As a pretty invested palaeo-nerd, I assumed I knew quite a lot about most ancient lifeforms but the stuff about corals and coccolithophores is absolutely fascinating, thank you so much for this great content.

Why does this feel like such a privilege to be tutored by a veritable Professor without incurring the crippling debt of a student loan? Ooh, I know! I know! **raises hand** Because it is!!!

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Haha I am so glad you feel I am providing you valuable information

@KerriEverlasting

Жыл бұрын

This is exactly how I feel too.

Geo girl. You have taught this 67 year old hobby geologist more through your your amazing videos than 20 years of trying to pick up clues here and there. Thanks to you I am now very comfortable with all of the concepts of who lived when and where, what the earth was doing at the time, and what to look for on our Ordovician rockface at our farm. You are extremely good at what you are doing. Many thanks!!!!

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Wow this comment made my day, thank you so much for the kind words! I am so glad my videos have helped you that much ;D

I have learned to accept the loss of trilobites now that I've realized isopods are basically doing the same thing, only they're also on land.

I love turtles too. Every year in the spring, I like to go to Pond Mills (a region in my city), and help the turtles get across the road safely. They go to and from the 600 acres of "kettle" ponds, and other natural wetlands in the area. To do so often requires crossing roads that can be 2 to 5 lanes wide. I'm not the only one that does it either, a lot of folks that live in that area do the same thing. You just pick them up by the edge of their shell, midway between the legs on either side, carry them to the grass on the other side, and put them down facing the *same* direction they were going when you picked them up. It does help to learn the difference between various turtles, like Painted and Snapping, before you go out. A snapping turtle can take a finger off you. Around here, snappers have a sort of peak in the center of the shell behind their head.

@TheRexisFern

Жыл бұрын

I love that this happens, because I and my friends will always stop to help an animal in need. As a teen we found a large rat snake or Michigan queen just coiled up in the center of a lane. We secured the area and guided her somewhere not tire bound!

@mspicer3262

Жыл бұрын

@@TheRexisFern nice, good job. Snakes make me a bit nervous, I'd still rather find a way to get it out of danger though. I've helped families of ducks and geese get over curbs too. Canada geese are not appreciative of the help though, so you usually just try and slide a board the hatchings can walk up close, and run for your life from mom or dad. They usually don't chase you more than 10 or 15 meters, but in that time, you have a clear understanding of fear :)

Paleozoic reefs are often shown in dull brown colours. But we have no idea... Maybe they were as colourful as modern corals, despite being from completely different orders.

Nicely done Rachel! Indeed it appears to be that extinction is the rule and survival the exception. I’ve really enjoyed all your lectures on extinctions. They can be viewed as major evolutionary downers but, in actuality, they seem to also lead to better things to come. Nature is beautiful and never ceases to astound me.

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Couldn't agree more, there is a negative connotation associated with the word 'extinction' but I think it is just as much a positive thing as it is negative, at least in the aftermath :)

Very informative, so impressive. In retrospect, that was a fantastic moment in which frogs & turtles (without detailed histories of their evolution), (gigantic) reptiles in the sea & a dawn of dinos, full of intriguing episodes there! Bringing invertebrates to the spotlight is prowess of this video (as usual). Personally, the well-known symbiosis of coral & algae surprised me, as ignorantly they might've had a much longer history. Great Excitement!

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Yes! Invertebrates are so important and underrated! ;D

The early history of this planet and of life is fascinating.

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

I couldn't agree more ;)

Once again, great deep dive packed with details I wouldn't easily get on other natural history channels. BTW, caught this one 57 seconds after it was published. :)

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Woo! 57 seconds that's much quicker than I got here! haha

Always good to see other fellow geologists, keep at it girl 🙌

These videos are so damn easy to binge watch. It's just so interesting! Awesome job!!

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Thanks so glad you enjoy them! ;D

I enjoy your vids! Listening to you while grilling on the patio. Have a great weekend!

This really helped me with research for my uni project. Thanks!

Great video. So much information. Thank you.

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Thanks! So glad you liked it ;)

Again, thanks for sharing - really like your earth history vids!

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

So glad to hear that because I really enjoy making the earth history content! :D

High quality production value 👏

Another great video, thank you!

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Thanks! So glad you enjoyed it ;D

As soon as I heard sea monsters you had my full attention.

great job

Geo Girl has the right stuff! ❤🎉😊

About the fossil of an ichthyosaur giving birth...what is most likely is that a pregnant Ichthyosaur died, sank to the bottom, and the gasses of decomposition forced out the fetus, and then they became preserved like that as a fossil. Great video I must say...I discovered your channel recently and I am definitely a fan.

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Ah, yes that is probably more likely! haha And thanks! I am so happy you like the channel ;D

Poor trilobites, it'd've been cool to have them around nowadays!

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Same!

@ArturdeSousaRocha

Жыл бұрын

With enough abundance there would be an entire cuisine built around them. Which eww! I can't stand seafood. :)

@sarahrosen4985

Жыл бұрын

@@ArturdeSousaRocha or we would have them for pets!

@wafikiri_

Жыл бұрын

@@ArturdeSousaRocha I like seafood, but not all of it. Most fish taste wrong but I like shrimps, crab meat, cuttlefish, clamps, and palometa and tuna fish.

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

@@ArturdeSousaRocha Haha I don't like seafood either haha, I'd rather go with the pet idea ;)

While mass extinctions have been brutal, they have also been one of the main drivers of evolution in the aftermath :)

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

So TRUE!

This was great to listen to! Appreciate the look at the ocean side of recovery since so many focus on the land transformations and the reptilian and other groups that radiate forth. You love turtles, huh? Herp at heart or just turtles?

Always interesting to see what kind of "monsters and wee beasties" existed before us in the geological record.... whenever I read about great extinctions, I get this uneasy feeling and hear a far off voice saying, "sure hope we don't have to go through THAT again!", as if every speck of life remembers somehow, and senses the extinctions we're going through NOW... Thank you kindly for your wonderful videos....cheers!

Excellent video! I was curious if in the future you could cover why ammonites went extinct but nautiloids persisted after the end of the Mesozoic.

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

What a great video idea! I don't think the books I currently have explain why that is, but I will find one and make it a future video because that sounds like a great video :D Thank you for the idea!

@michaelharper8503

Жыл бұрын

It could have been due to different breeding strategies. Ammonites produced many planktonic larvae and nautiloids lay eggs that produce far fewer but much larger offspring.

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

@@michaelharper8503 Yes, I think that was 100% part of it! I have been reseraching it for a future video and found that it may have been in part due to their living conditions as well. Nautiloids favored deeper waters and ammonoids shallower waters, leavining ammonoids more susceptible to acid rain conditions characteristic of this extinction event.

It would be informative if you produced a video explaining how/why we are now in a sixth/seventh mass extinction today. It would be interesting to know how our modern mass extinction compares or contrasts to the geologic ones. PS, love your content and your style of presentation!

Coincidentally, I was just reading about the Rutland Ichthyosaur from about 180 million yrs ago found in January of last year when your video came in. It’s the biggest one found outside the Triassic (a geologically young 180 mya). Skull alone is over 2 m (7 feet) and entire body over 30 ft. I always like it when various educational sources I’m using overlap to talk about something I’ve recently been reading. And I didn’t know that the algae-coral symbiosis only evolved in our modern corals, and wasn’t found in the extinct ones. Why didn’t I know that? I’m supposed to know my biology. Sigh. But, still cool!

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

I didn't know that about corals until I started researching for this video haha! But yes, it is so cool! ;D

Using recent advances in genetic-engineering especially with the CRISPR-Cas technology, Rachel, it should be possible to create living Trilobite analogues from genetically-modified Horseshoe Crabs.

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Ah but then we are getting into bioethics... Would recreating trilobites be ethical? Also, what other life might it affect? Would it have negative effects? Etc. But don't get me wrong, I absolutely LOVE the idea of bringing back trilobites if possible ;D haha

@nicholasmaude6906

Жыл бұрын

@@GEOGIRL I didn't say anything about releasing them into the wild but instead have them in a controlled, isolated environment first indoors then outdoors in the wild but in a segregated environment so they can't get loose.

❤️nice

Nice video...I like 🐠🐠🐠... Very nice...👏👏😇😇🐳

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

So glad! Thank you! ;D

@ramchauhan5238

Жыл бұрын

@@GEOGIRL most most welcome...🙂🙂🙂

Nice look..geo girl...

After some time, I had to watch this again and noted that, in 12:27, I heard, "Crabs and mobsters." I listened three times over this passage and it didn't change... Come on, you made this as a deliberate test, to see how attentive we are... ;-D

I've become really interested in your videos thanks! It seems to me your field of study can help inform how mankind might dramatically improve global carbon sequestration to help offset our past and future use of fossil fuels. In your discussion about extinctions and isotope excursions you mentioned that "first to rebuild reefs were sponges & algae". And later coccolithophores and chalk formation. Am I wrong in thinking that reef and chalk production are good sequestration pathways? If you could mobilize a dramatic long-term sequestration effort, what would be your most efficient or best biological pathway choice for doing so (short of causing any new extinctions!)? I don't want to take you sideways here, am just fascinated by the options.

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

You are absolutely right that reef and chalk production are great C sequestration pathways! Anything with carbonate deposition and burial is great for C sequestration. That's actually one of the ways that large C sequestration research projects are doing it, they spread basalt over large forested areas which gets chemically weathered by rain to increase the pH of the soil system, which favors calcium carbonate deposition. And just like you mention with chalk or carbonate reefs, the C stored in carbonate minerals is a great C sequestration mechanism because it LASTS MILLIONS of years rather than something like trees taking up CO2 which is a short term sequestration mechanism because as soon as the tree dies, it's C is released as it is decomposed. Anyway, what a great question and discussion to have, I also love this topic! Thanks for bringing it up here ;D

@rreiter

Жыл бұрын

@@GEOGIRL Thanks so much for answering, very interesting!

It is counterintuitive that heavier oxygen isotopes disproportionately evaporate at high temperatures. Is the mechanism for this well-understood? Or is that my misunderstanding, suggesting that at high temperature *even* the heavier oxygen compounds can evaporate at a greater rate than they would during lower temperatures?

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Oh great question! I should've been more clear about this but: it's NOT that more heavy oxygen evaporates in warmer climates than light oxygen. It is that more heavy oxygen evaporates in warmer climates than in cooler climates. The ratio is still mostly light oxygen, but a tiny bit of heavy oxygen is allowed to evaporate with it in warm conditions because the warmth drives stronger evaporation, whereas in cold conditions, evaporation is weak and can only take light oxygen. This discrepancy leaves the ocean water with a higher ratio of heavy to light oxygen in cold climates and lower ratio of heavy to light oxygen in hot climates (and vice versa for the evaporated water, so clouds, rain & glacial ice, which forms from the rain)

@davidniemi6553

Жыл бұрын

@@GEOGIRL Thanks for the explanation! It is pretty cool how subtle differences in behavior for different isotopes provide us with really useful dating mechanisms.

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

@@davidniemi6553 Oh yea, I should also mention or clarify that the isotopes I discuss in this video are stable isotopes (so not the type we use for dating). The isotopes we use for dating are called radioactive because they undergo radioactive decay over time (which is why they are useful for dating), whereas stable isotopes do not decay over time and are therefore useful in other ways. For example, the oxygen ratios that I discuss in this video would be meaningless if the isotopes underwent decay, but thankfully since they do not decay we can count on their ratios to have meaning for tracking environmental & climatic changes instead. I hope that makes sense! Maybe that would be a good future video (the difference between radioactive and stable isotopes), I will work on that! ;)

Hmm... so we'll get a heritage/lineage of the turtles video in the future? Steps of evolution shown slide by slide?

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

That's a GREAT IDEA! Thanks haha! I hope there is a book or papers that will tell me this information so I can make this video!

Giant ichthyosaurs and placodonts sprang up like 10 million years after The Great Dying. It didnt recover that slowly. Byt great video either way❤

Hey @GEO GIRL , I have a question. Seeing that there was an age of Amphibians, Reptiles, Fish, and Mammals. I was wondering, was there ever an Age of Birds?

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Not that I know of (at least not yet haha). But I guess if there were ever an age of birds it would've been the age of dinosaurs (which is the entire Mesozoic 250-65 million years ago, especially the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods), but of course these were not all ancestors of modern birds, only a subgroup (or multiple subgroups) of dinosaurs became birds, so it wouldn't be entirely accurate to equate this to an 'age of birds' but it's the closest we've come, I believe. Maybe in the future they will rise again ;)

@riverfields3563

Жыл бұрын

@@GEOGIRL oh ok. I asked that because, I feel like birds don’t get that much attention than other vertebrates when looking back in the past. Maybe one day you could make an entire video about how birds evolve over time and how ancient birds are related to modern ones.

before i watch this one i have a joke for doc geo and everyone - its in british: ‘Ow did the geologist get down the mountain? 'E rode. 😂

@meesalikeu

Жыл бұрын

also remember - geology rocks, but geography is where it’s at. 😉

I love turtles too :3

Don't talk any more about the long-gone trilobites. It's too depressing. 😢

@davidhoward4715

Жыл бұрын

Actually, I retract. They had a good run... 100 times longer than humans!

If you don't mind, let me suggest that you explain your terminology just a little more. I find myself stopping to figure out "deposition " you might for some that 🤔 is deposits. I read and studio this stuff all my life, if one were less familiar they might get loss. I love your videos don't want you losing viewers

Unlike Darwin who predicted an insect that was not known at the time I can predict new minerals that haven't been created yet but can`t get too specific. It stands to reason I guess. Mankind will be responsible for many new minerals that will evolve over time.

Your videos are great, thanks! I would love to see you "debate" Kent Hovind, i.e. destroy his young Earth creationism lie.

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Haha, I try to steer clear of those things... There are some people that are just closed off to other ideas and it only gives them a greater platform by debating them. ;)

@TheCadman069

Жыл бұрын

@@GEOGIRL Understood 110%! :)

yu are a powerhouse .

In live on The Chalk Downlands of South East England, it's a gentle country. With global warming becoming a world class viticulture area. The Sparkling White Wines are wonderful.

@capt.bart.roberts4975

Жыл бұрын

You've got to take some comforts.

I wonder if Trilobites made good eating?

Omg a giving birth fossil?!? How did it die ? That's super interesting

@wafikiri_

Жыл бұрын

It is very famous, not difficult to find.

@KerriEverlasting

Жыл бұрын

@@wafikiri_ cool I'll google it one year when I get time lol

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

It likely got buried in a rapid burial situation like a turbidity flow (which just means an influx of sediment into an aquatic basin), my guess is it was preserved so well due to rapid burial under such conditions as well as a lack of oxygen and borrowing organisms in the setting so that its preservation was very pristine.

@FSMDog

Жыл бұрын

More like 'gave birth post mortem'....

@KerriEverlasting

Жыл бұрын

@@GEOGIRL thanks that was exactly the explanation I was after - how did it manage the perfect preservation conditions- turbidity flow - you said sediment, would any be preserved in that rolling ash thing (I can't remember the name) from volcanoes?

Did you read the “context” comment? According to the geniuses at KZread, the Permian Extinction was caused by human activity!

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Haha Yea, the youtube's ai just automatically puts that disclaimer on every video where I say "climate change" or "global warming" no matter the time period I am talking about 😅

If you have fish costum... you also look like jalpari(water queen)... In Hindi...jalpari=water queen... Than one new species should note in Book 😆😆😅😅😅😅

😄😄

The Griesbachian is pronounced Greesebakhian. The Dienerian is Deenerian.

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Ahhh thank you!

@SiqueScarface

Жыл бұрын

@@GEOGIRL Interestingly though, both name patrons were named Carl: Carl Griesbach and Carl Diener, and both were born in Vienna, Austria.

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

@@SiqueScarface Woah! That is such a coincidence!

@SiqueScarface

Жыл бұрын

@@GEOGIRL Greetings from Austria. And my name is Karl.

So that’s how we got all of our oil?

Too much info. Reminds me of being in a classroom lectures at college.

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Hahaha that's because it is a college lecture😅I make these lectures for the college geology courses that I teach, and then I put them on yt for students that are studying and what not. I am sorry it seems like too much info, it's just what they need to know for their exams so I have to include it all ;)

@mdb1239

Жыл бұрын

@@GEOGIRL How about a Winter Break vid of your black cat?

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

@@mdb1239 Haha I am sure she'd love that, she loves attention ;)

"United Nations: Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, mainly caused by human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels. " It is a shame that YT has to POLITICIZE a video discussing climate changes that happened HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS YEARS ago. 🙄

@John-ir2zf

Жыл бұрын

In the end though, that "warning" on a video like this that clearly shows the wild climate variations over time throughout earth's history seems like a "false flag". I guess it was humans 400, 300, 250, 200, 150 million years ago that caused those extreme fluctuations too.....🙄🙄 Everyone should rest assured, the earth and "life" will survive and rebound even if the temperature continues to rise. We may not be here to appreciate the recovery, but the earth and life WILL recover. We may be spelling our own end, but not the end of the earth or "life" like climate alarmists say.

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Could NOT agree more! I absolutely hate it when people say "Save EARTH", becuase Earth will be just fine! We have to save OURSELVES lol

@John-ir2zf

Жыл бұрын

@@aboukirman3508 I have two words for you....."climate change alarmist" - Joey 🤣🤣🤣 Do you remember Obama, how he screamed about climate change and rising sea levels and "equity" etcetc. Then goes and buys a 15 millions dollor BEACHFRONT house ?? Seems weird doesn't it, I mean since we all are going to drown in 10 years from sea level rise..... It seems more like the politicians just lie to you, you believe it, then they continue to do whatever they want.

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

@@wesbaumguardner8829 That is a great point and great question! The issue with the current climate trend is not the amount of CO2 being released and the amount of warming due to that, it is the RATE of release & warming. Even if Earth only warms 1 or 2 degrees C, the rate at which climate is currently warming is faster than any other warming trend in Earth's history. The reason is because humans are able to release CO2 at a faster rate than natural processes (such as respiration & volcanism). The reason that the rate is important is because life can sometimes have time to evolve or adapt in some way to the change if it is gradual, but if it is as fast as current climate change, life cannot adapt and therefore dies. I hope that makes sense ;)

@grahamgillard3722

Жыл бұрын

I’ve complained to them about their stupidity.

This channel is amazing! I think I'm in love, lol 🤩😍🥰😂

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Yay! So glad you love it ;D

HELLO Americans! You can keep Harry and Meghan forever. All we ask in return is to give us geogirl!!!

@GEOGIRL

Жыл бұрын

Hahaha Love this comment ;) Thanks for the support!

Suiiiiiiii

Are you married?