umair_Linguistics
4 жыл бұрын
😂❣️. Ho Jaye gi Insha Allah
Apny introvert aur extrovert ko ghalat bataya hy... introvert apny jazbat Kise Sy share nhe krta extrovert share krta hy.....
@somiakhan1887
Жыл бұрын
Isky elawa apky lectures bht achay hoty Hain.....
Bro you have intermingled introvert and extrovert.Introvert does not express opinions but extrovert expresses opinions..
@Umair_Linguistics
3 жыл бұрын
Thank you sister, I appreciate that you have pointed out my mistake 😊, I always acknowledge it, thank you so much for your feedback, keep giving me such valuable feedback.
@irammalik9758
3 жыл бұрын
@@Umair_Linguistics Don't worry .sometime it happens with everyone😊😊
@Umair_Linguistics
3 жыл бұрын
@@irammalik9758 Glad to see your response 🙂