your explanation of Annealing is a bit off. the way you explained it sounds like forging, which is not a good way to work copper, it will crumble if worked at those temperatures. the reason you anneal copper is that it "work hardens" i.e. its crystal structure trends towards hardness as its worked. annealing rearranges this to soften the metal and allow it to be further worked. the process of annealing involves heating the metal to its annealing temperature and then allowing it to slowly cool back down. once cooled it can then be worked for a time until it becomes harder and you risk cracking and crumbling it, when you anneal it again.

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

You have provided a much better explanation than I did. Thank you. Metallurgy is not my forte and I'm pinning this so that people can see it.

@casey9439

3 жыл бұрын

@@AncientAmericas in addition, the reason for this is that if left to cool on its own, the copper will crystalize into large crystals, which cleave apart from one another when hammered. Quenching the metal causes it to solidify with a minuscule crystal grain. To visualize this imagine forming a bowl out of clay. the clay is malleable because the aggregate is microscopic. now imagine trying to form a bowl out of gravel. the grains are way too big to be ductile or malleable and it just falls apart.

@paulus.tarsensus

3 жыл бұрын

@@casey9439 I often learn more from reading comments than is presented in even good, solid informative videos. Your comment illuminated not only this video, but clarified other observations and contradictions I'd noted elsewhere. Thank you.

@casey9439

3 жыл бұрын

@@paulus.tarsensus Thanks. As I see it, we're all just half-informed oafs trying to become informed oafs. Sometimes one of us has a little inkling to share and sometimes another one of us has a different inkling to share

@alwayscensored6871

3 жыл бұрын

A few other metals work harden too, stainless steel, titanium etc.

As a master-metalsmith who has worked native copper with paleo tech and a dilatant stone knapper with lots of points to my credit I promise that stone tools are much sharper than copper can be made to be. Stone blades are also much better at keeping that edge. Copper is only really superior for it's plastic distortion capacity (the awls and needles for example).

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Very good insight!

@RedHeart64

3 жыл бұрын

(Laugh!) Most people don't know or realize that obsidian breaks at the molecular level rather than wears down at the microscopic - thus can make far sharper blades. Knapped obsidian was used as the instrument of choice for surgeons (especially eye surgeons) until lasers came along, because they were so much more sharper than metal blades and left far less scarring. I'd bet you know that already, though! (My area of expertise is ancient technology and diet, with specific research in chert!) Talking about stone tool technology - heat treating. Many forms of chert become even more workable and usable if they've been heat-treated before knapping. The heat treating process required a deep understanding and knowledge of the material - almost equal to an engineer's knowledge! I've seen points where the control was so exact that the blade itself was still grey, but the very edge had changed color to red! My ancestors knew enough about it that they were able to successfully heat treat chert - going back to the paleoindian period!

@williamanderson4395

2 жыл бұрын

@@RedHeart64 The Clovis era people who faced sabre cats at a range of ten feet or less would have been served best by points of obsidian drawn from a lambs wool transporting sheath. They would have left the copper jewelry in the cabin.

@RedHeart64

2 жыл бұрын

@@williamanderson4395 Obsidian, possibly. It was a valued trade item and people would have traveled far to get it because of it's usefulness and characteristics. We've found Clovis (and PRE-Clovis) points and tools, and they used the best materials available in their area. They've made them of chert on much of this continent. There are also points and tools of heat-treated chert that have been found - and heat-treating chert requires a really deep understanding of the material (it does make it easier to work and more glassy, if done right). Other materials have been used as well. We found one point (and maybe more) that had been heat treated so that the very edge would have changed color (happens with Florida chert and maybe elsewhere) to red, while the rest of the blade remained 'natural' (some shade of gray, maybe mottled). That took a master's understanding of chert - very precise control of temperature and duration to achieve! Lamb's wool? Not likely... I'm not aware of any domesticated sheep before Columbus. Possibly wool from one of the wild sheep species. There are many other materials that would probably have been used, but also I'd point out that it would have been much more likely they'd have had a spear on hand and used that. Copper working... Most of the copper working I've read about occurred during the Archaic period and later. (Meteoric Iron also was worked and used to a much smaller degree.) I don't remember anything found in an earlier context, but it's been a while since I've done any reading on copper working/copper artifacts.

@travcollier

2 жыл бұрын

Yep... The stone tools of these N. American cultures weren't "primitive". It would take relatively advanced metallurgy to make something generally better. So not much reason for them to faff around with metalworking making inferior stuff. But that means they never figured out the tricks for making metal implements which could surpassed the advanced stone stuff they already had.

The general public thinking that the First Nations were stone age peoples with no metal working technology aside from a little gold and silver in Central America isn't a stereotype, it's a deficiency in education. I had pretty significant schooling in pre-columbian North Americans in my youth and none of the text books or other books mention copper working around the great lakes. It wasn't until a few years ago when I started living near a reserve on the north shore and talking to people there that I'd heard word one about copper tools being made and used before European contact. Thanks so much for the video, I hope it gets shared a ton.

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

@Laotzu.Goldbug

3 жыл бұрын

The people who develop these metalworking Traditions were not the Indians are Native Americans that Europeans happened upon in the Fifteenth Century, but a completely different group of people that has long since disappeared

@outinthesticks1035

3 жыл бұрын

We call people " stone age" because there was no tradition of smelting . There are some cultural aspects used to define copper age that native people did not develope , possibly because of no need . The mines were known by Europeans but people did not want to think natives were doing it so came up with theories of ancient phonea

@ascendantindigo271

3 жыл бұрын

The bell of Garuda is a copper hand bell someone discovered in a chunk of coal...I thought it was crazy it would be 3 million years old until I did some research on Garuda and found out he's the architect of "Angkor Wat" which just so happens to be millions of years old also...Wonder why my history teacher never spoke of this or Mansa Musa...

@philpaine3068

3 жыл бұрын

@@Laotzu.Goldbug No, that is not true. There is complete continuity between these cultures, fully documented archaeologically. Nobody "disappeared". The First Nations that inhabit the Great Lakes area today are both cultural and biological descendants of those who first mined the copper, and continued to do so into historical times. They changed culturally over time ---- just as every society does ---- but we are not talking about any "completely different group". No legitimate archaeologist or historian will tell you any such nonsense. It is promoted only by crackpots.

I have been a university (Geology) Professor for 30 years and have heard thousands of lectures in classes and professional meetings. I can tell you that this is one of the best presented and illustrated. Thank you! BTW, as a kid I lived in Marquette MI and after big storms, we would find pebbles of native Cu polished to a glow amongst the gravel of Lake Superior's beaches. No doubt to indigenous folks did to: no "working" needed.

@AncientAmericas

2 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

This area could be the cradle of civilization, however nobody would ever know because there's nearly no archeological activity here and everyone believes there is no history worth knowing. Native history in the Americas holds so many untold secrets. I think this was a really good look at the facts around a long untold story.

@AncientAmericas

2 жыл бұрын

You wanna talk about an unknown cradle of civilization, I'd make a case for the Mississippi/Ohio basin. That's the crucible of Hopewell and Mississippian civilization.

@JonnoPlays

2 жыл бұрын

@@AncientAmericas so much to discover. By the way did you hear these conspiracy rumors about NASA doing archeological digs in New Mexico? Some kind of native American site but it has very advanced layout. I watched your other video about an anomalous native mound and it seems maybe this NASA dig could be similar in its uniqueness. I saw photos of the dig now whether what they claimed to be was accurate or not is debatable. The source didn't seem credible to me anyway. But if it was credible maybe you could do a video about it? NASA usually flies rockets so why are they digging about? That's some click bait for sure. Also even if it's not true a video debunking it would still get views. I just found your channel today by the way. Keep up the great work cheers

@Reedstilt

2 жыл бұрын

@@AncientAmericas I'm looking forward to the eventual Hopewell episode.

@dmanx500

2 жыл бұрын

@@JonnoPlays funny I know a guy who says he found anchiet Chinese shipwrecks with gold as a child where a military base now is, even showed me Google Earth images. Think he still has the FBI on speed dial to bitch at them. Honesty I think I believe him.

@jakemocci3953

2 жыл бұрын

“White people” were here first, or atleast our ancient ancestors. Look up pictures of the Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan, they were seafarers, and have distinctly “Western” features.

I am a man of Mesoamerican extraction. The Maya area to be precise. One of the things that is seldom told because of all the excitement surrounding gold is it the native people of that region valued copper more than they valued gold and silver. Gold and silver were something for the gods. Copper could be used in every day life. That and obsidian were exceedingly valuable raw materials. So, this vid delights me but, it does not surprise me.

@arthas640

2 жыл бұрын

It's the same in most ancient cultures. The native hawaiians prized iron over gold and I've heard that the ancient mesopotamian were the same. People arent idiotd and prefer practical tools to shiny soft baubles

@philomelodia

2 жыл бұрын

@@arthas640 exactly so. 👏🏼👍🏼

@KathrynsWorldWildfireTracking

Жыл бұрын

Wise. The Late Western Romans and Dark Age Europeans stopped using gold as money. Currency must be stable to work. Gold mining took incredible deep-mine engineering...and barbarian disruptions made production erratic (to say the least.) Gold became decorative - used in churches, on books as gold leaf, and even on clothing. Silver became the currency. (It's common and easy to work with.) During Viking times, when iron mining was disrupted...iron was more valuable than silver. There was no such thing as throwing away broken iron tools. Its literal, that plows became swords, and vice versa. Silver was nice - but you needed iron to defend it.

@oldmanfromscenetwentyfour8164

Жыл бұрын

"I am a man of Mesoamerican extraction." You were Cloned?

When I was in high school in the 1960s we had a neighbor who collected minerals and artifacts. I took him to a site I knew where I had found several arrowheads and later he showed me his collection of copper jewelry made by local Senecas. He told me that the copper came from Wisconsin and was part of the Seneca trade network that stretched south down the Mississippi, east to Long Island and west to Wisconsin. When he died in 1980 his entire collection went to a museum in Buffalo. From him I developed an interest in history and archaeology that I am sorry I did not pursue by going to college because I couldn't afford it.

As a Michigan Tech Grad the Keweenaw is absolutely majestic. Highly recommend it to anyone looking for an amazing getaway. Copper harbor and Lac la Belle are wonderful communities. Plenty of cool mine tours as well, the Delaware is very nice.

The Inuit worked iron from a meteor in Greenland starting at about the same time. The Cape York meteorite is the source of this iron, it came to earth thousands or perhaps 10,000+ years ago.

@earthknight60

3 жыл бұрын

Using meteorite iron has been a common thing for a *very* long time, vastly predating that.

@dogslobbergardens6606

3 жыл бұрын

@@earthknight60 yes, meteoric iron was highly regarded in several different cultures. It was often regarded as magical not only because it came from the heavens, but later on as steel-making spread, sometimes because it really did make demonstrably better steel. In some cases it's been found that the reason it was better than terrestrial iron was that mostly-iron meteorites also had small amounts of alloying elements like vanadium or chromium - which weren't discovered and used on purpose in steel-making until about a century ago.

@MrBottlecapBill

3 жыл бұрын

@@dogslobbergardens6606 There's a lot of evidence iron working is almost as old as copper working. Meteoric iron anyway. There are some really old iron artifacts around if you look for them. King tut had two iron daggers in his tomb, despite egypt being in the bronze age at the time.

@casey9439

3 жыл бұрын

Meteoric iron is special stuff. It's actually an alloy akin to stainless steel, if you can believe that. The nickel content makes it easier to cold-work and resist rust as well.

@SimplyStuart94

3 жыл бұрын

Do you have a source for this? I'd love to hear more!

It's not just in the great lakes region, I'm from southeast Missouri and there is an ancient copper mine behind my dad's house, still has some native drawings on it so a few years ago some scientists from Washington university came to take pics and put them through different filters to pull off images that you can't see with your naked eye and from what they said it was a "shrine" to the underwater panther god

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

That's super cool! It sounds like thats a Mississippian site if it's to underwater panther god. Do you have the name of that site? I'd love to check it out.

@missourimongoose7643

3 жыл бұрын

@@AncientAmericas there is no name for it other than what we call it "the Indian bluffs" and the scientist person from Washington university said that they usually don't give locations because all of the art is done on sandstone so when the many meth heads around here try and cut them out and sell them they are usually just destroyed, I honestly don't think they have wrote a thing about it and they definitely haven't dug there ever so I'm not sure what u could find out but it's on the little St Francis river

@missourimongoose7643

3 жыл бұрын

@@AncientAmericas the scientist guy said it was most likely Mississippian as well but the problem I have is that I've only ever found arrowheads from the archaic to late archaic period, nothing as refined as u see in Cahokia or surrounding areas

@NathanaelFosaaen

3 жыл бұрын

@@missourimongoose7643 that doesn't mean it's not Mississippian. Archaic and Woodland people tended to use similar spots on the landscape, so their stuff is likely to show up, and sacred sites tend to have less left behind, so it's not all that surprising that there aren't LW/MT points out there. I WOULD expect shell tempered pottery though.

@MrChristianDT

3 жыл бұрын

Who knows. The Mississippians-- the first of which were Caddoan-- weren't the only ones who believed in that thing. So did Algonquians & some Siouans & Iroquoians, albeit sometimes under different names like "Blue Panther," "Snake," "Comet Lion" or "True Lynx" & over time they evolved from a wildcat spirit into something more like a dragon for a lot of cultures. Some of the last Siouan tribes who lived in Missouri before whites were on that list. Still, if the archaeologists who looked it over assumed Mississippian, then they must have more reason for saying as much. My Saponi ancestors also had a copper mine in the Blue Ridge Mountains that was noted by early Jamestown explorers & there was apparently a silver mine down towards the Cherokee somewhere. By the way, what were they using the Galena for? This is the first time I'm hearing about this.

Once a hunter lost a copper arrow/spear point during a hunt, chert started making sense. From my own experience with both materials I can tell you that copper does not take or hold a sharp edge whereas chert or obsidian when knapped is sharper than any steel.

I had no idea there was any degree of metallurgy in North America north of the Rio Grande. Binge watching your videos now

@papadonttakenomess1764

2 жыл бұрын

There was no metallurgy, He said it himself. It was worked as a stone.

@chriswyers9619

2 жыл бұрын

@@papadonttakenomess1764 his fave show might be Full metal alchemist, this may be a flash point for him.

@JonnoPlays

2 жыл бұрын

Metallurgy - "the branch of science and technology concerned with the properties of metals and their production." The original comment did not misuse the term. Stop being keyboard warriors in the comments. I thought it was a good comment since most people would agree they had no idea there was as much copper working in this particular area.

@thinkinaboutpolitics

2 жыл бұрын

@@JonnoPlays I didn't wanna say it... :) Thanks

@darrisellis8810

2 жыл бұрын

Read the Book of Mormon!

I live in Simcoe County, Ontario (between Georgian Bay of Lake Huron and Lake Simcoe).There’s a really cool collection of books and maps by a guy called Andrew Hunter, called ‘Huron Village Sites of Simcoe County’ (1895-1906). He literally rode around on a bicycle and documented all of the Wendat and Algonquian sites he could find (over 400) and a ton of them have copper artifacts and other items like conch shells and glass beads. He also noted some brass artifacts as well, but that may have been during the French occupation of the area. Great video 👍

@casey9439

3 жыл бұрын

super interesting! The Ojibwe also traded with cowrie shells (of which there are none in the Great Lakes region. There are also pueblo sites where dead macaws from South America were found. The amount of trade going on was HUGE.

@mpetersen6

2 жыл бұрын

@@casey9439 Copper from Lake Superior was traded widely across North America. Shells from the Gulf Coast went the other way. High quality stone for tool making was also traded widely.

Subbed. What an age we live in, where single people or small teams can produce content that's more informative and interesting than many professionally produced documentaries.

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

I’ve been personally studying my ancestry in mesoamerica, coming across your channel was such a delight! Keep up the good work!

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

Growing up in the United States I was basically taught that there was no history in north America before Europeans arrived, which is why I find ancient indigenous cultures so fascinating

@AncientAmericas

Жыл бұрын

You and me both.

@michaelburke5907

Жыл бұрын

Well, where did you grow up? I grew up in southern Wisconsin and believe me, the history of the first peoples was all around us in place names. Any curious person could find huge amounts of historical records in the nearest public library. In the Cub Scouts and especially the Boy Scouts, "Indian Lore" was part of the overall skills learning set. The history of the various tribes was taught in school from 2nd or 3rd grade on. The Winnebago, Sauk, Fox, Menominee and Chippewa tribes were all important to the area. Maybe our knowledge wasn't deep, but it was broad, at least. Maybe I got lucky with good schools and great teachers and scout leaders. I know they certainly piqued my interest at an early age, for which I'm grateful.

@gabriellandaverde6219

Жыл бұрын

@@michaelburke5907 I grew up around Chicago, and while there were plenty of indigenous place names the history I was taught was how these areas were settled by Europeans

@michaelfritts6249

Жыл бұрын

I grew up in the Seattle area. The history, culture and art are still here. It is all around if you look and listen! Learning is Good!!

@dat2ra

9 ай бұрын

I grew up in Colorado. Got plenty of history of indigenous peoples in school. But then, they were "Indians".

The chief gain for copper weapon tips is that they don't break. Making a copper tool a sharp as good chert point is, in fact, impossible. That means the use-life of a copper weapon tip is the length of time between manufacture and loss rather than failure. The OC is a long-term interest of mine, but as an archaeologist in California, not a topic I could spend a lot of time on. Thanks for this.

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

You're welcome!

@dat2ra

9 ай бұрын

Many stone projectile points are found snapped off at their bases. This is not a design flaw, but rather a desired factor. It takes more time and effort to make a good arrow or dart shaft than it does the point. Once shot into the game, the point breaks off and the animal's muscles pull the point deeper into the tissue as the wounded animal runs. The shaft than can be recovered and to animal tracked to its dispatch. This is particularly true in arid regions where appropriate, straight wood is rare. It's easy to flake and haft a new point.

@theeddorian

9 ай бұрын

@@dat2ra You're correct about making the shafts being costly, but the archaeological evidence indicates that the points were not wasted. A multipart projectile shaft works bette, than points that break. The point and foreshaft are often expected to come free of the main shaft, which can fall free. One remarkable find in Nevada was a pouch full of Elko - IIRC- points already mounted to fores hafts. A hunter could carry such a pouch along with two to four larger dart shafts and repeatedly re-tip the shafts during a day's hunting. One common misreading of archaeological projectile points is an inability to observe whether they are reworked or not. Many, possibly a majority, are re-tipped or modified on the distal edges to remove impact damage. The archaeological recovery of bases is very likely due to shaft recovery and rearming, as you note.

Alaskan natives also used metallic copper from the Copper River/Wrangell Mtns to make tools and trade goods. The University of Alaska Fairbanks has a fantastic copper nugget in their museum that weighs over 5,000 lbs. Prospectors found a nugget weighing over 3 tons.

@jjkcharlie

2 жыл бұрын

There it is. Someone who knows.

@jessecerasus9621

2 жыл бұрын

Alaskan Native where trading with the Ainou of Japan.

@ChrissieBear

Жыл бұрын

Now that's a big nuggie!

I vividly remember visiting copper sites including archeological displays 50 years ago as a child. Thanks to my parent's yearly trips throughout the US, I was fortunate to visit many archeological sites and museums. They nurtured my love of archeology and anthropology, resulting in a college minor and life-long learning. Thanks for including this often overlooked culture in your series.

Lake Superior is such a fascinating place. When you stand on the shore you can really tell how *young* of a lake it is. Raw rock shores where you can actually see copper specks if you go out at night with a uv light. Combine that with the water being so damn cold all the time that it would kill you if you swam for more than a few minutes in it without a wetsuit all the way into summer, something about it just captivates me. Gitchagume isn't like any of the other great lakes, that's for sure.

@AncientAmericas

2 жыл бұрын

Yes, it is a wonderful place!

@randalosgood

8 ай бұрын

Not any more. I agree that it used to be bone-chilling cold all the time, even in the summer, but a few years ago we went to Duluth in September and the water was as warm as Lake Michigan is in summer.

@canadiangemstones7636

7 ай бұрын

You are not seeing copper with a UV light, as it does not fluoresce. You are thinking of sodalite, aka yooperlite.

Anybody from whom would consider a trip to the copper country of Michigan, I suggest doing it. The region not only has a copper history, but for mineral collectors there are many interesting rocks. For those less interested in native American history & more interested in industrial history the entire region is the Detroit of the 1920s. It was the best in the world & over night everybody left & didn't take there stuff with them.

@tomh6183

3 жыл бұрын

The Keweenaw Peninsula is a fascinating region with it’s history and scenic beauty.

@deuslux6476

2 жыл бұрын

@@tomh6183 very b nnn nmnnm nnnnnnnmmmmmmmmm. ‘. M m mj

@deuslux6476

2 жыл бұрын

6!66!

@reuben8140

2 жыл бұрын

Also because of the mining heritage there’s amazing food brought over from Cornish and Finnish miners 🤤

@liamredmill9134

2 жыл бұрын

Like industrial metals in the ground and water,flint doesn't have a sharp edge.,but education for poor youth about growing and eating healthy vegetables,in some places effected by industrial hazards,offsets some toxic effects left behind in the ground

I live in the area of pure copper, I have raw worked copper, I have found arrowheads, Copper Culture State Park in Oconto WI is right down the road from me. After Copperfest in early June, on Saturday, generally many of the collectors of Indian artifacts from the area, meet at the Copper Culture park, set up tables and show their collections to the public. I don’t know how the pandemic might mess this up…but it might return this June.

@billwilson3609

2 жыл бұрын

Archeologists say that most of the copper tools that were actually used were found in Wisconsin and in two layers. The first layer was buried under a lot of soil that didn't show any evidence of human habitation until the top layer where they found mainly copper fish hooks and awls along with broken flint arrow heads. They figured a mega-drought had set in which put the copper trade out of business since the tribes abandoned the area for a very long time and beaten copper objects stopped appearing in the upper levels of the burial mounds. Once those with the skills returned, then they only made the items that the regional tribes were willing to trade for.

Wow, this completely changed my understanding of ancient American cultures. I knew they had metalworking but I was shocked to learn that there was trade which ultimately moved goods over such long distances.

@absalomdraconis

3 жыл бұрын

A massive portion of NA used a documented sign-language to support these activities. If it wasn't for the apparent mega-drought cycle, and maybe the lack of plentiful & desirable pack animals (deer seem to almost never be treated as subjects of domestication, and it's seemingly a minor miracle that cattle were domesticated at all), there probably would have been _much_ more development than actually happened.

@janmelantu7490

3 жыл бұрын

There are flint extraction sites in North Texas (the Alibates Flint Quarries) whose colorful and high-quality flint has been found all over North America. I wouldn’t be surprised if Alibates Flint was traded for Keeweenaw Copper

@MrBottlecapBill

3 жыл бұрын

Trade is eternal.

@AnyMotoUSA

3 жыл бұрын

Obsidian was traded all over the country from west coast sources. We found an artifact in Kansas that was an unworked core

@janmelantu7490

3 жыл бұрын

@@MrBottlecapBill THE COPPER MUST FLOW

Grew up in Fond du Lac Country for most of my childhood, and we used to find copper fish hooks, stone arrowheads and other things that we would photograph and mark and report to the Historical Society. Growing up on the “41 Corridor” you saw a lot of missed and heavily under documented artifacts and sites. You’d have a friend who’s grandpa had a farm with a burial mound on it that you’d walk and find countless things on - just kicked around like it was nothing. I wish more people valued artifacts like I and my family did.

@telecastinater

10 ай бұрын

I'm blessed to have a farm I can hunt on the east shore of rush lake and the area is rich in native american culture. I found a copper knife the other day metal detecting in the woods. I'm stoked to explore more.....

This one made me miss Michigan. I remember as a kid picking up rocks (clay?) containing small chunks of copper in the Keweenaw Peninsula. There was so much of it, just on the surface. In later years, taking my own kids up there, finding copper didn't seem so easy. Thanks for such a detailed look!

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

You're welcome! This makes me miss the Great Lakes too. The Upper Peninsula is a gorgeous area.

My friends and I used to vacation in the U.P. of Michigan. I have driven through all of the abandoned copper mine towns and even in some of the mines themselves, very haunting.

How does this channel only have around 10k subs? What a nice discovery on my first free weekend in awhile.

@WildVoltorb

3 жыл бұрын

I'm sure it will be over 100k within one year

@archenema6792

2 жыл бұрын

The inflation of population numbers and unwarranted promotion of the relative level of civilization achieved by cultures in the western hemisphere has made this entire field rather suspect in the eyes of historians and archaeologists of Old World cultures. It's not this channel creator's fault, it's just that his entire discipline is considered more than a little dubious by most other professionals. And the motivation for all this seems obvious, so those working in more established branches of history and archaeology don't want to be associated with it.

Thank you for this, I grew up within spitting distance of those copper mines near the Great Lakes, and learned NOTHING about them in school. Ever since, I've read whatever book or watched whatever video I see about it. The Cleveland Museum of Natural History has a giant copper ingot mined from the area, and I love that they're very similar to the metal ingots produced in the Middle East - roughly rectangular, with 'handles' on the corners. Some things are universal. (No I don't think aliens taught them; I think most humans solve the same problem the same way. Haha.)

Above the great lakes is a massive open air copper deposit that was gradually revealed as the icesheet receded essentially exposing the hard copped ore.

My Dad, who farmed in Oconto Co., WI, found chunks of native copper on his land. It was 'float' in the glacial till carried south from the Upper Peninsula, MI. It may have been that natives associated it more with finds while hunting, which they did a lot of... than digging into the earth which likely was more unnatural to them.

@snowmiaow

9 ай бұрын

Somebody from the UP reported weird deep holes there that he thought were ancient mines. However, of course they would pick up copper if they saw any.

many times the natives did not even have to dig for copper. The largest piece of native copper in the world was found on a river bank in the upper peninsula of michigan, just a couple miles from where I grew up. the piece must have been used for hundreds, if not thousands of years, as there were visible chunks taken out of it. even nowadays you can walk through the woods, pick up a rock, and itll be ridiculously heavy due to the amount of copper in it. you can also stuble upon weird deep holes in the ground where natives dug for copper thousands of years ago. not many people live in this area so maybe thats the reason we've never had any archeological digs. people tend to forget this whole area exists.

@snowmiaow

9 ай бұрын

Enjoy it while it lasts.

This makes me think of my flame-painted copper pendant my wife got for me not long ago. Thousands of years later and we're still wearing copper jewelry. Thank you for expanding my limited knowledge of the ancient Native American world! Stay well out there everybody, and God bless you, friends. ✝️ :)

I received my bachelor's degree in the History of the Americas and I love your channel, keep it up

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

@mikeaskme3530

3 жыл бұрын

@Greg N, holding a Masters degree in History, i am ashamed I did not know this, but then again i am a product of the US k-12 school system, and the only thing we learned about Native American cultures was virtually nothing. Sure we learned about crops, thanksgiving and a little on Native American removal, but as far as everyday life we learned nothing. Thanks for the information, it gives me a starting point to research this topic. Just googled "first instance of copper smelting" and they came back with Serbia in around 5500 BC making them the first known users of copper , your info states this group of people started smelting copper 8500BC, is your information well known in the field metallurgy, if its not maybe you should contact the peer reviewed media to have them update their info?

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

@@mikeaskme3530 Thank you! And to clear up some confusion, copper working and copper smelting are different things. Copper was never smelted in Eastern North America. It was only cold hammered. You'll see that the dates for copper working go much further back than copper smelting. I hope that clarifies things a bit.

@mikeaskme3530

3 жыл бұрын

@@AncientAmericas it clears it up, i am not that versed in metallurgy, but would it still place North Americans natives the first to work with copper though? In any case, i guess we can say today that ideals of working with metal, may have been a multiregional discovery process, no? Kind of like with West Africans and their metal working process, some steps that were taken in other parts of the world, are not present in the history of West Africans working with metals, showing a multi-regional discovery, working with mineral ores. In any case it is fascinating that this is getting the recognition it deserves.

The Great Orm in North Wales (UK) is on of the biggest ancient copper mines in Europe that you can visit today

@jsfoster100

4 ай бұрын

Yes, and it was mined at same time as Lake Superior in 2500bce.

There were ancient vertical shafts with wood cribbing placed under copper to lift giant native copper pieces found on Isle Royale. The cribbing and copper were still there discovered by early explorers.

@andrewbrown6522

2 жыл бұрын

What?! I dont understand how ive never heard of any of this.

@tomg3290

Жыл бұрын

I was told no cribbing technology...I know n.e. Wisconsin better...cribbing is not simple , and slightly counter intuitive...do you have extraordinary proofs ?... I do hate to ask...see yaz!

@Mindokwin

Жыл бұрын

@@tomg3290 I cannot remember where I read it. Perhaps it was in Superior Heartland by Fred Rydholm. I remember there was a copy of an original drawing of the cribbing with the article.

Given the scrap value of copper, leaving the site unmarked might be a security precaution. If someone went along with a metal detector because they heard 'copper' and thought 'money', who knows how much priceless archaeology they could destroy?

Recent research and new radiocarbon dating have produce earlier dates at nearly 10,000 years before present on Old Copper Artifact Sites. I had the fortune of collecting Old Copper Culture artifact in the Kewanwa peninsula in the 1980s. Some copper artifacts have traces of fabric preserved by the copper a natural anti bacterial mineral. There are now several copper mineral collectors that sell incredible specimens of native copper and travel around the US at major Rock and Mineral shows like those at Tucson Arizona. This copper is the purest known and some veins have native silver in the copper as well.

@truthseeker8123

3 жыл бұрын

Um, Upper Peninsula of Michigan has copper mines 100,000 years old. Only source of metallic copper on earth. There is an ancient site under Rock Lake WI, with tons of smelting waste, that includes a pyramid. Local natives tell stories of the bearded foreigners who came to mine the red rocks. University of WI have theorized that this is the missing source of Sumerian copper used in their huge number of bronze statues. See Rock Lake Research Society. Rock Lake about halfway between Madison and Milwaukee. I find this video lacking in detail, and more of a coverup than truth. The copper here is so abundant, there are lumps of pure metallic copper the size of vehicles, weighing many tons. This natural state in copper is more of a pain in the ass for modern mining than oxidized ore, so even though this area is loaded with copper to this day, almost no mining continues. You can take mountain bike rides through the old mines, and it’s encouraged you do so. I have seen the mines personally, totally worth it.

@davidletasi3322

3 жыл бұрын

@@truthseeker8123 please forward your sources and data as it would be extreemly interesting to research your evidence. Also I would be interested in reviewing your reference as well. Are there any experts to validate your claims as this could revolutionize our prehistory understanding in the Great Lakes region.

@truthseeker8123

3 жыл бұрын

@@davidletasi3322 this has been a continuous research subject at the UW Madison for decades, as well as UM Marquette. PhDs are a part of the Rock Lake Research Society. Their data has been in the public domain for decades, as well as at many of the actual mines for tour in the UP of Michigan. I haven’t stayed on top of the latest research, as this has been public since I first saw it 25 years ago. You can actuallly dive the pyramid on rock lake, as it’s shallow, and the bearded foreigners dammed a stream to create the lake, probably to protect the locals from the pollution of copper smelting process. Should take minimal effort to find

@truthseeker8123

3 жыл бұрын

@@davidletasi3322 www.miningartifacts.org/Michigan-Copper-Mines.html It’s really strange that most of the docs I looked for are now gone. The really ancient vertical shafts that were dated so old were partially collapsed and undisturbed until dug out by archaeologists, who found datable materials under the collapse. It caused quite the controversy at the time, but I don’t see reason why this would be scrubbed.

@truthseeker8123

3 жыл бұрын

Several of my posts have been deleted by KZread from graham Hancock news desk archives on this topic. Still in catalogue

My brother found an artifact cache that consisted of several extremely nice chert blades, red ochre, and a copper tablet. Apparently only one other copper tablet was known to exist in North America at the time.

@TheLastNameR

11 ай бұрын

Was the tablet ever examined? What script was uaed? Was the tablet ever translated?

@roadkillavenger1325

11 ай бұрын

@@TheLastNameR I couldn't tell you. It was sold to one of the most well-known Native American artifact collectors/experts on the planet. He passed away several years after the sale, so I don't know what came of it.

Very interesting! Thank you! My grandparents had a cabin in the UP & were avid Rockhounds & Lapidarists. We used to have to take a ferry boat across from the lower peninsula. The Chief Wawatum. They often walked the beaches of the Keweenaw for Agates & Thompsonites. I have a nice big chunk of native copper grand dad gave me 60 years ago. There was a tavern near Calumet that would accept nice copper specimens from the locals in trade for libations. The piece I have was purchased there. I've been down in the Arcadian mine several times back then. Copper is cool.

Wonderful video. I was born in 1933, in an Arizona copper mining town. My dad and 2 uncles were exempted from being soldiers during WW2 because the Nation needed skilled miners more than soldiers. I wish the video had covered copper mines of the western US.

@riverraisin1

2 жыл бұрын

I believe all copper mines in AZ are mainly sulfide and porphyry types. So they are not in large enough concentrations to work into objects.

Oh my…. This is what KZread (or the internet) is all about! I’ve learned as much about the Ancient Americas in the last 13 minutes as I have in all of my schooling combined. Just unreal dude. Thank you. Now, I’m going back in for the remaining 15 minutes of this one video. Of course, I’ll smash that like and subscribe as well as check out your other videos. Well done.

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

When I visited the Oconto (WI) copper culture museum and historical park, in upper Wisconsin, I was told that the Indian village there, was once directly on Lake Michigan (i.e. Green Bay) thousands of years ago. The reason: The level of the lake was much high then. AND...that North from that site, because of the higher level of the lake, there was probably a water passage directly into Lake Superior. That would have made it very easy to transport copper from the Keweenaw Peninsula directly to that village using small water craft like primitive canoes.

i love how you consistently paint a positive picture of the indigenous people-we were inquisitive and economical, we made rational decisions based on the specific economic realities of our time, I appreciate that you made that clear. Also I thought of a decent analogy for the shift from utilitarian to decorative/symbolic use of a cooper-diamonds-although we could mine them for tools, and they do make great tools-it's kind of overkill, we like them bc they're pretty :-)

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

@zebdawson3687

2 жыл бұрын

“We” 😂

@yesid17

2 жыл бұрын

@@zebdawson3687 you don't like diamonds?

I’m from southeast alaska, the tribe I belong to as well as others have traditionally been using copper as well.

@AncientAmericas

2 жыл бұрын

Very cool!

@lenabreijer1311

2 жыл бұрын

Also in Canada's north. Yellowknife is called that because the local tribes worked copper.

@b0leg23

2 жыл бұрын

What tribe are you from?

@ktqt8544

2 жыл бұрын

@@b0leg23 Łingít

In the Tallahassee natural history museum there is a copper tomahawk on display and states it was probably a barter item to symbol a hierarchy because the metal is rather useless. They managed to retrace the origin and are certain it came from lake superior. That being said, that tomahawk got passed around for no telling how long until it ended up at a dig site in Florida.

Absolutely fascinating. As an engineer and very interested in pre-European America this really is interesting to me.

@AncientAmericas

2 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

Copper based paints, presented in an entertaining form, were the secrets to the success of Bob Ross.

This is fascinating. I always say that the Americas were 500+ years ago in the Chalcolithic but I had no idea that how old was this type of primeval metallurgy. I must say that cold hammering was not the only (or even primary) way of working stone, detailed retouch (such as the type in Solutrean or Clovis famous, but not directly related, leaf points) seems to have been done in a "proto-metallurgical" way that softened the stone without breaking it, the oldest one known being from Southern Africa c. 75,000 years ago, older than even stone blades.

Thanks for the plug!

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

My pleasure! Thanks for making great content!

Keep this channel alive! I binged your videos in a day or two at work and now I’m obsessed! Do you have any other channel recommendations similar to yours so I can stay sated until your next release?

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Yes! Go to my channel page and check out the channels I list there. Nathaniel Fossaaen's channel is among them and I'd highly recommend his stuff. The others are all very good and a few of them are made by professional archaeologists.

@ForbiddenHistoryLIVE

3 жыл бұрын

I SECOND THAT ONCE WE CAN BEGIN TO COMPREHEND THE TRUE NATURE OF THINGS, THEN WE CAN BEGIN TO COMPREHEND, THAT THERE IS NOTHING REALLY MORE TO COMPLAIN ABOUT. - Dezert-Owl. Author / Researcher / Journalist / Translator

@a.foster199

3 жыл бұрын

@@AncientAmericas Will do! I also have been checking out the Barnhart Great Course on Audible and I absolutely LOVE it! You should do a Q&A soon!

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

@@a.foster199 We'll see about the Q&A. Maybe I'll make that an end of the year thing. I'm really happy to hear you're listening to Dr. Barnhardt's courses. They are AMAZING! Those were one of things that got me going down this rabbit hole. He's also got a podcast on KZread that is among my listed channels. It's the archaeoed podcast. Highly highly highly recommend it.

I live in Mohawk, MI in the Keweenaw next to Mohawk shaft #5 collected many poor rock copper. awesome video.

@AncientAmericas

2 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

a couple years ago i saw some incredibly gorgeous examples of mississipian copper working in the st louis art museum and ive been kinda obsessed since

I would speculate that the decline in copper tool use may have been a result of thousands of years of native copper gathering: They used up nearly all the highly pure, easy to find, easy-to-get-to surface deposits of native copper or simply mineable native copper. In effect, the source material may have just become scarce. It isn't exactly easy to find this stuff, even nowadays with modern methods, just lying on the surface or available in outcroppings. We managed to do this with gold in the U.S. during the gold rushes: at first it was easy to find, with people even commenting you could dig up gold "like digging potatoes" in some places, or pluck nuggets from streams as easily as gathering shells on the beach. But rather soon, all the easy pickings were stripped and it was no longer readily available. Other peoples around the globe resorted to hard-rock mining and smelting of large quantities of non-native ore to continue obtaining metals, but North American natives never seem to have resorted to that. Why? That's a whole other story...

@snowmiaow

9 ай бұрын

They did with the gold and silver. As we know, the Spanish made off with many boatloads of it .

@mcchuggernaut9378

9 ай бұрын

@@snowmiaow That's a bit more complicated. The gold they had was largely placer gold from surface deposits. They did little mining, and it wasn't used for tools because it was soft, only for decorative or religious objects. So no, they didn't have large-scale gold mining (Although the Spanish did force them to mine gold as slave labor after conquering them on occasion). It just wasn't something they did. At least not until post-European contact, when some decided to do it because they could trade it to Europeans for lots of high-value goods. So no, the Aztecs, Incas, Maya, etc... only hunted for gold and gems in surface deposits, and didn't do hard-rock mining except on very rare occasions pre-contact. So why did they seem to have so much gold, which we know the Spanish plundered from them? Because there had been a LOT found there on the surface over many generations and it built up, because gold doesn't rust away and wasn't used for tools and so didn't wear down to dust. Whatever they found just kind-of stayed in the royal families and got stockpiled for generations. The Spanish also identified areas where the natives knew gold was, then forced them to mine it, and other precious metals and gems, and so many tons of these materials were quickly mined out from the easy deposits the natives knew of, but did not industrial-scale mine themselves until forced by their conquerors.

I have consumed a lot of this type of YT media of the past few years and the quality of these videos is top notch! Keep it up! (And maybe head to the southwest soon :)

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you! Don't worry, the southwest will get it's due.

This video just showed up as a suggestion today for me and I'm so glad it did! This video is fantastic and it answers some questions about indigineous American culture that I didn't even begin to know how to ask. Looking forward to much more from you, you've definitely earned another subscriber!

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

Sitting on a high bluff above the Rio Grande river, talking with someone, I was idly sifting soil from a little dry rivulet. I located hundreds of chips (1/8”) of abalone, coral, turquoise, and a white, pretty stone. As the location was not only pleasant, but located so someone sitting there had a long-distance view in all directions, it seems it was either a great place to trade for goods from elsewhere, or work there while keeping a lookout for whatever needed looking out for. The location was several hundred miles from the source of the turquoise, and up to two thousand miles from a couple of the others.

Could you talk about the manteño/huancavilca culture from the coast of ecuador? I heard that they were great traders and seafearers who used voyage as far as southern Mexico. Aparently, they dominated the maritime trade routes of the pacific ocean between mesoamerica and south america.

@fabrizzioantoniodominguezp349

3 жыл бұрын

Yeah, the manteños probably were the best sea navigators of the ancient americas. There was even an expedition in the 70s named "Las balsas" that managed to reach Australia from Ecuador using a traditional huancavilcan raft. If you are interested to watch it, here it is: kzread.info/dash/bejne/fniE19iKpduumMY.html

@yuraqmisi6463

3 жыл бұрын

@@fabrizzioantoniodominguezp349 Cool, thanks 👍

I am always on the lookout for great historical/archeological content on KZread and this is honestly such an amazing channel. Thanks for all the hard work I know these videos must take. The research and quality of the videos are great! 10 out of 10

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

@parisdegrassie1013

3 жыл бұрын

WOW.. I hope you are not serious.. why dont you check out a Jon Levi video and see if you still think this is a 10 out of 10.. I mean there is just no deep dives or any personal insight.. he is just blindly trusting some people and blindly disagreeing with others based on some political ideology or some personal agenda. With an truly open mind and using logic and reason this video could have been spectacular!! I agree there was some solid info, but come on we arent kids...

@hsadanalytics-toptoolsreso6443

3 жыл бұрын

@@parisdegrassie1013 When I said had a lot of exposure to other historical and archeological content, I wasn't kidding. I did not not make the comparison blindly or without context. This is genuinely a great channel with the perfect amount of info to make it entertaining and educational without being a full on lecture video...which are great in small doses, but not something you can binge, like these videos. While there are others whom I would also rate a 10 out of 10, I stick to my original assessment, that this is a great channel. Also, I keep hearing political influence, but I have seen nothing but facts and unbiased conclusions being offered as evidence throughout this channel, so I have no idea what you even mean by this.

@parisdegrassie1013

3 жыл бұрын

@@hsadanalytics-toptoolsreso6443 Fair enough, but dont be confused and think that I said YOU were blindly agreeing with anything. I meant the creator of this video. I guess I worded my first comment wrong, and I sound pretty arrogant reading it back. But I have been on a kick of really having my mind blown about history for months, so I was just shocked to see this tickled your fancy, when there are absolutely incredible videos on this site that cover the same content, but used logic and reasoning in place of blindly agreeing with academia.. and the results are awe inspiring! Just check out kzread.info/dash/bejne/jJOBxLKtoKa4fqw.html I think you will understand what I mean after viewing that short video. Like I said I agree that there was some good info, and I thanked the creator for taking his time to make this video, but could have been soo much more with a real open mind

I remember learning about stuff like this in 8th grade US history. It’s crazy that there was even use of native iron in the Pacific Northwest.

I'm just discovering your channel. You're doing a really good job with these. I appreciate all the detail. Would you consider doing a video on the people's of the pacific northwest? I love exploring cultures, and our locals have some pretty fascinating traditions and stories that may pique your interest. Thanks again for the quality work that you're putting in. Good luck with your future efforts.

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you. And yes, at some point, I'd like to cover the Pacific Northwestern cultures and people.

I remember trying to write a fantasy setting in a parallel Earth (involving multiverse-type stuff), and wanted to place a Bronze Age civilization somewhere on the Americas. As it turned out, the Great Lakes area was pretty much the only feasible location, after looking at various maps of copper and tin deposits in North America, as it was the only region where the two metals could be found in any sort of close proximity. Pretty much anywhere else that one metal was found was too far from the nearest source of the other metal to be reliably traded for significant Bronze production. Of course, in our timeline, it doesn't seem the Natives bothered alloying copper with tin, because the ready-made state of native copper meant that they would have never needed to use tin in the first place. Ironic that the most suitable place in the Americas for a Bronze Age Civilization to arise never had a need to develop Bronze in the first place.

@peterrose5373

2 жыл бұрын

Doesn't Alaska have both? AS well as gold, silver, and lead? It's probably unsuitable because of the climate.

@kovona

Жыл бұрын

The Incas and their neighbors had developed bronze smelting before European contact.

@109Rage

Жыл бұрын

@@kovona I did say North America, but yeah, there's the Inca too.

@heremapping4484

Жыл бұрын

@@109Rage And the western Mesoamericans, southern Colombians. and bear in mind its not the 'inca'. Bronze smelting had existed for centuries before the Inca Empire even existed.

@109Rage

Жыл бұрын

@@heremapping4484 Yeah, sorry. "The Inca" is just the default when I think of Pre-Columbian Peruvian civilization.

A few years ago I read about a very early archaic burial of young female in northern Minnesota, she was buried with a conch shell knife with Caribbean origin. I do not remember where I read it unfortunately. But I believe the location was near the ash river mouth. I’m amazed that trade could go that far, 7,000 years ago.

@mapleholler9800

Жыл бұрын

Nick, I've always found it interesting that we modern folks, think of ancients as being somehow less than ourselves. They were the same as us.....intelligent, inventive, and always seeking resources and knowledge. And, they were more driven than most modern people. They were used to working hard to survive. The local market was the forest and fields, with no easy or speedy transportation, and alive with things that saw them as a meal. And, they had thousands of generations of knowledge and tradition to follow and build on. Most moderns can't imagine people from the previous generation having anything on them, let alone those of a thousand years ago. We're spoiled....and it could be ourdownfall, if we aren't careful. Have a good day sir.

This was extraordinarily narrated, you never lost my focus, and im too broke to pay attention, definitely subscribed. Looking forward to checking out all your videos!

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

I love that everytime i look up something I want to learn about on KZread it seems that someone recently uploaded something about it, I hope it never ends

i was just researching this topic! glad to see your videos are still great, i was just at the etowah site in cartersville and it refueled my huge interest in indigenous sites of the US.

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thanks!

Thank you. Talking about lesser known cultures and civilizations, and in such a great, and informative way, puts you up there with the best history content on KZread. Thank you for your time and effort in sharing your insight into history, and for making history on KZread a little less eurocentric. Can't wait for more.

I found this channel yesterday... and have watched 8 episodes...I love it. They are presented very well and I really like that you include where you the information is coming from. I thank you for you efforts in educating me on topics that are more difficult to find information on.

@AncientAmericas

2 жыл бұрын

You're welcome! I'm glad you're enjoying them.

Loved this channel I just discovered. Amazing content, man.

Back in the early 1900’s the family farm in Wayne County, Ohio was a treasure trove of Indian arrowheads. My understanding is that a family member found a copper bowl among the many Indian artifacts in the fields at that time.

Some stone, like obsidian is actually much sharper than your average modern knife. Definitely superior to copper, so it's not surprising that they ended up using copper for more decorative things.

I grew up in Michigan and boy howdy the copper thing is huge. It's damn cool! Loved going to the Lansing museum and they have this whole mine exhibit talking about it.

This feels almost like a weird strategy game scenario. "They rushed their research points to skip from the ice age straight to the copper age while the other players were still in the stone age."

@AncientAmericas

Жыл бұрын

Someone rushed the copper working tech so they could monopolize the copper trade early on.

You nailed the patreon idea!, visible, not invasive, just perfect. Great intro btw. Please make a video of the southern tip of America i live there, in Chile!

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thanks! I thought it was a good idea as well.

Watching this only days after I have seen that one of best preserved fundaments of pre-war buildings near our summer house is being destroyed because they are building more summer houses in the area 😢 I am still depressed, so many memories of that place

@rs5536

3 жыл бұрын

Let me know what others can do to stop this erasure of history

@CreatorCade

3 жыл бұрын

Been there man it really sucks to see a historical building get knocked down.

@KateeAngel

3 жыл бұрын

@@rs5536 nothing, I think. Especially if you are not where I am from. But people here don't care 😑 they think it is not old enough to be considered history. Even though several decades more, and it probably will be. But there are much more ancient and valuable historical buildings destroyed by time and our politicians' greed in my region, and noone who can do anything, cares, and people who care cannot do anything

Did my undergraduate in the copper country! It's always amazing how impactful the copper trade was for both native Americans and Europeans

I love that you put your sources in the description. That’s dope man

@AncientAmericas

2 жыл бұрын

Thanks! I want the make sure anyone can read up on this if they want.

This is making me rethink something I found in Florida back in high-school or middle-school. While walking around a lake in my neighborhood I found a ~7" metal knife/spearpoint (what it looked like to my mind) in the mud. It looked like stone at first but it felt like metal so I passed it under a metal-detector which beeped. The whole thing was coated in some kind of grey oxidation that gave it a stone-like appearance. The side that had been exposed out of the mud looked like it had been beaten into shape by while the underside was more rounded and lumpy. One of its edges looked intentionally flat while the other rounded off slightly. I took it to someone at a local museum who looked very interested in it at first but then said it was probably a replica when they learned it was metal. It seemed odd to me that a large replica of a stone tool made of metal would show up randomly by a lake in my neighborhood but I took their word for it. I never did take the time to figure out what kind of metal it was made of but now I am wondering if it might be worth the time.

My dad has a several pound chunk of native copper he found hiking up in Michigan. Makes me wonder what it would have been used for by natives centuries back. Such a big piece might have been good for hammering out into a Mississippi Plate for trade or something.

I love building stuff with sheet copper and brass I learned at a school in 1980. Just as a hobby now

Thank you! And a shout-out for the PSA!

It would be very interesting if you could cover the lesser known copper working tradition of the Pacific Northwest indigenous people. I feel it's rarely covered, but it was active during the colonial era, which saw an explosion then collapse of copper goods.

🤯 I had never heard anything about any of this before! What a fascinating subject, and what a truly professional style of presentation. If you taught college courses I'd enroll in every class. LOVE this channel! Thanks so much for your work! 👏👏

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

A number of years ago I hiked part of the north coast trail of Isle Royale and came across many small marked quarries of ancient copper mining. I hiked the length of Isle Royale. On the Greenstone Trail came upon a now closed 19th century copper mining area. The area had dangerous fenced open shafts, the water in the area is poisoned, and the park has warning signs not to filter local water. The north coast trail was wet and rugged, the Greenstone Trail is a ridge trail and much easier. The trails in the southwest of Isle Royale are nice with access to a nice bay, great camping, great views, and a trail to a west coast beach to watch sunsets. I found a Greenstone while looking at the small pebbles sitting on the beach.

Glad to have found your channel, great video. Keep it up!

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you! Glad to have you here!

I recently discovered your channel, and happy to see it exists. I've always wanted to do something like this myself. One thing that stands out to me in this video though is that you mention that the Old Copper complex didn't have any shaft mines. I remember Whittlesey discussing some in "Ancient Mining on the Shores of Lake Superior" (the first - my knowledge - major scholarly work on what would later be called the Old Copper Complex). I'll have to pick up Martin's "Wonderful Power" from my university library again to see if she discusses them there as well - off hand, I can't remember. In any case, even the deepest of these shafts were no more than 6 meters, so probably weren't what you were thinking of when discussing deep excavation.

@AncientAmericas

2 жыл бұрын

Thanks! I read that book cover to cover and I don't recall any shaft mining being discussed. That said, the book is over 20 years old and there may be new evidence.

@Reedstilt

2 жыл бұрын

@@AncientAmericas To be fair, Whittlesey's book is more than 150 years old so it might be more likely that the shafts he discusses were later found to not be associated with the Old Copper Complex. He was, after all, writing in the early days of formal American archaeology. I spent some time this afternoon trying to track down some additional information on the sites he mentions so see what follow-up studies in the last century and a half have turned up, but haven't tracked anything down yet.

Fantastic! This onetime Yooper appreciates!

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

Crazy to think someone may have been alive at a time when he saw his edged tools change from copper to steel. Imagine what a giant leap in performance that must have felt like.

One thing too I wanted to mention: in school our jewelry-making instructor wouldn’t let us use copper because it was so much more difficult to work with than silver or nickel. It has a higher melting point, it’s harder when solid, so difficult to hammer or grind, and a pain to cut with a jewelry saw, because it kind of shreds, and catches on the teeth of the blade. He said it wasn’t worth the savings to give beginners a more difficult metal to work. Later I took a sculpture class in which we worked with bronze, using the lost wax method of casting. The molded piece would have ragged edges that needed removed or polished and I can attest to the material’s unmalleable nature. Probably quite a lot like copper.

I visited the Oconto site in 2014. They have, or had, an atlatl that you could use. The 6 foot darts had reproduction copper tips made in the fashion of tips found in the burials at the site. It was a great experience. These folks are another set of peoples that is lost to time. Their name for themselves, their stories and myth.

This kind of sounds mostly coming from western archeologists and historians. I belong to one of the Michigan first nations and copper has a religious and cultural importance to us. Copper just isn't a mineral that we use for just anything, it often is used in religious ceremony and for our eating/drinking utensils because the belief that it purifies food and water as an anti-bacterial. I know of one elder that has a drum fastened with copper straps and studs that have been in his family for 15 generations. It is also important to note that the Anishinaabe (the first nations tribes of this area) were known to be traders, Michigan and Grand Rapids (a city in Michigan) were the trade capitals of the Americas. There is evidence shown that the Anishinaabe traded as far south as South America, copper has been found down there as well as things like certain shells found in our burial mounds in the midwest/Canada. Those shells also have a religious meaning to us and have been used in ceremony and art, and are only from a certain area in Mexico.

@jameskenworthy4445

Жыл бұрын

I have noticed that those who invent a technology never worship it.

I know there was so much going on in America that I am happy to learn some today from you.

Excellent stuff. I had no idea about any of this. I've been binge watching your channel. It's a great resource.

@AncientAmericas

2 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

I'm just going to say the same thing as EVERYONE: great job. The number 1 thing I like about a channel is the narrator's voice because no matter how interesting a subject there are such irritating narrator's. So thanks for that and the subject matter. I recently found out I'm 35% native American and you have the best channel I've seen lately. I'll sign up and hope you get more subscribers.

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you! I'm flattered. Congratulations on discovering your native heritage! I'd encourage you to explore and learn as much as you can about it.

@Infinitebrandon

3 жыл бұрын

@@AncientAmericas right on. I'm mostly yaqui but I'm in mt Shasta now exploring my modoc roots. If you can find anything interesting enough to make a decent show about us that would be priceless. Mt Shasta supposedly was a holy gathering place of the tribes .thanks

WOOHOO WISCONSIN EPISODE. Fascinating stuff, thanks for sharing. I almost wish I had a metal detector, but if I come across anyone with one, I'll give them the lowdown on preserving context

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Wooohoooo!!!

Nice You're quickly becoming one of my favorite channels on KZread

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you! I'm glad you're enjoying the content.

@parisdegrassie1013

3 жыл бұрын

David if you liked this, you should really check out Jon Levi, Robert Sepehr, Jarid Boosters and others along those lines... I think you will be very happy/surprised, you can thank me later

Copper is so easy to find there. It's often found in big ol half pound chunks just laying on the ground. It's pretty insane.

When discussing the decrease of copper as tools, it's important to note, that stone tools can be made sharper. And kept sharper much more easily. It seems to me oh, that once they started Trading shinies and pretties, they wouldn't have any trouble accessing good churt or even, obsidian. As you noted. Very new to your Channel. And I am very much enjoying your content.

@AncientAmericas

2 жыл бұрын

Thank you! It's been awhile since I did the research for this so I may be remembering this slightly wrong but I read paper by an archaeologist who did replicative studies comparing stone and copper points and while you can make a stone point much sharper, it dulls fairly quickly to the sharpness of a copper point so sharpness was likely not the big factor in why they stopped being used. It's not like you're going to make a new point for every hunting trip because that would be wasteful of imported material. Also worth mentioning, the copper points on average got deeper penetration, albeit not by much so I'm doubt that that was a factor in keeping copper either way. She speculated that once they were able to get those types of stone, it was just much more time efficient to produce tools. If you are interested, check out the bibliography in the description and read up on it. It's interesting. (At least I found it interesting.)

@pelewads

2 жыл бұрын

@@AncientAmericas Thanks, I will definitely check that out. I am surprised about the sharpness. I think that would definitely depend on the stone being used. Obsidian blades are occasionally used for extremely delicate surgeries. Because modern surgical steel, cannot be made as sharp, as obsidian. Time would certainly be a factor. A stone blade can be re-sharpened in a couple of minutes. However, copper is definitely much tougher. I will have to look at her research. Thanks again

@AncientAmericas

2 жыл бұрын

@@pelewads that's a very good observation and I don't recall what stone they used for test. Every material is going to act differently.

Fascinating

Very informative and well articulated. Thanks for sharing.

@AncientAmericas

3 жыл бұрын

Thank you!

Why a great series of videos you have here. Glad I stumbled across them. Subscribed!

@AncientAmericas

2 жыл бұрын

Thank you!