Na'vi Biology Explained

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#avatar #aliens #biology
The Na'vi from James Cameron's Avatar are one of the most recognizable pop culture aliens of the 21st century. But just how much thought was put into their design from a scientific standpoint?
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- CHAPTERS -
00:00 Intro
01:11 Biology & Habitat
09:48 Society & Culture
12:37 Outro

Пікірлер: 691

  • Tobias Neethling
    Tobias Neethling3 ай бұрын

    what i love about this movie which most people gloss over is that the Na'vi religion is undeniably real. Ewya has genuine actual influence over Pandora. From transferring Jake from human to Na'vi and summoning the native animals to fight in the final battle showing there is actual proof.

  • not u

    not u

    Ай бұрын

    @Tattorack accept Eywa, the collective consciousness of the planet's life can electromagnetically influence others' life who have a specific transmitter of some sort in their brain (e.g., Eywa influences different species of animals to attack the sky people). so, if Eywa, the most intelligent being on the planet, wants to implement an industrial revolution and deems it necessary, she can.

  • Frida

    Frida

    Ай бұрын

    @Tattorack Na'vi have been around for 12 million years, and the Omatikaya alone lived in their hometree for 20 000 years (or at least the tree was that old). They are a much more ancient species than humans.

  • Skimo

    Skimo

    2 ай бұрын

    @JaceH This is the best take. It's not real. It's just way less of a stretch than our human interpretation of religion

  • Oliver LaRosa

    Oliver LaRosa

    2 ай бұрын

    It is a fascinating and convincing take take on what a god could be

  • liz dutrotoir
    liz dutrotoir3 ай бұрын

    About the Na'vi neural queue being braided, it is actually not natural! In fact, it seems that their neural queue is simply covered with skin at birth, as can be seen quickly on a newborn Na'vi of the Metkayina clan, in one of the Avatar 2 trailers. It is likely the parents who use the hair once it has grown, to cover/protect the neural queue of the children. I also wanted to point out that you can see tiny body hair on some of the characters (especially Lo'ak) on the new individual Avatar 2 posters, but it's still hard to notice. Aside from that, thanks for this very instructive video !

  • AMiner

    AMiner

    Ай бұрын

    @DARKON219 yeah I'm an atheist but everything else I'm totally with you on my guy

  • AMiner

    AMiner

    2 ай бұрын

    ​@Christian Soldier take your preaching else where and leave us nerds alone

  • Emerickkie Ohlala

    Emerickkie Ohlala

    2 ай бұрын

    @isaiasovelar4434 I have watched the movie. I'm still saying that Kiri is a pure avatar since it's kinda hinted that she's born from Grace's avatar and Eywa.

  • Martin Hansen Gustafsson

    Martin Hansen Gustafsson

    3 ай бұрын

    @Christian SoldierWTF

  • Rinn
    Rinn3 ай бұрын

    It's also cool how the sea Na'vi has a bit different characteristics to forest Na'vi. Sea Na'vi has a bit more teal hue on their skin that fits their tropical environments. They also have larger, wider tails like a long fin, instead of the hair tusk at the end like the forest Na'vi has. They also have bigger arms to get a better grip on the water when swimming. And finally, they also have second eyelids sort of like a lizard. Because they are swimming and being under the sea for prolonged periods of time, they also seem to have bit higher lung capacity than forest Na'vi.

  • Frida

    Frida

    Ай бұрын

    Worth noting is that the Na'vi are supposed to have existed for 12 million years - this is twice the time that has passed since the last common ancestor of humans and chimps. They keep the same language, but this great length of time helps explain why the races (species?) are so biologically different from each other.

  • Ирина Соколова

    Ирина Соколова

    Ай бұрын

    @Daniel Ribeiro if he really created us, then his professional skills leave much to be desired. Considering how many unsuccessful engineering decisions are in the human body, which can be explained solely by evolution.

  • Emilio Hidalgo

    Emilio Hidalgo

    Ай бұрын

    @Nibadita Datta Especially their larger eyes, and their faces are more angular and streamlined to cut through the water, kinda like sharks and dolphins

  • Ирина Соколова

    Ирина Соколова

    2 ай бұрын

    @Pixol Jef If you give an example of two real subspecies of animals with such a feature (one has an organ, the other does not), I am happy to admit that I was wrong.

  • ItsJustAlf
    ItsJustAlf3 ай бұрын

    For those who don’t know, they were purposefully made to be humanoid to be easier to relate to on a wider scale, believe other then that James Cameron would have made them to be vastly more alien knowing him

  • ItsJustAlf

    ItsJustAlf

    Ай бұрын

    @DARKON219 it definitely is it lol

  • DARKON219

    DARKON219

    Ай бұрын

    Or anthromorphic shape is the most optimal for sapient species throughout the universe. Additional limbs, and eyes and and their energy expenses were traded off for a more advanced brain.

  • Kaleesh Synth

    Kaleesh Synth

    Ай бұрын

    Also the motion cap technology

  • Matt O

    Matt O

    2 ай бұрын

    @Tal you should read the book project Hail Mary, never related to an alien more and it’s probably one of the weirdest alien designs I’ve ever read about.

  • SuperMajesticMan

    SuperMajesticMan

    2 ай бұрын

    Them being humanoid also helps them with translating the motion capture performance.

  • Tim G
    Tim G3 ай бұрын

    I don't think they are from that moon. I think they are an example of Bioforming. Basically you change your own DNA to match a planet instead of Teraforming the planet to match you.

  • John Harrington

    John Harrington

    Ай бұрын

    This has been my theory since the first movie. While they show indications of local evolution, those pony tails are a step too far… A cable that allows one to link up mentally to any animal on the planet, from fish to avians, and more or less command them, feels too convenient to have evolved. A biological neural network that can backup and store individuals memories and personalities, on a level that it can transfer consciousness from one body to another, also doesn’t feel evolved. This feels engineered, and the people it was engineered for forgot about ages ago, and now believe their own engineered way of life to be a gift of an unseen creator.

  • cian c

    cian c

    Ай бұрын

    This theory is cool, but they specifically showed that the Na'vi have close ancestors in the first movie, that being the "prolemurs" (don't know if i am getting that name right) Also Eywa's existence, and how shes so protective of the Na'vi yet actively attacked humanity serves to further disprove this theory.

  • Ametrine Ambrosia

    Ametrine Ambrosia

    2 ай бұрын

    What makes you think so?

  • heavenly777 protector

    heavenly777 protector

    2 ай бұрын

    I say it's some colonization project and the Na'vi precursors an insanely advanced civilization of space elves are out there somewhere.

  • kamion53

    kamion53

    2 ай бұрын

    @Alexander Shockey a hexapod body when not having an exoskeleton like insects requires a very complicated muscle system. In most fantasy drawings like the green men of Barsoon, the same set of muscles seems to move two different sets of limbs... just one set of pectoral muscles for instance not even counting the other muscles needed to move the arms. The Barsomian animals seem to sprout leg just out of the skin with no logic underlaying skeletion or musculature. I don't think that is biological feasable and I am very curious how Cameron and his team constructed the underlaying anatomy of his hexapods. I think he did give it more thought then just adding a set on limbs to a known structure.

  • spoop ball
    spoop ball3 ай бұрын

    My understanding/guess is that most of the creatures on Pandora evolved/derived from fungi instead of from fish (like on earth). It would explain why nearly all lifeforms have the ability to neural link up to each other despite differences in species, and can link up to the tree/root mental system like mycelium networks even after death.

  • Kj

    Kj

    Ай бұрын

    @Triangulll fungi could convergently develop a chordata like structure over time...

  • Keila Fleischbein

    Keila Fleischbein

    Ай бұрын

    @Suresh Indika it's an imaginary world that's been thought out.

  • kamion53

    kamion53

    2 ай бұрын

    at some level in the past the fungi, plants and animals on earth did share a common ancester, it could have been the same on Pandora where the splitting of in different brances of live was not so radical as on earth and some features like a nervelike mycellium network kept being shared.

  • bhendri31

    bhendri31

    2 ай бұрын

    Well, really, neither one, since Pandora has its own billions of years of totally independent natural history.

  • Triangulll

    Triangulll

    2 ай бұрын

    Nah,not fungi,since they have skeleton and that,probably some chordate that could make symbiosis with a species of fungi

  • Noodlekdoodle
    Noodlekdoodle3 ай бұрын

    I always thought the ecosystem of Pandora evolved bioluminescence to help provide light while the planet was going through an eclipse with Polyphemus

  • Areo Morales

    Areo Morales

    Ай бұрын

    It did! Since the moon is never in full darkness or true nighttime like our planet due to it’s home planet having 13 sister moons and orbiting the star Alpha Centauri A, bioluminescence was a major factor in the evolution of life on Pandora.

  • Meteroson

    Meteroson

    2 ай бұрын

    @Triangulll That would be the case for a planet, but not for a moon. Look at Earth's moon. It's not always illuminated from the same side (that's how we have full moon and new moon). A tidally locked moons day is as long as its orbit around its planet, plus a daily eclipse

  • Triangulll

    Triangulll

    2 ай бұрын

    @Meterosoni don’t think it’s fully tidally locked,if that was the case one side would be very cold (temperatures close to Greenland on earth) and the other very hot,and that’s not the case,just maybe the days are very long comparable to the orbit (maybe the orbit it’s around 1 week for earth and the rotation it’s like 3 days for earth)

  • Noodlekdoodle

    Noodlekdoodle

    3 ай бұрын

    @Meteroson I think thats quite accurate. The actual length of days hasn't been confirmed, but various sources online estimate that it ranges from 2-6 earth days long. So still a big range but who knows

  • Dream

    Dream

    3 ай бұрын

    @Meteroson Ah how pleasant never would’ve thought i’d see someone refer to our system as Sol.

  • BL2001
    BL20013 ай бұрын

    I love these analyses of alien species. I didn't realize there were multiple inhabitable moons. Sounds like you could develop a whole franchise of movies taking place on different moons.

  • heavenly777 protector

    heavenly777 protector

    2 ай бұрын

    one of the moons DOESN''T BELONG. THAT'S NO MOON.

  • Sentinal Entity

    Sentinal Entity

    2 ай бұрын

    @怒り神の Lol!! And the fact that the comment has like 50 likes too is astounding

  • ziara

    ziara

    2 ай бұрын

    bvh

  • rigs digs

    rigs digs

    3 ай бұрын

    @subraxas They actually are interchangeable!! Cheers!

  • Hulgun Tristan

    Hulgun Tristan

    3 ай бұрын

    @Christian Soldier nah

  • Just a Weird Guy
    Just a Weird Guy3 ай бұрын

    The only major incongruence in Avatar is that the Na'vi are tetrapods instead of hexapods and this is explained by one article I once read regarding the concept art and the development of the 1st movie, it said that originally the Na'vi had 4 arms and 2 legs and openings in the chest instead of nostrils too I believe, but the idea was changed early, making their morphology more human because they wanted the audience to identify with the Na'vi and to make Jake's attraction to Neytiri understandable.

  • Frida

    Frida

    Ай бұрын

    No one seems to notice that the Ikran, too, have only four limbs. We know of four fliers from the first film - Ikran/Banshee, Toruk/Leonopteryx, Fkio/Tetrapteron, and Riti/Stingbat. Of these, only the Ikran has four limbs, the other have six. And to add confusion, while the Toruk and Tetrapteron have wings-wings-legs, the Stingbat has wings-legs-wings, and the Tetrapteron has its queue sticking out of its chest. (???) Still, the Ikran is the only fully four-limbed species we've seen, other than the Na'vi.

  • Erin Dunn

    Erin Dunn

    2 ай бұрын

    I dunno. I still think the filmmakers could have pulled off a more alien morphology and still have the Na’vi look attractive.

  • Triangulll

    Triangulll

    2 ай бұрын

    @Leonardo Continnot with eyes tho,most vertebrates have actually 3 eyes (the little parietal eye in reptiles and amphibians) and a lot of arthropods have more than 4 eyes

  • Leonardo Contin

    Leonardo Contin

    3 ай бұрын

    Tbh having less limbs is more common in nature than having more limbs. All vertebrate animals have 4 limbs on Earth, but snakes lost them, yet you will NEVER see a vertebrate with more than 4 limbs

  • subraxas
    subraxas3 ай бұрын

    In the past, I originally thought that the film's concept artists made the alien fauna six-legged just for the sake of making it all look more alien and that was basically it,.... more or less. And this "fact" was more than enough for me, personally, and I really liked it as such. However, thanks to my helping with this script I then realized that those 'bastards' (I mean it positively now), the film creators, had it much more thought-through than I had previously imagined. When Tyler talks about the denser atmosphere on the video and the consequent loss of friction at around 5:13, that is WHY most of those animals have kept six legs as they were evolving over the aeons. The extra points of anchorage are not only about better balance, but also about extra friction and the ability to exude more power at once in order to better "ram" through Pandora's thicker air.

  • sheesh

    sheesh

    2 ай бұрын

    @abc xyz yes, and less g force does not mean it is easier to move. I think it would only be harder, as you can't put your feet on the ground as quickly.

  • abc xyz

    abc xyz

    2 ай бұрын

    @sheesh I know it doesn't, I am saying less gravity means less g force

  • sheesh

    sheesh

    2 ай бұрын

    @abc xyz no, less gravity doesn't really cause any drop in friction

  • abc xyz

    abc xyz

    3 ай бұрын

    But shouldn't we count that they have a lesser g force. So they would efficiently balance out the atmospheric resistance against gravitational resistance, effectively making their motion equivalent to ours.?

  • Travis McGee
    Travis McGee3 ай бұрын

    Turns out that the Que isn't naturally braided hair over a whip. You, see in the new movie that they are born with short hair but there is a tendril that protrudes from the head. The Na'vi actually braid the hair over the tendril to protect it.

  • P
    P3 ай бұрын

    We see some Na'vi children, many Na'vi adults, a few Na'vi "elders" who appear middle-aged and whose own children have grown into adults. We even see a funereal ceremony with a youngish-adult-looking Na'vi "returned to Eywa" after apparently dying from natural causes (not from the war vs humans). None of the Na'vi are truly aged. None are slow, weak, crippled, sick. It appears that either they age gracefully with a long lifespan ... or that they live short lives which always end in violence.

  • Frida

    Frida

    Ай бұрын

    @m Nah, they have a lifespan 25% longer than humans. So maybe 125 years is like a 100 year old human. Definitely not 180.

  • m

    m

    Ай бұрын

    ​@Frida navi can live to 180 years, so jake and neytiri are still way youngers then the elders

  • Frida

    Frida

    Ай бұрын

    Tsu'tey's parents in the comics look horrid. Very aged. Neytiri's parents are also kind of old (looking like humans in their 60s). I'm slightly confused by this, because while we've seen Neytiri age from 18 to 34, and her oldest kid is now 15, her and Jake still look as young as ever, while Neytiri's and Tsu'tey's parents, like I said, look very old by comparison. I guess they were much older when they had their kids.

  • Johnnybullfrog
    Johnnybullfrog3 ай бұрын

    Really like your species breakdowns they are always fun to watch and sometimes add a angle I’ve never considered before. Keep up the good work.

  • OrangeRiver

    OrangeRiver

    3 ай бұрын

    Thank you so much!

  • AdventureKitty101 2.0
    AdventureKitty101 2.03 ай бұрын

    I respect James Cameron for how much detail he put into this amazing world of Avatar. I hope to reach aleast half his amount of detail in the culture and evolution of the Na'vi for my own alien species.

  • ♥killer_queen♥

    ♥killer_queen♥

    2 ай бұрын

    @Sofy Pi go be bitter somewhere else bro the movie was good

  • Sofy Pi

    Sofy Pi

    2 ай бұрын

    " I respect James Cameron for how much detail he put into this amazing world of Avatar" yea to the point that he forgot to write a decent script for the second film

  • vall 77
    vall 773 ай бұрын

    The fact that they are humanoid is what I would call parallel evolution. Eyes may have evolved as many as 40 times during metazoan development. Some basic eye molecules, such as retinal and the opsins, are highly conserved and present throughout most multicellular animals on earth. I'm not sure how it would be on another planet but Earth sets a precedent.

  • vall 77

    vall 77

    2 ай бұрын

    Just watched the sequel . It was great .

  • Triangulll

    Triangulll

    2 ай бұрын

    But convergent evolution it’s now becoming an excuse for a lot of world-building projects,it’s like “look,I made an alien dog with horns! But it’s just convergent evolution!”

  • minethotho

    minethotho

    3 ай бұрын

    @wweepi yes i had read it but i tend to prefer videos over wikipedia articles cause it focuses on the important/interesting parts generally

  • wweepi

    wweepi

    3 ай бұрын

    @minethotho i.e. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinisation

  • Norbert Nagy

    Norbert Nagy

    3 ай бұрын

    And if somebody reading the comments here but the link to the video got deleted here is title Pourquoi l'évolution crée des crabes en boucle - DBY #86

  • Controlman
    Controlman3 ай бұрын

    It's terrifying that even a prepubescent Na'Vi is the same height as the average NBA player. These creatures are tall asf. You don't realize it until you see them next to average humans and they just tower over.

  • Mandy Sixx

    Mandy Sixx

    Ай бұрын

    @Bruno Michienzituk is already 5in taller than me😢

  • Bruno Michienzi

    Bruno Michienzi

    2 ай бұрын

    @Fleur Puttock tuk is 170 cm

  • Fleur Puttock

    Fleur Puttock

    2 ай бұрын

    Never gonna see Tuk the same way again.

  • MrCOLBSTAH
    MrCOLBSTAH3 ай бұрын

    Why does this only have like 400 likes? You do such a good job doing species breakdowns for Star Trek. I'm not sure why unless people are just burnt out on avatar. I don't know. I love it! Great job!

  • OrangeRiver

    OrangeRiver

    3 ай бұрын

    Thank you so much!

  • Brennon Lewis
    Brennon Lewis3 ай бұрын

    Love Avatar a lot. Love finding videos explaining the biology of Pandora's many unique creatures. People say the characters could have been better but I think Neytiri is a very well written character and I think the design of the Na'vi is really cool.

  • Gabby Hanz
    Gabby Hanz3 ай бұрын

    its crazy to think but we know at first movie that Tom (Jake's twin) is the real owner/supposed driver of Jake's Avatar (coz his DNA was the one that was used to make it). So it might mean possibly that Tom Sully is actually the biological father of Loak, Neteyam and Tuk. Jake has the consciousness/soul but it's actually Tom's body or Avatar.

  • Frida

    Frida

    Ай бұрын

    There have been cases of identical twins donating a testicle or ovary to their twin. The resulting children is still the other twin's biological children, because they are genetically identical. This is still less than that, because this isn't *Tom's* body, it's a hybrid body made with some of his genes.

  • bhendri31

    bhendri31

    2 ай бұрын

    Yeah it's weird. An uncle but also a father. Nieces and nephews but also daughters and sons.

  • Ice▪muffin🍰

    Ice▪muffin🍰

    2 ай бұрын

    @Alkhemia Augustine Like yeah, how is this not easily understood and common knowledge?

  • Alkhemia Augustine

    Alkhemia Augustine

    2 ай бұрын

    They're identical, they share the same DNA, it's his DNA too, it's his kids

  • Jordan Crawford

    Jordan Crawford

    2 ай бұрын

    😐 oh snap...

  • Colin Leat
    Colin Leat3 ай бұрын

    Fascinating. I love the attention to detail in the biology/eco systems! They gave such wonderful attention to fleshing out an "Alien" biosphere, I can't wait to see the next one 👍🖖😁🤘❤️

  • itsjustaria
    itsjustaria3 ай бұрын

    I Wonder if they’ll Film in icy landscapes too it would be so interesting how the navis there adapt to those

  • AdmiralOscar3

    AdmiralOscar3

    2 ай бұрын

    The poles are likely blasted with radiaton, so it would be unlikely to have Na'vi living there

  • K7L3R Workman

    K7L3R Workman

    3 ай бұрын

    I bet they’d be Fluffy 😁

  • YeOldeDingus
    YeOldeDingus3 ай бұрын

    The alternative to DNA thing was cool, but how could they hybridize Navi genetics with human DNA to make the avatars if they are so different?

  • Ice▪muffin🍰

    Ice▪muffin🍰

    2 ай бұрын

    @MinutemanSam Very plausible, that must be it. After all, genomes are nothing but a language, if they found the translation then that's how Avatars were born!

  • MinutemanSam

    MinutemanSam

    3 ай бұрын

    @OrangeRiver Maybe they translate our genetic sequence into something equivalent using their genetic code?

  • OrangeRiver

    OrangeRiver

    3 ай бұрын

    Honestly would love to know James Cameron's answer to this. One reason this video focuses more on the lore rather than the quality of the story writing... ;)

  • Jeremy Bolanos
    Jeremy Bolanos3 ай бұрын

    Maybe humans weren't the first to find Pandora and the Na'vi and the results of bio-hybridization? This appears to be happening with human genetic code being inserted through avatars.

  • Leonardo Contin

    Leonardo Contin

    3 ай бұрын

    @Jeremy Bolanos Sci-fi tropes at their worst

  • Jeremy Bolanos

    Jeremy Bolanos

    3 ай бұрын

    @J Why they got to be evil though? LOL

  • J

    J

    3 ай бұрын

    There could be an ancient superior race in the Avatar universe similar to the Alien Engineers in Prometheus, and in the final movie the humans and Navi have to team up to defeat them, that would be awesome.

  • Dylan Cole

    Dylan Cole

    3 ай бұрын

    That’s a really cool thought.

  • OrangeRiver

    OrangeRiver

    3 ай бұрын

    Could be! I know there's a widely entertained theory among fan circles that something like this could have happened.

  • Nathan Wilson
    Nathan Wilson3 ай бұрын

    I'm usually here for the Star Trek content, but I enjoyed listening to this one! I'm interested to actually see the long-discussed sequels coming out at long last lol. Thank you for another very nifty video! God be with you out there, everybody. ✝️ :)

  • Triangulll
    Triangulll2 ай бұрын

    It would be cool to see how life in Pandora could interact with life on earth,some Earth’s Organisms definetely can breathe Pandora’s athmosphere

  • Buibuiopolis Mayor
    Buibuiopolis Mayor3 ай бұрын

    Avatar has such a great world building, i wouldn’t mind watching Avatar as if it’s a documentary.

  • Ice Age 3
    Ice Age 33 ай бұрын

    so refreshing to have someone actually talk about their biology and not just "duhhh na'vi aren't native they used to be aliens"

  • Steven Davis
    Steven Davis3 ай бұрын

    I would love a video comparing human and Navi physiological differences and how they may be a disadvantage or advantage in the world of pandora. An example to explore might be the difference in gravity from that of earth.

  • Lisa Willis
    Lisa Willis3 ай бұрын

    I loved the incredibly diverse biological and ecological systems of the world

  • ISoldMySoulForAnime
    ISoldMySoulForAnime3 ай бұрын

    Love your channel bro. I appreciate the respect you give to your assumed audience ❤

  • chiefkeefsbabydaddy
    chiefkeefsbabydaddy3 ай бұрын

    this was such a fun video to watch, thank you for paying such close attention to detail and doing the research required to make this video. happy to be a new subscriber!

  • noisy
    noisy3 ай бұрын

    this video is so underappreciated. Great job with it!

  • OrangeRiver

    OrangeRiver

    3 ай бұрын

    Thank you so much!

  • Air Nomad99
    Air Nomad993 ай бұрын

    great video! thank you for making such detailed vids on sci-fy races, would you ever make ones on any races from the stargate series?

  • tmosterloh

    tmosterloh

    3 ай бұрын

    @OrangeRiver Stargate content would be super dope!

  • tmosterloh

    tmosterloh

    3 ай бұрын

    I love Stargate!

  • OrangeRiver

    OrangeRiver

    3 ай бұрын

    No prob!

  • Air Nomad99

    Air Nomad99

    3 ай бұрын

    @OrangeRiver understandable! thank you for the reply :)

  • OrangeRiver

    OrangeRiver

    3 ай бұрын

    I haven't seen any Stargate and it would be a huge time commitment. But it's on my radar!

  • TheArklyte
    TheArklyte3 ай бұрын

    What I wonder is 1)how one would look if grown in Earth gravity; 2)why movie forgets about that factor 3 seconds after mentioning it. Just like about how humans apparently have widespread bionics(possibility of Jake's spine being repaired mentioned as mundane, albeit costly thing) and genetical engineering(avatars are extremely costly, but simpler things like enhanced muscle or prolonged age would be mundane compared to making an artificial being). We'll see neither of course:(

  • quantafreeze
    quantafreeze3 ай бұрын

    Very cool. I can't wait to see the sequel!

  • Quantum Physics
    Quantum Physics3 ай бұрын

    it always ticked me off that the navi weren't more visibly alien especially on a world where everything else has noticeably more eyes and limbs, but at the same time i assume it's likely at least in part because cgi'ing an entire other set of eyes and arms on all those mocap actors would probably be too expensive and would push the line of visual beleivability just a little too far.

  • HowlingWolf518

    HowlingWolf518

    3 ай бұрын

    @Christian Soldier Sir, this is a Wendy's.

  • Christian Baal

    Christian Baal

    3 ай бұрын

    @Quantum Physics I feel like that’s just nature though. Most other creatures are either indifferent or fearful of creatures outside of their own species. It’s pretty harsh to make it completely about ego when humans are some of the few animals on the planet capable of being hateful or loving towards creatures outside their own species. Of course it’s instinct to care more about something that’s familiar and similar to what you can understand than otherwise. You’d definitely be more distraught over seeing a monkey get shot than something like an octopus. Doesn’t mean we can’t care even if it is completely unfamiliar

  • Hoomin Beeing

    Hoomin Beeing

    3 ай бұрын

    @Christian Soldier Sorry, my heart is with Allah Inshallah

  • Christian Soldier

    Christian Soldier

    3 ай бұрын

    WARNING!!! HELL IS REAL!!!! Is your heart right with CHRIST? We can not hide our sins from GOD. Jesus loves you and He died for your sins. REPENT and believe in the gospel of Jesus Christ. Mark1:15

  • Hoomin Beeing

    Hoomin Beeing

    3 ай бұрын

    @Quantum Physics Are you vegan? If not, I can't see how you can criticise human supremacism without hypocrisy

  • handmade cookie 🍪
    handmade cookie 🍪2 ай бұрын

    Hiii. I watched Avatar "The way of Water" yesterday and the story is incredibly similar to the Horizon Zero Dawn (and Forbidden West) one. Human species tries to own this planet but this is stronger than everything on the human side. I'm so fascinated with this story of resistance. This film is like a call to be a part in the cycle of life. It's incredible, I have loved it since it was at its start. Pandora's population is incredibly strong and connected to the world. Every person is a part of this huge cycle of life where everything just becomes life continuously. I noticed similarities with Horizon and Aloy's mission because of the presence of an "intelligent " species that tries so hard to conquer the world. If you play Horizon Forbidden West, you'll notice these similarities. Far Zenith (the last and the richest people of the planet find out the way for the immortality). They leave the Earth which is under control of an incredibly powerful AI, Gaia, that develops a terra formation system. Far Zenith try to return on this planet and here begins Aloy's struggle...

  • SummonerOwl
    SummonerOwl2 ай бұрын

    An extra explanation for the Na’vi become tetrapods through limb fusion is to lower the weight of the upperbody for better balance while standing bipedal & less stress on the spinal column

  • tmosterloh
    tmosterloh3 ай бұрын

    I love this channel. I really do. Keep up the good work!

  • OrangeRiver

    OrangeRiver

    3 ай бұрын

    Thank you so much!

  • Jeremy WhatevS
    Jeremy WhatevS3 ай бұрын

    I really hope the sequel is good. I really want it to be good.

  • subraxas

    subraxas

    3 ай бұрын

    @brandovlogs 💚💙💜

  • brandovlogs

    brandovlogs

    3 ай бұрын

    it's a masterpiece, i cannot wait to see it a third time

  • Anna

    Anna

    3 ай бұрын

    It’s good, but not amazing 7/10

  • Dread Foozie

    Dread Foozie

    3 ай бұрын

    It is

  • subraxas

    subraxas

    3 ай бұрын

    AYE!!!

  • Templarfreak
    Templarfreak3 ай бұрын

    most of the video was very interesting, but i really have to give props on your view on civilization and the agricultural revolution. everything has trade-offs. sometimes you get a little bit more good than you do bad, and sometimes the other way around. overall i wouldnt say it has had a large net positive on the human race, but it has had a net positive, i agree.

  • K X

    K X

    3 ай бұрын

    Agriculture isn’t the problem coercion is

  • Shauna Shwnna
    Shauna Shwnna3 ай бұрын

    I love watching videos like this ❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤ thanks for investing your time in it .

  • Oziji
    Oziji3 ай бұрын

    5:21 I think the Na'vi do have DNA. In the first movie at 00:08:26, there's some exposition saying "they're grown from human DNA mixed with the DNA of the natives."

  • bhendri31

    bhendri31

    2 ай бұрын

    @Carlos "the way they say DNA in the movie isn't deoxyribonucleic acid exactly"??? Bro....DNA literally stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.

  • Carlos

    Carlos

    2 ай бұрын

    I know exactly what you're talking about, but I think the way they are saying DNA in the movie isn't particulary dioxribonucleic acid exactly, but like an example to some type of genetic code they use instead, good catch though !

  • Havi Ravn
    Havi Ravn3 ай бұрын

    Awesome video! Could You make a video about new avatar spiecies from new movie? The aquatic ones ^^ and what other avatars could look like from maybe a desert or snow areas?

  • Canyon Digerness
    Canyon Digerness3 ай бұрын

    It’s worth noting that eywa is canonically a real God in this world. Therefore some of these evolutions were likely manifest with a similar backstory as Adam and Eve of our world.

  • K X

    K X

    3 ай бұрын

    Actually no as even then gradual evolution is more efficient

  • Hans Matos
    Hans Matos3 ай бұрын

    It's easy to explain. The na'vi are the result of mixing a cat with an elf, making them a bit larger than usual and also giving them a bad attempt at developing psionic abilities. You mix those three in a blender, add some sugar, spice and flowers and you get a tall blue space elf kitties.

  • Hans Matos

    Hans Matos

    2 ай бұрын

    @Ametrine Ambrosia because mouthless aliens are not that much attractive to humans xD

  • Ametrine Ambrosia

    Ametrine Ambrosia

    2 ай бұрын

    @Hans Matos why wouldn't they have mouths!! Of course they do!!

  • Hans Matos

    Hans Matos

    3 ай бұрын

    @Gombik42 except the space elf cats have mouths. That makes them infinitely better already

  • Gombik42

    Gombik42

    3 ай бұрын

    They are basically more human like protoss

  • Alceratops
    Alceratops3 ай бұрын

    Pandora. Very similar, yet very different. Truly an amazing world that I'd like to explore if it existed.

  • rmeddy1
    rmeddy13 ай бұрын

    Yeah I was quite impressed with the world building and verisimimiltitude in term of ecology

  • rmeddy1

    rmeddy1

    3 ай бұрын

    Just came back from the sequel. doubly so

  • Deltora
    Deltora3 ай бұрын

    I've always wondered what would happen if a Na'vi lost their queue or part of it due to an accident or in a fight with another creature or Na'vi 😟 I imagine they would be outcast and seen as a zombie... no longer able to connect with their ancestors, community and or even the world around them. Or maybe they would be treated like a severe dementia patient and looked on with sympathy? I'd love to ask James Cameron that 🤔

  • bhendri31

    bhendri31

    2 ай бұрын

    Man, given how important the nervous system is in humans, as well as how well-protected it is, I would be *extremely* uncomfortable with a third of it just flapping around like a braid.

  • EvilSanta482

    EvilSanta482

    3 ай бұрын

    They die. That is why in the first movie Jake had a knife held to his queue when he was led into the Na'vi village. This was hinted at and somewhat explained if you pay attention to the details.

  • Scareprank creepypasta
    Scareprank creepypasta2 ай бұрын

    Already some things to mention in the first 2 minutes, the Na´vi live on pandora, that does not mean they are from there, more like the first generation of them came from a different place and developed to fit the life in the jungle as much as the sea, and the air-people did. Also as can be seen in avatar 2 theire light-up thingies work most of the times without them noticing, more like a non-verbal wise of communicating, still they can use it to speak to other lifes on pandora. My biggest proof for that theory is kiri herself as she has the most knowledge about the way pandora communicates regarding her mother grace, first since she was a scientist, second because she is word for word part of eywa, still her body was connected to her so it only makes sense for kiri to know what her mother knew. Also she has shown a natural talent for handling pandoras residents and communicating with them, i dont think shes "just" epileptic, she might have a direct connection to the nature, the lifeforms and eywa plus minus grace herself. Not true, them multiplying without actually planning on kids happens thoughts only. (jakes marry-sequence). Not true either, most of them dont have multiple eyes, these what have are the animals and such that live up to high speeds, live high up, or down below. For example, toruk is the only ikran that has 2 pairs of eyes. Everything about what they see is true for the most part, except for the fact that the viewfield is potentially bigger and ikrans see way better, just like owls do. Prolemuris might be the closest we get to a Na´vi, they are actually close related because the prolemuris always live near the omotekaya/na´vi-towns. Most of them were seen close to graces school and the hometree. The na´vi dont see eywa as a protector, they see eywa as everything that exists, they know eywa gives and eywa takes. Ritual combat yes, but even in the official na´vi-wiki is never spoken of a war between na´vi-subcultures. Final words: to make it clear, no bad blood. Im just telling what i know from beeing a fan of the franchise for about 13 years now, reading deeper and deeper into it. There is so much more lore than is shown in the movies though.

  • bhendri31
    bhendri312 ай бұрын

    5:43 They actually do use DNA as their genetic material. About 8 minutes 30 seconds into the first movie, Jake Sully says that the Avatars are "grown from human DNA mixed with the DNA of the natives."

  • Prehistoric Hero
    Prehistoric Hero3 ай бұрын

    I know the internet hated this movie because of the commentary and portrayal this film had (and let's not forget the worldbuilding people nitpick from Unobtainium to six-limbed fauna which some sound like Jurassic Park's dinosaurs to neral-connected hair and sentient neral-connected trees that don't exist here on Earth), but they're missing the point as Avatar is an alien invasion movie where humans are the aliens invading a planet for its resources rather than a generic environmental film.

  • Matt Bell
    Matt Bell3 ай бұрын

    Interesting points, especially around the 6-limbs/4-limbs evolutionary development. I guess there must be some advantages to tetrapods though, because they won out against the hexapods here on Earth!

  • Good Ole' Jebediah No Hands

    Good Ole' Jebediah No Hands

    3 ай бұрын

    You sure? Arthropods (bugs) is/are the largest animal kingdom and I hear they do really well on Grindr since their six feet

  • Matt Bell

    Matt Bell

    3 ай бұрын

    @MinutemanSam Good point, but only for creatures up to a certain physical size.

  • MinutemanSam

    MinutemanSam

    3 ай бұрын

    I don't know, hexapods are the dominant form of biomass on Earth, both in terms of the number of individuals as well as their collective mass.

  • OrangeRiver

    OrangeRiver

    3 ай бұрын

    Yep, I do think ultimately it's all about tradeoffs :0

  • Tiara W
    Tiara W3 ай бұрын

    The new one was sooo amazing. If i could turn into anything it would be an avatar. Movie is beautiful, the black hairstyles, the clothing, the beautiful scenery.😍going to the movies to see it again

  • subraxas

    subraxas

    3 ай бұрын

    💚💙💜

  • subraxas
    subraxas3 ай бұрын

    Oh, yeah, and by the way, ..... Tyler, your channel crossed 6,000,000 views a couple of days ago!!! I think that it was only at the very beginning of this 'still-on-going' calendar year when I congratulated you for reaching 3 MIL thereof (I think it was mainly thanks to the WWIII vid), so that means that you managed to DOUBLE your overall channel views in LESS than a year! CONGRATS, Tylersan!!! 🙂 ❤‍🔥❤‍🔥❤‍🔥❤‍🔥❤‍🔥❤‍🔥

  • OrangeRiver

    OrangeRiver

    3 ай бұрын

    Thank you so much!

  • Vlad Avram
    Vlad Avram3 ай бұрын

    When it comes to the biology of Pandora, the eyes seem to me one of the least plausible evolution wise. Especially in the new movie, we see what seem to be a set of goat like eyes along with human like pupils.

  • A. Liguria
    A. Liguria3 ай бұрын

    We all want a Na'vi as a friend.

  • Scorpiovenator _
    Scorpiovenator _3 ай бұрын

    I wonder if there are other aliens in the Avatar universe

  • Discobolos
    Discobolos3 ай бұрын

    Prolemuris rather reminds me of gibbons and not lemurs. Mainly by the way of how it moves through the trees.

  • SuperPRguru CFJ
    SuperPRguru CFJ3 ай бұрын

    Since there is officially two species of na'vi: jungle and sea. Would there be more diversity (if it exists) na'vi that inhabits cold/frozen climates with some sort of winter coat. Or maybe desert na'vi that maybe be shorter to conserve energy.

  • Ice▪muffin🍰

    Ice▪muffin🍰

    2 ай бұрын

    Wouldn't that be considered more like subspecies instead of an entirely different species...?

  • Tom_ig

    Tom_ig

    2 ай бұрын

    Desert na'vi and na'vi that inhabit cold places would be a nice idea

  • astroman0500
    astroman05003 ай бұрын

    06:00 That was very interesting to hear! Do any of you have some links were I can read further into that?

  • OrangeRiver

    OrangeRiver

    3 ай бұрын

    I first heard about it from Melodysheep's "Life Beyond" (specifically Part II), which you can find on KZread. But upon looking a bit further into this, I did come across a few articles like this one: www.extremetech.com/extreme/301888-researchers-find-more-than-1-million-alternatives-to-dna

  • Youngblood
    Youngblood3 ай бұрын

    my question is: its seen that na'vi can learn just as any human but can they adapt? its seen that their bodies are different in different conditions. of course technically every creature on earth evolve and sometimes (rarely) adapt but these two processes are slow but can the na'vi adapt and evolve im the matter of years hell in a few generations?

  • The Scavenger
    The Scavenger3 ай бұрын

    My video on this topic was nowhere near as well made and in depth as this! Amazingly done!!!

  • Ourochroma
    Ourochroma3 ай бұрын

    Wouldn't the Na'vi's convergent evolution in relation to human be explained as the reasoning behind the brain-diet-muscle relation? it probably has another name but if I remember correctly from somewhere I saw it, it would go more or less like this. The reason we humans, and by extension our ancestors are tretrapods is because having more limbs takes away not only energy but also brain capacity/power. The infrastructure needed in the brain is costly so you either go limbs/body/muscle or cognitive development, also more muscles need more energy, as mentioned in the video. As far as I know, there's no life form on this earth with 6 limbs or more that can surpass the intelligence of tetrapods, or at least the tetrapods that we could consider smart by our standards; Dolphins, crows, parrots, canines, felines. It's probably 10 times easier to teach a trick to a dog than to a spider. The same with the amount of eyes. As for the location of the air intake, I could see more of abenefit for the nosetrills to be on the head on a bipedal species for the sole reason that the head has better chances of being above the water than the chest. I could see a situation where those horses in pandora rather avoid water for their probably higher risk of drowning.

  • Rocky Roads
    Rocky Roads2 ай бұрын

    I think in the third movie, we are going to see a Tribe of Navi that doesn't have that connection to Eiwa. Having shorter hair and no connecter at the end of it.

  • Triangulll
    Triangulll2 ай бұрын

    But i think the navi of the reef are a different species,since they have a longer,flattened tail and it’s hands are adapted for swimming,in humans (homo sapiens) there are no notable difference between ethnicities apart from skin and maybe canine size,and even in different species of humans weren’t aren’t that different,just slight variations in height,mandible and strength

  • Mason G.
    Mason G.Ай бұрын

    Pandorans DO also have six limbs, but they just never show the camera their tiny, very private, "inner" arms. The loincloth hides them completely.

  • OrangeRiver

    OrangeRiver

    Ай бұрын

    Lol

  • Cherry Mc
    Cherry Mc3 ай бұрын

    There's probably a KZread channel in some other dimension where there's a movie called 'Abatar' and it's on a planet populated by Na'vi and the movie is about a Na'vi trying to take minerals from Earth and interacting with US through avatars, and then there's a KZread video about Human biology talking about US like this

  • Forager
    Forager2 ай бұрын

    For a second I forgot that the Na'vi are a fictional species, due to the detail of the biological explanations 🤯

  • Alexander Stross
    Alexander Stross3 ай бұрын

    While I’m not the biggest fan of the film, this breakdown really gave me an appreciation for all details Cameron and Co. put into designing an alien species and world. Great video.

  • subraxas

    subraxas

    3 ай бұрын

    @OrangeRiver I like "White Saviour" films very much. Make me feel better about myself and sXXt. 😀😀😛

  • OrangeRiver

    OrangeRiver

    3 ай бұрын

    Thanks Alexander! Yeah I feel the same way about the film, but I too was impressed in my research about the effort put into the aliens' design.

  • James Burns
    James Burns3 ай бұрын

    At the end of the video you said that pre-agricultural people were less violent. My understanding is that tribal cultures were very violent as everyone outside of the in-group was seen as other than human and thus lacking the same moral worth as those within the group. It may not seem like it, because of our global sensationalizing media, but we are living in the most peaceful era of human existence.

  • bhendri31

    bhendri31

    2 ай бұрын

    Oh, absolutely. The "noble savage" is a myth and hunter gatherers can be just as brutal to each other as more advanced societies can.

  • SkyfoxPlays
    SkyfoxPlays3 ай бұрын

    Blue space elves 👍 They literally embody the trope.

  • Galaxy
    Galaxy2 ай бұрын

    The avatars actually have eyebrow hair but the Na’vi naturally don’t have eyebrow hair (I’ve noticed in avatar 2)

  • rust
    rust3 ай бұрын

    The most glarring thing that peeves me is their strength, due to their lower gravity an average humans should be physically stronger in all aspects than an average na'vi. Since our world requires us to be bulkier, heavier, denser than their homeworld.

  • Rhen
    Rhen3 ай бұрын

    They also actually have small body hairs like humans do all over their body we can see it in way or water in a close up 🙂

  • Nexxarian
    Nexxarian3 ай бұрын

    The Avatar's queues remind me of a book I read (I forget the title, it was years ago) where the main character and his girlfriend could plug into one another's minds with a cable and each person instantly gained all the senses the other did and so they... yeah.

  • William Overton
    William Overton3 ай бұрын

    I think the Navi have six limbs but the last two fused and became the head tail.

  • Seth Fulmer
    Seth Fulmer3 ай бұрын

    This sort of video is awesome but where do you get the information to put in it? Are there novels or more than the one Avatar movie to go on?

  • OrangeRiver

    OrangeRiver

    3 ай бұрын

    Avatar wiki, mostly lol. The information in those is based primarily on the film and also the trailers for the new movie, plus there are various reference books that go into more detail.

  • nathan highlander
    nathan highlander2 ай бұрын

    Your work is awesome, man! Unlike those mindless KZreadrs racing to be the first that mocks Avatar without quality contents whatsoever ... By now, as of early 3 Jan 2023 , it's been over $1,4B of revenue. Again, wonderful, thoughtful video! 🌟🍄🐬

  • sam
    sam3 ай бұрын

    where do you get all this detailed information from? is it from a book or interviews?

  • OrangeRiver

    OrangeRiver

    3 ай бұрын

    Much of it comes from the Avatar wiki, though my script editor added lots of context from various encyclopedias etc.

  • Scott Braun
    Scott Braun3 ай бұрын

    Convergent evolution, to me, seems inevitable. It's been pointed out how so much the Earth's material came this solar system, the rest of this galaxy, and beyond..that the basic chemistry is bound to be "common", and making it hard not to believe something out there, is going to look.."familiar". Even if only a little bit, though possibly more, even a lot. Until they come here, or go out and find them, we'll never know for sure.

  • OrangeRiver

    OrangeRiver

    3 ай бұрын

    It'll depend a lot on the environment, of course. Though I too expect things like eyes, forward locomotion, etc. to be common. It is worth noting that convergent evolution on Earth is still based on the same common ancestor(s), so Earth-type body plans seem to be hard-coded into our DNA in a way that alien body plans might not be. But like you said, we won't know until we know!

  • Jacob E
    Jacob E3 ай бұрын

    my theory is they are actually an artificially created lifeform designed by some kind of precursor and this is why they don't match the other lifeforms.

  • Yuriy Fazylov

    Yuriy Fazylov

    3 ай бұрын

    I think they were not native to pandora either.

  • abd hadi
    abd hadi3 ай бұрын

    For me i see the sea tribe as a different species as they have different biology than the land tribe

  • MrCOLBSTAH
    MrCOLBSTAH3 ай бұрын

    Am I the only one that wants to see one of these videos that is on the great spirit robot from Bionicle. Or just anything from the Bionicle universe?

  • Bobby Ahmed
    Bobby Ahmed3 ай бұрын

    I understand why the animals have queues from a movie story perspective, but why would they evolve these if the animals themselves don't make use of it?

  • bhendri31

    bhendri31

    2 ай бұрын

    Great question. It seems like it was put in by design. I am thinking that Eywa is some kind of ancient Biological supercomputer, like a benevolent Skynet, that may have actually guided the Na'vi towards their way of life millions of years ago. At some point, the Na'vi may have been similar or even more advanced than humans, but decided that living in harmony with nature was a better idea and went back to the hunter gatherer ways.

  • Anita Reason To Believe
    Anita Reason To BelieveАй бұрын

    It's my favorite movie. Like a very old child I watch it over and over.

  • subraxas

    subraxas

    Ай бұрын

    💚💙💜

  • TheBlakout
    TheBlakout3 ай бұрын

    The widespread presence of a complex, conserved trait such as the neural qeueu suggests that Pandora had a highly developed biosphere before facing a very very dramatic extinction event, a la the extinction of the dinosaurs allowing mammals to proliferate

  • Ravagerr
    Ravagerr3 ай бұрын

    wow very well done video! you earned my sub

  • Tony
    Tony2 ай бұрын

    It would be interesting to an unclad Navi.

  • Wicari
    Wicari3 ай бұрын

    Seems you're wrong about the Queue, as we see a baby in Avatar 2, who doesnt have hair yet, yet he has his Queue, which looks more like a tail without fur on it.

  • Oliver LaRosa
    Oliver LaRosa2 ай бұрын

    I think much of the na'vi's peaceful and environmentalist nature can attributed to the evolution of the queue. A society of individuals that can neurally bond with the world around them - experiencing sensations, emotions, and memories beyond their own - would naturally be one with a much more personal concern for life beyond their own. Unlike us, the na'vi don't need to have faith or belief in existence or importance of others, because most living things on Pandora can experience each other's minds

  • Gamer TardGuardian
    Gamer TardGuardian2 ай бұрын

    5:39 I beleive nights would be like dusk not because of the binary stars (as the stars probably orbit eachother from far enough away that they arent that bright in the sky from eachother, and also Pandora is within a triple star system, but one star is very small and orbits extra far away so it is very dim) but because of the gas giant. The same thing happens on Jupiter and Saturns moons, though maybe not during eclipses, the nights on moons revolving around these massive planets that reflect a lot of light would light up the entire world like a night light.

  • Gamer TardGuardian

    Gamer TardGuardian

    2 ай бұрын

    And in that frame at 5:40 I beleive that bright star is the "other" star, or it could be another planet or distant moon, but either way that is likely what a relative star would look like, if not maybe a little brighter.

  • Sammy197
    Sammy1972 ай бұрын

    They were made humanoid for story purposes, not out of lack of creativity. The various other wildlife on Pandora more than make up for that.

  • Emperor Klaus
    Emperor Klaus3 ай бұрын

    1:53 As a Star Wars enjoyer I’m really happy you threw that reference in there

  • subraxas

    subraxas

    3 ай бұрын

    🙂❤

  • nathan ekoue
    nathan ekoue3 ай бұрын

    Could you do the pearl beach people from valerian and the city of a thousand planets plz 🙏🏿

  • Ice▪muffin🍰
    Ice▪muffin🍰2 ай бұрын

    Mind-blowing video, learnt a few new things about the Na'vi too, just excellent stuff man!! Also, you're a very good-looking young man, hope you know that 😋😋😊😊

  • Scott Braun
    Scott Braun3 ай бұрын

    I like to think of it as more than merely spiritual. It's complicated.

  • Cherry Mc
    Cherry McАй бұрын

    Kiri's hair wasn't entirely braided & the water ones didn't have braids either

  • Frida

    Frida

    Ай бұрын

    The queue was braided, it has nothing to do with the rest of the hairstyle.

  • nate. walter
    nate. walter3 ай бұрын

    I wonder if that moon would be decimated by radiation from the gas giant - sort of like Jupiter

  • MinutemanSam

    MinutemanSam

    3 ай бұрын

    @P Why not? There is nothing in physics stopping it.

  • P

    P

    3 ай бұрын

    It seems extremely improbable that a complex living ecosystem could evolve on a moon.

  • nate. walter

    nate. walter

    3 ай бұрын

    It’s good to get your view on it

  • OrangeRiver

    OrangeRiver

    3 ай бұрын

    It very well could be subject to higher radiation than Earth--I think that's a good point to make. I imagine that colonization of Jupiter's moons (like in The Expanse) would require us to make significant advancements in radiation shielding, not only for scientific bases but even for EV suits. Does make one wonder if the humans on Pandora would realistically need more than just gas masks lol...but perhaps Polyphemus being Saturn-sized makes a difference. I don't know much about Titan's radiation environment.

  • BBBenj
    BBBenjАй бұрын

    Very interesting, thanks.

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