Shorts paathutu 2024 la full movie pakkavathavar sangam😂😂

@user-so3cm8ei6z

4 ай бұрын

Same here

@divyasriarunachalam838

4 ай бұрын

Same 😂

@karuvandu8472

4 ай бұрын

Same 🤣

@mh-yl8qk

4 ай бұрын

Same

@sureshpriyasureshpriya1262

4 ай бұрын

Same same 😂

Anyone in 2024... Just now I've watched

@kousalyamukesh5073

4 ай бұрын

I am

@PriyaPriya-jd3ds

4 ай бұрын

🤚

@user-yv5yz2tq3m

4 ай бұрын

Now iam watching

@user-uz5jc9io6o

4 ай бұрын

This song remembering vertiuadu vilayadi song (un siripinil song)

@Nicwin

4 ай бұрын

Ss

How many members watching today oh my God.. I'm also the one 24.03.2024

@sureshpriyasureshpriya1262

4 ай бұрын

Ssssssssss

@Manikandanmani-qp7ml

4 ай бұрын

I am also

@cristiansongs5170

4 ай бұрын

Sss

@GokilaVaithy-dj3kt

4 ай бұрын

Me too comes from shorts

@bhavyachinnu1753

4 ай бұрын

I am too

2024 il yaravathu irukkingala ❤ Tq frends 1k like

@sahad3049

4 ай бұрын

S

@kayal491

4 ай бұрын

Ssss

@smartrvr9701

4 ай бұрын

I'm watching now

@AathilJasmine-qn5hg

4 ай бұрын

❤

@RamjanBeevi-pq2qe

4 ай бұрын

Nan pakuran

ஆயிரம் மாற்றம் வந்தாலும் கணவன் மனைவி இடையில் இருக்கும் அன்பும் அரவணைப்பும் மாறக்கூடாது அது இருந்தாலே ஒருத்தருக்கொருவர் துரோகம் செய்ய மணம் வராது வேருஒருவரை நினைக்க மனம் விரும்பாது ❤❤❤

@r.maheswarir.maheswari483

4 ай бұрын

sure friend

@ParthibanVincy-xy6si

3 ай бұрын

Ila poi amapalainga thorogi

@mithrafashions6626

3 ай бұрын

100% unmai aambalainga thurogi

@AarthiAarthi-ib3pr

Ай бұрын

it's correct 💯

Appo ellarum 2024 la than indha movie paaka vandhingala 😅

@AbiAbirami-cp7cl

3 ай бұрын

Yes😥

@neethu4216

3 ай бұрын

😂😂Aahma

@DeviAmeera

3 ай бұрын

😂😂😂😂😂

@Nirof1234

3 ай бұрын

Yaah eppo vanthe ithu

@RojaRoja-jp2bo

3 ай бұрын

Mm

Watching this movie for the first time today's date 24.3.2024..😊

@naturallover2574

4 ай бұрын

Naanum ennakitha patha...😅

@sd_d

4 ай бұрын

Im watching today 25.3.2024

@aswinie8715

4 ай бұрын

25/3/2024 .......Iravu 8 mani 10 nimidam❤

@charanavik7370

4 ай бұрын

Same naanum

@priyapriya1699

4 ай бұрын

25

2024 la paathutu irukkavanga like pannunga

@rathish3546

4 ай бұрын

Just now climax

@esa.kyu.hun123

4 ай бұрын

​@@rathish3546 naanum than😊

@ShanjanashriShanjanashri

4 ай бұрын

S it's me

@sangeethav8015

4 ай бұрын

❤

@sivaranjanir3103

2 ай бұрын

❤​@@esa.kyu.hun123

Andrea க்கு இது முதல் படமா??? நம்பவே முடியல, செம்ம ஆக்ட்டிங். ஜோ, சரத் மிரட்டிட்டாங்க 💐💐💐💖🥰 எல்லாத்துக்கும் மேல ஹாரிஸ் எல்லா பாடல்களும் அருமை 💐💐

@susminsuresh8040

8 ай бұрын

Yes. Andrea's first film

வாய்ப்பு கிடைக்காத வரை அனைவரும் நல்லவர்கள்தான், வலியவன் வாழ்வான்.

@Innovate-dream

3 ай бұрын

Correct than

ஒவ்வொரு ஆணும் கட்டாயமாக பார்க்க வேண்டிய படம். நன்றி ALL திரைப்பட கலைஞர்கள்.

@prakash135prakash4

Жыл бұрын

Appo neenge yaaru bro pombaleya....

@bsankar6176

Жыл бұрын

@@prakash135prakash4 🤣🤣🔥

@bsankar6176

Жыл бұрын

@@prakash135prakash4 ava boomer bto

@prakash135prakash4

Жыл бұрын

@@bsankar6176 puriyale konjam puriyubadi sollu

@bsankar6176

Жыл бұрын

@@prakash135prakash4 ava oru boomer sona bro

Comments padichikkitte movie paakravanga oru like podunga❤

Na romba nal ah parkanum ninachtu irrundha padam ...oru valiya parthtan...indha movie release aghi almost 15 yrs agirkum but ipa irrukra kalakatadhku crct set agum

@yazhini8743

2 жыл бұрын

Nanum than

@deepadhayalan2533

2 жыл бұрын

Nanum innikudha patha@ Feb 2022

@gnanammani6211

2 жыл бұрын

Hi

@sivasakthi4365

2 жыл бұрын

Me too

@gardenofdreams-lyrics1779

2 жыл бұрын

Heyyy same

கள்ள காதலால் ஏற்படும் பிரச்னைகளை சொல்லும் படம் சரத்குமார் அமைதியாக அழகாக நடித்து இருக்கிறார் ஜோதிகா வில்லி வேடத்தில் அற்புதமான நடிப்பை வெளிப்படுத்தி இருக்கிறார் படம் வெற்றி பெறவில்லை.

@kavinrajkavin4325

Жыл бұрын

படம் இப்ப வந்துருந்தா ஹிட் ஆகிருக்கும்

@gnishanthi9006

4 ай бұрын

​@@kavinrajkavin4325hmm.... Correct pa

Everyone praising jyothika's performance, but look at andrea, man she nailed it

@susminsuresh8040

Жыл бұрын

Yes. She made her perfect debut in this movie

@krishnakumar.k3051

6 ай бұрын

Avaluku umbu da

என் நிலை அறிந்தேன் ஏமாந்து போன (அவள் ) கல்யாணி இடத்தில் 1000 முறை கணவன் மன்னிப்பு கேட்டாலும் அவன் மீது வைத்த பழைய காதல் எங்க போனது என்று தினம் தனிமையில் என் கண்ணீரில் தேடுகிறேன்

@sathishkumar-no8tw

4 ай бұрын

Unmatha sister

@user-bz8ig4sv6n

4 ай бұрын

Nanum tha emarthen 😢😢

@GohilaTamilselvan

4 ай бұрын

அழகிய வரிகள்

@hiqmehndi

4 ай бұрын

Namum unga list la eamandhu iruken

@user-sj8qt4sp1q

4 ай бұрын

Nanum

இது படம் மாதிரி இல்லை. நிஜமாகவே நேரில் பார்ப்பதுப் போல் உள்ளது.

@nilamanivannanmanivannan9147

3 ай бұрын

இருக்கும்

@saankya2010

2 ай бұрын

Exactly brother. I was about to say the same. 👍

15 years before people were not ready to accept this script or movie,it didn't perform well at the box office. if it gets re-released for sure the movie will give a good response the current audience will accept this movie.

@shahul692

2 жыл бұрын

@abilash N exactly now people would accept it

@romhort

Жыл бұрын

It is a copy of Derailed (2005)

@beawarehelp6029

Жыл бұрын

@@romhort that's there in post credits

@chediakhigashiwolfram

4 ай бұрын

Only realistic movie of gvm... These incidents happen commonly...

@PradeepGovindaraju1

3 ай бұрын

@@romhort, Both the derailed movie and this one were official adaptation of the original book.

Moral of this movie: Extra Marital Affair is injurious to health 😄

@malathibhaskaran5453

Жыл бұрын

Exactly 👍

@ravisharmaramachandran1038

Жыл бұрын

S right

@flamebalu5326

Жыл бұрын

🤣

@sanjaysurya6840

Жыл бұрын

👌🤣🤗

@dhanushiguru5582

Жыл бұрын

😂😂😂 exactly

One of the best of gvm....Fantastic performance from all cast especially Jyothika.....Harris jayaraj music one of his best works....Sadly the movie came way ahead of its time and became underrated.

@mrlosing3486

2 жыл бұрын

100% this film and vettaiyadu vilayadu were two films that were way advanced back in those times.

@nureshmihassim1759

2 жыл бұрын

It was a copy from a Hollywood movie but this is a good attempt.

@hollywoodtimes4002

Жыл бұрын

Hollywood movie appadiyea yeadutha underrateda thaan pokum brother 🤣🤣🤣

@judvuioevilan8644

Жыл бұрын

@@nureshmihassim1759 there are many movies in hollywood like this and even in chinese, Japanese and Korean movies. The one line is similar in all of those movies.So,its not copy of hollywood movies it is most used oneline thats it.

@Karthik-mw8kn

8 ай бұрын

​@@mrlosing3486But Vettaiyadu Vilayadu was a big blockbuster at box office. Pachaikili Muthucharam was a flop.

You tube shorts pathu movie paka vanthuten😂in 24.3.2024

@janani189

4 ай бұрын

🙌

@kalaiarasirajkannan9908

4 ай бұрын

Today.... Me too

@chocoabichocoabi8190

4 ай бұрын

Yes,u tube shorts paathu movie paakka vanthan😮Na today 25.3.2024😂😂

@haribabug1442

4 ай бұрын

Me tooooooooo

@AbiAbirami-cp7cl

3 ай бұрын

Tiktok parthuttu vanthen😢😔

Awesome acting by Sarath sir and Jo Ma'm. People who have extra marital affairs should watch this movie....

@Kuberan_22

Жыл бұрын

😅😅😅

இந்த காலத்துக்கு பொருத்தமான படம் shorts பாத்து தான் இந்த படம் பாக்க வந்தேன் அருமை 👌10நிமிட அசைக்காக வாழ்க்கையை தொலைத்து விடாதீர்கள் .

Watching in July 19 2024, I don't know how I missed in theatre.. Awesome GVM. Lovely movie. And gud message for married men. Anyone in same taught hit like

🎼😍unakkul nane song parth movie pakkirathukku vanthathu 2023😍🥰🔥❤️🔥

@joelsolajames4836

Жыл бұрын

Naanum tha 😂 hit aagitee

@shilpashilpa1685

Жыл бұрын

Me

@kajandranbalasingam4275

Жыл бұрын

Also me

@sidharthasidhu7312

Жыл бұрын

Nanum tha 😂😂

@pavi.24

Жыл бұрын

Nanum atha song ketotha vanthu paka vantha

ஆண்கள் மனனவி தவிர வேறு பெண்களுடன் நட்பு வைத்துக்கொள்வது பச்சை துரோகம் நல்ல படம் வழிதவறி ஆண்களுக்கு ஒரு நல்ல பாடம் வாழ்த்துக்கள்

@vijayshripal5068

9 ай бұрын

eppodhum, endha soozhnilayilum, ekkaranam kondu, endha aanum endha pengalukku dhroham seivadhum, endha pennum endha aangalukku dhroham seivadhum, migavum kodooramanadhu. adhukku dhan indha padam. padam mattum illa. idhu oru paadam. eppodhum.

@amisharai7137

9 ай бұрын

Natpukku aan pen theriyathu

@muhsin2815

4 ай бұрын

Crt

@user-og3ye7od2y

4 ай бұрын

Pengal intha thappa pannuna Onnum illa athaana 😤😤😤

மாஸ் படம் ஆண்கள் கண்டிப்பாக பார்க்க வேண்டிய பாடம் ஆனால் பார்த்தவர்கள் குறைவு அப்படி என்றால் நல்லவர்கள் குறைவாக உள்ளனர் என்பது குறிப்பிடத்தக்கது

@vetrivelvetri7374

Жыл бұрын

Nee nallavaana iru pothum ok

@has__-1498

Жыл бұрын

@@vetrivelvetri7374 appo nee porampokku Thane

@vetrivelvetri7374

Жыл бұрын

@@has__-1498 naan nallavaana illayanu enakku theriyum nee poda punda

@has__-1498

Жыл бұрын

@@vetrivelvetri7374 poda kirukku kandara oooli okkama maaru anguttu

@VetrivelVetri-ej6hl

8 ай бұрын

​@@has__-1498 namma nallavana iruntha pothumnu sonnen athu puriyama loosu punda mathiri pesatha

Masterpiece of jyo😍 Classical debut flick of andrea❣️ Subtle action of sarath kumar🤩 Best touch of gvm

@jananiinsulation4499

4 ай бұрын

nஅமைதியான மூவீஸ் நிதானமாக கூர்ந்து கவனித்து பார்தால் கதையின் ஆழம் புரியும்

Class movie by Gowtham Menon... Superb acting Sarathkumarji.... Kudos.... This movie an excellent lesson for middle class gents..... Congrats Gowtham.

@muthukumaran882

Жыл бұрын

Hj.

Innaikutha indha indha movie ha paadha 20.03.2024

@jossikumar5782

4 ай бұрын

Me too

@Krishkreethi-gp8fd

4 ай бұрын

நானும் இந்த படம் வந்து இத்தனை வருஷம் ஆச்சு ஆனால் இப்போ தான் முழு படத்தையும் பாக்குறேன்

@sajithasidhu7075

4 ай бұрын

21.3.2024

@gokuldivya4468

4 ай бұрын

21.03.2024

@hemalatha003

4 ай бұрын

I too

சந்திரமுகிக்கும், காஞ்சனாவுக்கு கள்ள தொடர்பு டோய் 😂😂

@villagemedia3608

3 күн бұрын

எப்டி ப்ரோ இப்படியெல்லாம் யோசிக்கிறீங்க 😂😂😂😂😂

Watching this only for Jyothika , One of her finest performances ❤🔥

@kasibalakrishnan1215

9 ай бұрын

சூப்பர் ஐட்டம் ஓளுக்கு

@gokulkannan2651

4 ай бұрын

Ol joythika😂

Three main Characters, two women and one man (1). GHEETHA: she excell in her performance. Her look , talk and naivety are unique, unparallel. (2) KALYANI: dutiful wife, unwilling to share her beloved husband with another woman even for a normal acquaintance and would rather prepare to leave her home. A role played with outstanding skill. A class indeed. (3) VENKATESH: The most difficult and delicate character deftly handled by the veteran Artist. Being caught like a mild animal in a trap and struggling to find a way out is wonderfully portrayed. Hallmark of a genius is found all over him. MORAL of the movie : One woman for one man.

THE BEST GVM MOVIE TO ME!!! I STAND BY IT STRONGLY!!!! THE WAY MUSIC BGM HAS BLENDED INTO THIS MOVIE, IT COULD NOT MATCH ANY OTHER GVM MOVIE AND THE STORY, SUSPENSE, THRILL NONE OF OTHER GVM MOVIES MATCHED TILL DATE! RELEASED IN THEATRES TWICE BUT OUR PPL DID NOT SHOW INTEREST.

Jyothika's ferocious performance is very commentable. All the actors did just justice to their role. Good work Gautham.

33:17 jov Harris 💥💥😍😍 Goosebumps pa. Ena timing uh

17 வயதிலேயே இப்படத்தை மிகவும் விழிப்புணர்வோடு ரசித்தேன் இப்பொழுதும் முரசு தொலைக்காட்சிகள் இப்படத்தை பார்த்து ரசித்து விட்டு வந்து பதிவிடுகிறேன் அற்புதமான படைப்பு ஒவ்வொருவரும் முக்கியமாக இக்காலத்தில் பார்க்க வேண்டிய v💪விழிப்படைய வேண்டிய திரைப்படம்.

Un seripinil was my caller tunes 2yrs didn't change during my college days ... Sowmya Roah voice and Harris violin 🎻🎻 beat comes one ear 👂 after next ear magician ...all songs from this movie is alltime favourite Trailer sarath dialogue was favourite during that time

Lovely movie and great filming out, hats off to the director and team, RR and songs are great, great job by the music director Harris Jayaraj sir....

2021 ஜோதிகாவின் நடிப்பு மிகவும் நன்றாக இருந்தது இப்பொழுது அதே மாதிரி பல பெண்கள் இருக்கின்றார்கள் கவனம் ஆண்களே

Gv menon directed many films after this movie but still I can't come out from this movie.. Sarath's description of his wife is amazing..

This actually happened in telugu state. Same strategy but girl alone ran that business. There are people who are saying it as a lesson for extramarital affairs but what I would suggest is to concentrate on the extent of emotional manipulation one can face when he/she is not aware of thier mental state. The con artists select targets like that to make them pay for one's own depression. That's why take help, talk with the people who are causing you pain even its very hard, expect less from interactions especially strange ones and strong emotions from them.

@shivasiva5006

3 жыл бұрын

Hello this kind of matters running evry wer so not only telgu state i don't wt ur state so u have some kind sense like to comnt

ONE OF THE BEST TEAMS IN KOLLYWOOD! Direction : Gautham Vasudev Menon Music : Harris Jayaraj Cinematography : Aravind Krishna /Nirav Shah Edit : Anthony Art : Rajeevan Lyrics : Thamarai

@drhemmanthraj2215

2 жыл бұрын

Lyrics: Thamarai and Actress Rohini

@drhemmanthraj2215

2 жыл бұрын

@@sprathaplpm I meant Rohini and Thamarai

@sprathaplpm

2 жыл бұрын

Okay bro

@davidlivingstone3631

Жыл бұрын

Sarath kumar : na oruthan inga irukkandaa

உனக்குள் நானே உருகும் இரவில் Song one of my favourite ❤️

@nilamanivannanmanivannan9147

3 ай бұрын

😂😂😂

@user-jb9xm9yd7c

3 ай бұрын

நடிகை ரோகிணி Mom எழுதியது

When the wife is upset or emotionally low... Husband should give his love for her to recover . .. what else a women expects ?? A real women need love and care... This is primary... Without live a women can never enjoy anything.

@Sivapu43

3 ай бұрын

Yes

Wowww all songs samma hit entha movie la than varuma omg 🤩🤩🤩🤩❤️❤️❤️ melting super ❤❤🎉🎉🎉

Andrea so classy❤️Sharath too handsome💞Songs, scenes, dailogues all too fine👌Jo🔥

One of the best works of Harris Jayraj.. both songs and bgm...

Gvm blamed sarath kumar for this movie failure🙌🙌🙌 But he did his best and classic performance for this movie.

@gayathrivivekan

Жыл бұрын

Really?? What he blamed

Honestly...every dialogues of jo r very catchy!!!❣️

As a movie lover this is very rare journal in tamil movies.In theatre i watched this movie along with my friends. I really loved this movie.among my friends , expect me no one liked this movie.but i dont know why I liked this movie . That jothika transformation made me wow.😮😮😮

Gvm's voice for Lawrence character... Thalaaa... Big fan. 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥

@mahalakshmimahalakshmi7479

Жыл бұрын

Favsomg

@sivagamasundarirm2365

Жыл бұрын

Gvm ன்னா யார் என்று தெரியவில்லை.

Moral of this story:- Extramarital affair Is Dangerous to your Health and Wealth😂.

@susminsuresh8040

8 ай бұрын

Why???

Shorts la pathuttu intha movie ipo pakren 2.3. 2024

@myroughdrawing2527

4 ай бұрын

I am also

Oh... Ellarume indha movie oda shorts pathu tha vandurukagala 😅

@dharanicharu8068

4 ай бұрын

Yes😂😂naanum kooda

Jyothika and sarathkumar super acting and Gautam Mannan thank you

Evergreen movie.. this is my favourite pass time film. Anyday, anytime this movie gives a feel good state

Sema movie.... acting and direction music perfect... masterpiece❤

After a long time back. Good movie. sarathkumar's best. Gvm👍. Harris 👌. .. all time best.

The most underrated film of GVM

@vimalponnuvel9913

2 жыл бұрын

This is superb film I loved it

@mrlosing3486

2 жыл бұрын

This film is brillaint...too advanced for audiences back then...if this film released now it would be a hit.

@keeke7526

2 жыл бұрын

Poda deiii

@ixd-18keerthivasanr69

2 жыл бұрын

Yes

@mikegoals85

2 жыл бұрын

It's a complete copy from Hollywood movie.

Jyothika look acting veralevel 🔥

Mind blowing performance by Sarath & Jo.Gr8 thriller film

Who likes Kalyani character???

@susminsuresh8040

Жыл бұрын

It's Andrea Jeremiah

This movie never gets old...never gets bored

All men Should watch this film. Wife is always the best than any other women great lesson movie

@manojsr1315

2 жыл бұрын

Gautam Style Derailed

Entha move eppotha paakura ❤ but really i like jothika, sarathkumar pair suppr ❤❤

Superb Movie. Good Job Congratulations GVM sir & Team

Spr movie 👍👍👍Sarath sir acting semma...gd story

The one and only most loved and best character is kalyani (Andrea) ❤ Moral of the movie: One woman for one man

கிளி மாதிரி பொண்டாட்டி இருந்தா குரங்கு போல வப்பாட்டி தேடுவங்கா.......

@muthunarayanann9203

4 ай бұрын

ரியல்

@PriyaSyndrella

4 ай бұрын

Appo jothika monkey ya😂😂

@ravisharmaramachandran1038

3 ай бұрын

Apo korangu mathiri pondatti eruntha nala killi poi thedalama enna dialogue ethu

@mariyanivethav6610

2 ай бұрын

Yes 😢

@OoviyaOviya-lv3gg

2 ай бұрын

Dialogue ok but jyothika not monkey

Evalo periya music director. Miss pandraga Vera level 🥰🥰🥰🥰🥰

in 2022 i watched this movie first time, becouse of the famous song of this movie. this movie is far better than todays new movies

What a acting jyothika amazing she is really intelligent actress

Feel good movie😍 Watching on Thalaivar’s b’day!! ❤️‍🔥Harris❤️‍🔥

Sarath sir best movie evergreen @2021😍👌👍

Jyotika Acting 🔥⚡... And Gvm's Direction 🛐🔥

Ippadi oru ponna namma lifela santhikka koodaathu life naragamagidum 🙏🙏🙏 IAM pray to God 🙏🙏🙏😭😭

Beautiful movie & song also good yes especially sarath Kumar sir good acting

Sarath sir aching is super. I like sarath sir very much. Handsome person. 🌺🌷🌺

Superb... Sarathkumar great

En odulainu purile.... Vera level of dialogues screenplay

This Gautam guys seems really talented hope he makes good movies and releases it on time in the future

Most Underrated Film💜✨

பல பேர் வாழ்க்கையில் இதுதான் உண்மை சம்பவம் போல 😭😭😭ஆண்கள் பெண்களை (மனைவியை )புரிஞ்சிக்கோங்க plse

Sarah Kumar ipdi oru romantic hero ah. Wow, He could have done vettaiyadu vilayadu and it would have been fantastic. ❤✌

@VickramMathivanan

Жыл бұрын

actual ah kamal hasan ah vida nalla nadigar nu ninaikiren sarath. konjam kooda exageration illama subtle ah nadichirukaaru sarath. i havent seen kamal doing subtle roles. ellathulaiyuum konjam over the top acting irukkura maadhiri daan irukkum kamal kitta

@vijaykumarramaswamy7464

10 ай бұрын

​​@@VickramMathivananwatch Mumbai express sathileelavathi Kadhala kadhala Kamal sir done subtle role thala done subtle roles in Mugavari Kathal kotai Kandu konden kandu konden Kathal mannan

Tofay only i seen this movie Gem of the film... 2007 - college time release aana movie... What a lesson. We think movie is only for entertainment but it is a biggest lesson for us - to avoid many issues in life . Thanks for all the directors -

Movie & bgm vera level 🔥🔥🔥

அருமையான பதிவை குடுத்த GVM ku 🌹

Very nice movie Sarthkumar & jothiga Acting i likit so very nice

Great movie with a great message.

Sarathkumar & Harris jayaraj are most underrated actor & music director now

Nice movie eppavum manaivitha life irukka mudium ippo intha movie vantha kanidipa Hit akum

Harris nailed it

June 23..It is my wedding anniversary tooo. Love for GVM🙂

This whole movie concept is a bomb. It is way too ahead of that time. In fact so many crimes and incidents are happening like this ...

Am watching this movie in 2024 am 90's kid but now only am watching this 😂😂😂😂

@SathyaSathya-bg7ed

4 ай бұрын

Ye ena pa yellarum ipathan pakragananum than

from start to finish.... 🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟... same level as papanasam

Nice movie Harris music Semma 🥰🥰

If u want pombala sokku... Result is this 😂

@Sivapu43

3 ай бұрын

😂

I'm also an Medical representative how do I missed this film, Great movie by GVM