Southern elephant seals are the largest pinniped, weighing in over 8,800 lbs or almost 4,000 kg! Why are marine mammals so big? I answer that question here → kzread.info/dash/bejne/i5ylvKV9g7SZoqQ.html

@aviel4218

5 ай бұрын

I have a question if Neil is a young seal than where are his parents?

@KPassionate

5 ай бұрын

They only stay with their mothers for a few months and then are on their own

@Murderoreo1

5 ай бұрын

@@KPassionateWeird, I have stayed with my mom my whole life

@glarnboudin4462

5 ай бұрын

Ever think about how there are elephant seals bigger than some actual elephants?

@kevo6190

5 ай бұрын

Because it's Neil! Pinniped! 8,80/lbs! It's a random elephant seal being random elephant seal ! 🦭 Neil🇦🇺🤘

The majority of the locals in Dunalley (the town where Neil frequents) are quite protective of Neil and I have witnessed quite a few non-locals getting ripped a new arsehole by the locals when they have gotten too close to Neil *Edit* Ripped a new arsehole is Anglo/Aussie/Kiwi slang for being told off

@KPassionate

5 ай бұрын

That’s great to hear!!!

@mxandrew

5 ай бұрын

i wanna see neil from an appropriate distance some day. in my home we have harbor seals (one of my favorite animals) and the protocol is much the same even if they are smaller and cuter 😭 i appreciate the work that the locals are doing to socialize him appropriately.

@euriditia

4 ай бұрын

Awww, now thats a great community. They respect and love him from a distance and make sure others do the same. This made my day!

@ChaldeaWarmaster

4 ай бұрын

It helps that this seal is by a small town where the locals know each other very easily. So if some stranger/tourist comes by and wants to be an ass to Neil for Tiktok clicks, they'd have their asshole torn down. XD

@brebre514

4 ай бұрын

I thought I read somewhere that he'd been relocated from there for his safety. He's tagged. Either way I'll be waiting for the next sightings of this gorgeous boy!!! ❤

Boss: Why are you late for work? Me: Shows picture of Neil. Boss: ok.

@KPassionate

5 ай бұрын

Valid call out reason 😂

Freyas story always gets me. She wasn't a threat to humans, it was the other way around. Just like in Niels case. Hope Niel doesn't have to die because of human inability to listen, think and/or restrain themselves.

@keeper6458

5 ай бұрын

Agreed 💯

@ominous27

4 ай бұрын

I didn't know about Freya until now 😭😭

@Kyra_of_Kerkyra

4 ай бұрын

It's Neil.

@CheekieCharlie

4 ай бұрын

It always bothered me too because they could have either put her into a conservation in order to rehabilitate or a zoo. If they're not a controlled population then shouldn't we be preserving them?

@Phantomphan613

4 ай бұрын

The dirst time I heard about Neil, I immediately thought of Freya and wondered how long until humans ruin this too

Seal: car is threat. Seal: must destroy car.

@zathtanks

3 ай бұрын

CAR IS OTHER BULL

The trained professional arrives dressed as a traffic cone.

@nt78stonewobble

3 ай бұрын

Now that you mention it... that does seem like a poor choice of color. :D

This is also happening in the US with buffalo, bears, etc. the animal always pays.

@KPassionate

5 ай бұрын

100%

@kimmykimak3737

5 ай бұрын

Happens too often in Canada as well. And it's absolutely disgusting that nature has to pay the price for man stupidity

@kimmykimak3737

5 ай бұрын

Thank you so much! I learned so much about him and his species today. I didn't know before. And this happens way too much all over the world, and nature pays the price for man stupidity. We see it too often here in Canada as well. When tours especially come through places like Banff and Jasper. There's a reason why you have a zoom on your camera. Learn to use it. Leave the wild life alone

@ophelias4172

5 ай бұрын

This is so true and it pisses me off because it’s not for lack of education or because there isn’t enough signs saying don’t feed the wild life. Don’t approach the wild life.

@atherisGAY

5 ай бұрын

Bears are so, so dangerous around humans, how people can't get it in their head to not feed them or seek them out is beyond any comprehension. They eat your pizza yes, but then they're dying for it because you taught them about pizza. it's heartbreaking!!!

Port Angeles Washington sometimes has a elephant seal that molts in the harbor parking lot. They shutdown all access and hire guards to keep people away.

@XOChristianaNicole

4 ай бұрын

I didn’t know that. I lived in Sequim, for a few years, and miss it so much. I’ll have to ask my friends who lives in Port Angeles if they’re familiar. Thanks, for sharing.

Yeah, this is what I've been thinking. Neil is still a baby. When he's full grown and hits sexual maturity he's going to be an absolute monster (and I mean that in the best possible way). As much as we love him it's best for both parties that he finds a new home before tragedy strikes. I hope the authorities are successful in relocating him.

@i_inject_mercury1930

17 күн бұрын

I mean, we let elephans live near people. Why not Niel? An elephant in must is much more agressive than a seal

I believe the video where he's chasing that person may be one of a small group of locals that keeps an eye on Neil and encourages him away from the road when needed (if Police or Marine Volunteers can't get their first). Agree the older couple were way too close though. Neil should be admired from the required distance. Neil has also now returned to the ocean until next year. Thankfully he didn't need to be relocated this time around.

@hajarmdn4883

5 ай бұрын

Yeah he tends to lounge in the middle of roads and is unfortunately always in danger of getting run over. Or he sometimes tries to go into people’s garages and lawns so in some instances, it’s definitely valid why people are close to him or trying to antagonize him to get him to move. He seems very well loved and protected by the community so hopefully nothing will happen to him. Though if he keeps getting into houses and such when he’s an adult, it would become quite dangerous so that has to be curbed asap.

@christophera556

4 ай бұрын

What might be a better thing to do with this seal is relocate him well away from people altogether. He may of course been relocated already if he hasn't been relocated then he needs to be because the longer this seal is around people things for this seal may turn bad at the moment the locals may not have a problem however how long will that last so best the authorities move him for his own good.

@christophera556

4 ай бұрын

​@hajarmdn4883 what you are describing is a good reason why it might be better if this seal was relocated to a area away from people otherwise either he is either going to end up being run over by a vehicle or he may end up attacking someone which would mean he would have to be destroyed, so it would definitely be better for this seal to be relocated to a area with few or no people.

@claireeyles7560

4 ай бұрын

@@christophera556 He's returned to the sea now. Parks and Wildlife officers keep a close eye on him when he is on land, and there are usually several trained community volunteers that can assist Neil if absolutely necessary. He has been relocated before, from a different area of Tasmania, and the Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania will always step in if they feel Neil is not safe where he is. People still absolutely need to be more careful with him, respect his space and maintain their distance, and also to not go advertising exactly where he is and encourage a bunch of happy snapper tourists to flock to his spot.

As soon as I found out about Neil, I immediately thought about Freya and got concerned...

So I'm Colombian, I saw the Neil part of TikTok not long ago but I didn't know that getting close to them was so harmful to them, I hope people understand that it's better for everyone not to interact with him or any wild animals. Here for example we have hippos (thanks to Pablo Escobar's influence and money) and people here sometimes try to get close to them as a way to be perceived as brave or something like that. People are too stupid and I can just hope we learn to be kind to all animals without causing them any harm. Thanks for the informative video

@doubleagentxv120

5 ай бұрын

The Columbian hippos is one of the wildest stories I've ever heard lol

@mkxv1

5 ай бұрын

woah, are the cocaine hippos still around?! I thought the gov would have them all slaughtered by now lol where do they hang out tho?? it's impressive that they survived generations, since they can't just fit anywhere

@The_ZeroLine

5 ай бұрын

Many people have lower IQs than chimps.

@jackochainsaw

5 ай бұрын

Hippos are one of the most dangerous animals on the planet. Don't get between them and water, or their young. They will trample you to death before goring you and they are pretty nimble considering their size. They can also be pretty quick to temper as well.

@michaelnkomphela8231

5 ай бұрын

Hippos are dangerous, have you seen their teeth?

I think some people are so use to their domesticated animals, they project the behaviors they see in their dogs or cats or whatever onto wild animals. Which is a bad thing and I wish they would listen to professionals like you. The fact that these animals try to fight cars should be enough encouragement for people to keep their distance.

Here in California we have northern elephant seals. They are not quite as large as southern elephant seals, but much of the information is the same. The instrument that you showed on Neil‘s head is actually designed to collect information about his body size the length of his dives, where he goes what he feeds upon and much more. These instruments do not harm the animals because as you pointed out, the elephant seals molt all of their fur every year and any instruments like this are shed along with the fur Neil would have been tagged as a pup with a permanent plastic tag that was attached in the webbing in his hind flipper.

@Scarshadow666

4 ай бұрын

YES! California is also famous for their sea lions too, and they love to hang out along the Pier 39 docks in SF as well as the wharfs along Santa Cruz and Monterey. Elephant seals and sea lions can be such goofy/noisy adorable blobs! ^^

I'm Indonesian. The occasion like marine mammals get into the land like Neil is a rare thing (or maybe never happened) here. I knew Neil from youtube videos where in most of them he looked cute and funny. I didn't know some of his behavior is actually a natural self-defense of seals. Thanks for sharing with us, KP. Respect wild animals and their space.

@KPassionate

5 ай бұрын

Thanks for watching!

@montialarson

3 ай бұрын

Me neither lol. I was pretty sure him opening is mouth was him communicating he's not happy about the situation, but I didn't know that him fighting traffic cones was him practicing beating up other male elephant seals.

Only five were successfully weaned!? Dang!! And seeing people get close to wildlife will never not get my dander up now, lol.

@KPassionate

5 ай бұрын

Honestly though!!

I just want to see the townspeople cheering Neil on when he does eventually challenge another Elephant Seal bull

@airplanenut89

4 ай бұрын

You know people are going to record it, and it will end up on the internet with one of the following songs: Rules of Nature - Metal Gear Rising The Battle - Gladiator Soundtrack Duel of the Fates/Battle of the Heroes - Star Wars

Thanks for sharing. We have a 'tribe' of these elephant seals at a local 'hidden' beach here (a bit South of San Francisco) & I'll never forget going to see them up close on a guided tour fieldtrip as a kid. They are bigger than cars & we kept our distance. Luckily, there are no towns nearby, so our local elephant seals are protected.

Thanks for telling people about him! I live in the same town as him, and my friend is the neighbour of the original person whos car got blocked by him!

While Freya concerns are valid, Neil is also approaching people by himself, he is hard to ignore when he is going up to peoples houses. That said people going out of their way to annoy him outside of that need jail time quick.

@DANCERcow

4 ай бұрын

Literally could have just relocated her instead of killing her! .-.

I’m not to concerned with the safety of the people. If Neil takes someone out, that’s just a Darwinian thinking of our herd. Nature in action. I’m rooting for Neil.

Educating people on the best way to enjoy wildlife for years to come 👍

KP, elephant seals have got to be off the chart of most fascinating animals! My jaw dropped on the one attacking the car! We really need to respect their space. How sad we can’t get people to leave them alone. Thanks again!

@Kiwinan1701

5 ай бұрын

That was in New Zealand!! They cost us often as well.

@last-chance_

3 ай бұрын

Neil is the one taking over yards. Yes some of these people are idiots but the ones waking up to him napping in the front yard is hard to ignore.

The tradfic thing is a reflector to alert drivers where the edge of the road is at night

@kylewitter2806

3 ай бұрын

Nah looks like a utility marker to me but they could be different in AU

I parked near by the area Neil the seal was recently (I’d never heard of him and was there for an unrelated reason) within the hour I was parked 50 or so tourists in separate cars turned up walking the foreshore looking for him. People really are idiots.

Why can’t people just leave wild animals alone? The animal always pays in the end

In Australia you would find the whole town come out and get rid of the people that would even try to hurt him.

As an Australian 🇦🇺 I can confirm that there would be a mutiny if the government put Neil the Seal 🦭 down

Don't you love when people are told that an animal is dangerous if approached and then get upset and surprised when they get close to the animal and it attacks them?

Thank you for making this video! As an amateur biologist I was wondering about some of the natural behaviors I have seen in the videos and it’s cool to see some of my hypotheses confirmed. ☺️ I consider myself an athlete and quite strong and I never ever understand how people are like, “yeah, a three hundred pound seal poses no physical danger to me” I wonder if all of Neil’s practice with traffic cones will make him more successful later in life. :3

Is that a cookiecutter shark bite mark on Neil's back? Those sharks are frightening.

@KPassionate

5 ай бұрын

It certainly looks like it could be! I agree. Nightmare fuel.

This really worries me. Tasmania’s second biggest tourist attraction, Port Arthur, is visited by hundreds of thousands of tourists per year. They have to travel there by one road only through Dunally to get there. Many of them stop there, if they’re travelling by car, motorcycle or camper van. If Neil decides he wants to regularly visit, I can see bad things in his future unfortunately. People need to stay away from any wild animals! DO NOT encourage them in any way! Dunally is 42km from where I live in a straight line. Quite a bit longer by road…

I admit i hadn't come across this cheeky chappy - yet. So glad you have, again, taken time to highlight the human impact issue. I remember Freya, that was so heart breaking,.. Looking at some of those clips of people getting so incredibly close to such huge and weighty animals - Just boggles the mind - some people seem to not understand how "wild" wildlife is. Its the total disconnect, and that frustrates and worries me a lot. thank you for explaining about this wonderful animal. and showing the stupidity of some people. Oh, and - Happy New Year Blessings to You.

As others have mentioned, this situation has Freya written all over it ☹️

So sad about Freya that’s not fair

I had no idea how big they are! Very interesting animal. People should be arrested for harassing them.

I'm not a trained wildlife expert but I know enough to recognise that Neil wasn't trying to be cute. That yawn and raising up like that were threats. Neil isn't a puppy or kitten and it'd be nice if people recognised that and gave these animals some respect.

Why couldn't they transport Freya the walrus somewhere else instead of killing her?

@KPassionate

5 ай бұрын

It was a lazy and inhumane decision. Easiest for people.

Tbh, even if everyone behaved perfectly, this still seems like it will end badly for Neil. Even when people dont approach him, he seems more than happy to approach humans himself and destroy things.

Cute and educational. I live on a lake in Washington State near Olympic National Park. We have a wintering group of North American River Otters because of their being so few year-round residents (they love the endless supply of lake trout put in by the local government each year, as do the hawks, osprey, eagles etc.). I am still learning about these local winter residences 🙂).

Thank you KP and Neal. may Neal live long safe from unaware humans and free

Thank you for giving a size comparison to a car...holy Hannah they're huge!

Neal is proof that marine mammals love traffic cones 😂 Lucky a majority of people seem to be giving him his space and I haven’t seen/heard of anyone trying to feed him or anything crazy. So hope he can get his moult done and back to the ocean with no real drama

Passion is in your name, and it comes through. Thank you for providing content I can nerd out to.

@KPassionate

5 ай бұрын

I appreciate that!

My friend George Costanza was a marine bioigist.

@dizzzyip2

5 ай бұрын

The sea was angry that day

It's like here in Florida people poking and bothering the manatees had to yell at this guy trying to touch one with his paddle 🤦

I think about these things every time I see these Neil videos, especially how big and aggressive he’s going to be in a few years!! 😮

Tasmania and Neil’s towns should put notices in papers an tv news about Freya’s story, have the schools get the kids to educate their parents. Have the businesses tell patrons and put up posts on community boards and hotels can use info cards in rooms, etc

Neil resembles a bowling alley skittle in the thumbnail..😅❤

When an animal hurts or kills a human who was behaving ignorantly, why must the animal always be euthanized? I would understand if there was a specific problem animal who was repeatedly and aggressively going after humans in a high traffic area, but some of these cases (like even that gorilla in a zoo who was killed when a kid got loose into his enclosure and the gorilla didn’t even do anything to the kid), it’s like humans are being encouraged to behave ignorantly around wildlife. We are actually creating more human monsters, because they know that if anything happens, it’ll be the animal that gets punished, and they don’t care as long as they get their video/picture. Am I the a-hole for thinking this way? Does it make me psychologically ill? I worry about this also, because I have lost a lot of respect for humanity since the internet and learning about all of these instances of humans and wildlife. It’s bad enough how we treat those we eat, but to go out and disrespect the others who have no place in our ability to exist is cruel.

@Murderoreo1

5 ай бұрын

You are absolutely right, granted if a predator kills and eats a human they will know that they are an easy food source. Also as an Orca pretend you love humanity cause they too strong and don’t listen.

@MissMeganBeckett

4 ай бұрын

Being upset that people aren’t being made to take responsibility for their actions that harm wildlife is very understandable, I have also had some uncharitable thoughts about people that do stupid things around animals that could contribute to that animal being harmed or seen as a threat in the future and euthanized because of their actions and it makes me very upset when I think about it. Unfortunately the government is unlikely to support my idea which is to give park rangers and zookeepers the responsibility to capture the problem tourists if they bother the animals and affix a radio tag collar to them that can’t be removed easily so they can be seen and tracked by all of the other park rangers and zookeepers as a potential problem if they ever show up again in a different place that has animals after they have been captured catalogued tagged and relocated far away from where they were causing problems, and they can display any repeat offenders as an exhibit at the zoo.

@Murderoreo1

4 ай бұрын

@@MissMeganBeckett That needs to happen! 🤣

@bluebird1914

4 ай бұрын

It annoys me as well, one of my main issues when it comes to kids and babies interacting with dogs. Like most of the instances I've seen it happen, it's very clear that the parents haven't actually taught the kid how to properly Interact with a dog. I've even experienced that myself, had a little kid run up to my dog while we were out on a walk and immediately start trying to pet her even though she had her tail between her legs and started trying to hide behind me. Worse still was that she had an adult with her, and this dude wasn't saying jack shit. I was just shocked honestly, kid was maybe 4 so I don't blame them, I blame the guy. All I could think to myself in that interaction was "Fucking hell, this kid is going to end up losing a hand if this is how she interacts with dogs."

People need to understand that you should not mess with wild animals. It never ends well.

I was just at the breeding ground near San Simeon, CA. So cool! ✌🏼

I joined your channel maybe 20 minutes ago now. I need to slow down so that I can enjoy this for a long time. Really great stuff. Marine life has a really good friend with you.

I think Neil will be a temporary sensation. Once he’s of age, instinct will make him seek out females of his own kind, and likely return to the beach he was born on.

Love this video. Thanks for sharing your knowledge!

@KPassionate

4 ай бұрын

Thanks for watching!

Thank you for sharing, this is really interesting.

@KPassionate

3 ай бұрын

Glad you enjoyed it!

Very well done. Appreciate the quality.

@KPassionate

4 ай бұрын

Glad you enjoyed it!

Great video! Thank you!

I’ll thank Neil for finding your channel. 👍 I feel smarter 😀

Thank you. Excellent video

@KPassionate

3 ай бұрын

Glad you enjoyed it!

"Admire from a distance." Kinda hard when he's on your porch. There is only so much distance you can keep when you see a seal in your path on the sidewalk.

The crazy part is Neil is still a young bull and he’s still got a ways to grow before he’s a full grown adult

The epitome of "OH LAWD HE COMIN!"

KP, I know your busy, but this has been bothering me since I read it. The Vaquita, mexican dolphin, there are only 10 left, basically extinct. Why did people wait so long to help it survive??? With 10 left, what can you do??? I read this and it was upsetting. I just don’t understand. Thank you as always.

@KPassionate

5 ай бұрын

I would love to chat about this as I was actually part of a rescue effort that was going to capture and captively breed the species. But it would be much better to chat about on stream! Will you be there on Sunday? I can put it on my topics to cover list

@marymorgan285

5 ай бұрын

@@KPassionate Instagram?

@KPassionate

5 ай бұрын

No on Twitch. I don’t stream on instagram usually.

@marymorgan285

5 ай бұрын

@@KPassionate I will be there with fins on!!!!!! 🥰

@prophetofthe8th

4 ай бұрын

From what I saw, it was a mix of corruption, and the species itself was discovered quite late. It was discovered and recorded when already endangered.

Thank you !

Poor Neil...why don't people leave him alone...

@gravel9270

5 ай бұрын

Because he's cute but imagine if he looks like a leopard seal. People will be scared of him by just looking. Looks can be deceiving.

The law enforcement should charge people when they harass Neil. And give them hefty fines, so they reconsider if it's worth the money and jail time!

Freya didn't even do anything. I hate people.

@Murderoreo1

5 ай бұрын

They really are the worst

That’s so saddening and frustrating, why can’t people give wild life the space and respect they deserve…

Messing with animals that just so happened to be friendly isn't a free pass to walk up to it. It's still wild. As "friendly" as they look.

Thanks for this video on Neil, and also, YUKI PLUSH IN BACKGROUND AT 2:43 SO SQUISHY YAY!

I always wondered about that mark on Neils head. Thank you for letting me know it was a tagging mark. Interesting. No elephant seals (or elephants) here in Pennsylvania but we do have very angry turkeys.

Thanks for the great video and information. I hope Neil makes it and he is left alone.

I’ve just seen an article on Facebook that he is back.

So glad I found this vid, I’ve been concerned about the effects human interactions is having on Neil. Also only a matter of time til he hurts someone or a pet

Very interesting !

Neil’s gonna grow up to be a big boy

@KPassionate

5 ай бұрын

I hope so!!!

Awesome, thx

Here in California we have a lot of Seals and Sea Lions. Especially the Elephant Seals in San Simeon.

Thanks!

@KPassionate

5 ай бұрын

You are most welcome. And thank you so much for the support!

@marymorgan285

5 ай бұрын

@@KPassionate You bet! I have learned a lot!!! Thank you!!!!!

They shouldn't have euthanized the walrus as she didn't attack anyone, but sent the people harassing her to jail. Regarding Neil, it is said he was relocated and came back. For whatever reason, he likes it there. I hope the community rallies around protecting Neil because it is clear they love the big lug.

Thank you so much for this informative video. Watching people doing their best to get as close as possible to Neil makes me furious! Did we learn nothing from poor Freya??!!

We have a lot of elephant seals who come ashore in California. From what I have seen everyone who comes to see them stays far away from them.

Seen him and I love him!!!

I don't use TikTok, but Neil popped up on KZread yesterday and now I'm fully invested in his antics. Initially, I thought he's a zany goofball, but I quickly worried about his safety and longevity. What happens if he crosses the line or meets an unwelcoming human? What happens when he reaches full physical and sexual maturity? How will he fare out in the wild when he must fend for himself and not rely on the kindness of humans? What happens when he meets others of his kind?

While I will be heartbroken if he is put down, and I take your points… Neil will never have the speed and dexterity nearly all other large wild animals like the Bison have. It is hard to imagine him successfully chasing down anyone.

I think Neil is trying to avoid alot, including sharks. They don't seem to like red, Orange, or white. For now, i think he is just trying to stay safe .

Damn, had you asked me 10 minutes ago which pinniped was the biggest, I'd answered the walrus. I had no idea elephant seals are so huge! 8O

Just tell people to not bother Neil and if they get hurt doing that just tell them it is their own fault. Solved.

Great video! Is there an update on the situation? How is he doing now?

@KPassionate

3 ай бұрын

Sounds like he has moved on since it is no longer breeding season! We shall see what happens next year.

@naturegnatiggy

3 ай бұрын

That’s good to know.

Love that philodendron ring of fire in the background. Such a cool plant.

@KPassionate

4 ай бұрын

Right?! It just unfurled the most beautiful leaf too!

he's gonna grow into Tasmania's personal Kaiju.

Where I live we have clueless people try and pet moose.

In Aotearoa/NZ the standard if you see a marine mammal is to stay at least 50 m away. They’re smaller seals here too, such as leopard seals and kekeno (NZ fur seals).

Long live Neil!!

OMG 😲 the Freya story is so incredibly sad. 😢 People are idiots.

I saw Neil just a couple days ago and said it's not going to be funny when he crushes car's. Most other comments I saw led me to believe that they don't realize its a elephant.

@nightigal

5 ай бұрын

I didn't know Neil was an elephant seal at first because he males aren't as recognizable without their nose lump that I can't spell the proper name for.

@scottowens1535

5 ай бұрын

@@nightigal I know what you mean..funny as heck as a pup ( hahaha) pup... He looks like he's going to be a Rockstar...mabe just put some stuff out there for him to bash and deal with it. Local attraction..start the training now...mabe??or not. Good luck Friends

@bluebird1914

4 ай бұрын

Honestly. Especially since he does go up to people's houses, that kind of thing is funny when he's a baby, not when he's older.

Neil the pill is a lot of fun to observe from afar.

2:58 That's a delineator, meant to outline where the road is in bad weather and other low-visibility conditions. That shiny part at the top reflects light from car headlights, to make it easier to see. Considering that traffic cone as well... BEHOLD, NEIL THE SEAL, MENACE OF TRAFFIC CONTROL EQUIPMENT! FEAR HIS POWER, AND STAY BACK FOR YOUR OWN SAFETY!!

He's just a baby.