Fraser is a great interviewer, and Dr Adam a great guest I really enjoyed this one Keep'em coming fraser. Thanks

@JenniferA886

8 ай бұрын

Absolutely 👍👍👍

@timpointing

8 ай бұрын

My thoughts exactly (as I mentioned in my comment before seeing yours here!)

Another great interview. Dr Ginsburg appears to be a terrific communicator and very knowledgeable. Great score, Fraser! Keep 'em coming!

@fishm0nger

3 ай бұрын

26:45 ssqwr ss a 27:51 saq as

This guy is what ALL teachers should be. If I had teachers as excited about the subject when I was in high school as this guy is, I would have topped my classes.

I lol'd when you asked him how people can follow him and he totally blanked. I couldn't help but think of a meme saying "You could say I'm a bit of a science communicator myself." Loved the discussion. Dr. Ginsburg is a very charismatic guy. I think he should dip into some more science communicating where time allows! Totally his prerogative tho. I would favor good science over social media presence any day...

@frasercain

8 ай бұрын

It's a good sign when people have no clue how to promote themselves. :-)

@JenniferA886

8 ай бұрын

@@frasercain👍👍👍

the idea of shockwaves from supernovae, ripples from gravitational waves and other such things interacting with great clouds of dust and providing that necessary little nudge to encourage star formation always made sense to me. but curiously no mention of that in this interview??? thanks, Fraser, love your channel!

@dug3569

8 ай бұрын

I was thinking exact same thing

animation of galaxies colliding is amazing!

Wow i really enjoyed this interview. You should reach out to Dr. Ginsburg for many more. This is very interesting matter to me. Thanks to you both.

The Parsec was only useful for finding the distances to the nearest stars using the diameter of the earth's orbit around the sun to observe the shift (Parallax) of a star's position on the sky. You cannot observe parallax beyond a tiny fraction of our tiny corner of the galaxy yet professional astronomers use the Parsec almost exclusively for the farthest objects in the universe. The light year is a far superior unit of distance....Anyone can understand: " It's 8 light minutes to our sun ...and 4 light years to Proxima Centauri....and 28,000 light years to the Galactic Centre.". Try saying that using Parsecs as the unit of distance..

@martinsoos

8 ай бұрын

Is it .02 light years to Voyager i & II?

@thekaxmax

8 ай бұрын

Scientists use what scientists are used to, for consistency. Similarity: common use in the USA is miles and feet for distance and pounds and short tons for weight, despite the USA Standard Weights & Measures being SI units.

@joedaodragon3565

8 ай бұрын

This dude is awful at communicating. I turned it off. He repeats himself over and over and tries to explain everything the same way while adding very little to the topic and is not uninteresting. If he knew his audience AND was smart at communication, no, parsec would not enter the conversation. People constantly misunderstand intelligence. Some have great memories and that is it. You can be a Doctor, lawyer even scientist and still be an idiot. Memory is the lowest form of intelligence. Ants have great memories and this bloke is an idiot. I like many of Fraser's guests who I could listen to all day. This guy need to stay behind the desk with his head down. Parsec.

@benjaminbeard3736

8 ай бұрын

It's just 3.26 light years. The Sun is 8 light minutes, proxima is a 1.25 parsecs, the galactic center is 8,588 parsecs.

@Rattus-Norvegicus

8 ай бұрын

"iS oNlY uSeFuL"... It's pretty darn useful at measuring the shortest distance around a black hole that the fastest ship in the galaxy is capable of running.

Great interview!

I enjoyed that one, clearly passionate about his work, great to listen to.

Heck yeah, great interview.

Subscribed to this high quality channel, such a refreshing example of space science channel made right, without any unnecessary sensationalism

I think you should mention somewhere in the title or thumbnail that this episode includes an interview, i personally want to watch previous interviews but don't know which one containes them

@frasercain

8 ай бұрын

We have a playlist you can check out here: kzread.info/dash/bejne/hZ97tLivcZWZoaw.html

I almost, *almost* didn't click on this because I thought it was one of those click-baity channels that don't report real science. I'm very glad that I checked which channel this came from.

I've always wanted to know how far apart are these stars. They look so close to our perspective but are they actually light years apart? To my mind, if all the millions of stars you can see in the centre of the milky were actually light years apart, is the most mind boggling concept I can think of.

Just last week I was reading an old Silver Surfer GN collection dealing with the pirates of the coal sack

This is Fraser Cain, a nice guy. This is Saggitarius, a star. I can not hinder me from hearing it like that. I know it is not what the name is, but...

@frasercain

8 ай бұрын

Yeah, it's confusing if you don't see it written down. SgrA*

Love all this JWST coverage, and GO GATORS!

6:21 24 thousand light years of Milky Way YUMMMMY!!

So when you consider how crowded it becomes with stars towards the centre of the galaxy, does it become harder for these stars to keep planets in stable orbits around them due to the constant gravitational tugs from passing by stars and other planets?

@trimetrodon

8 ай бұрын

The spaces between stars are so vast galaxies can pass through each other with very little disruption of planetary orbits.

@busybillyb33

8 ай бұрын

@@trimetrodon He says about 1000 stars per cubic light year. If you spaced out every star equally, that would give you a star every 6000 AU or so. I think that is pretty close enough for a star to have some kind of an effect, not to mention that it is just an average, and stars can pass well inside of this.

@trimetrodon

8 ай бұрын

@@busybillyb33 It will effect the orbits of comets which are VERY loosely bound to their parent stars. Planetary systems are, by comparison, vastly more strongly bound to their parent stars. Also the impulses of those stellar interlopers will be short due to the large relative velocities of galaxies falling through each other. So the total influence should be small even in those regions where the star densities are as high as in the respective galactic cores. Out in the suburbs, the density of passing stars will be a hundred thousand times smaller. Cores of galaxies are probably inhospitable to civilizations due to the radiation environment. So, if there are systems tidally disrupted by a galaxy passing through, there probably won’t be anyone harmed.

@busybillyb33

8 ай бұрын

@@trimetrodon Sort of makes sense. Thanks.

@The1stDukeDroklar

8 ай бұрын

@@trimetrodon That's incorrect. Gravitational disturbances from other nearby stars would make solar systems unstable for long periods of time required for evolution. Also, stars migrate around. That is one of the reasons they consider being too close to the galactic center is outside of the galactic habitable zone.

I think all that dust is forming rogue planets that get kicked out before they become a star. If this is the case, then the center is a hotbed of life.

I think the astronomers in the old babylonia can be happy we live here out in the suburbs of the milky-way, if earth had been in the centre of our galaxy they had been struggling figuring out how stuff worked, i can almost hear them discuss up on some roof at night, poor guys

@archmage_of_the_aether

8 ай бұрын

I wonder if they'd consider themselves "astronomers" or "astrologers with a strong math background"

@doncarlodivargas5497

8 ай бұрын

@@archmage_of_the_aether - back in the days they where both I guess, but think how frustrating must have been when Nebukadnesar or Sargon of Akkad are planning to go to war and they ask them for advice

i wish i could go into the center of milkyway galaxy, and see all the stars, this life is like a dream, every day fades away in the mind,

That last question always throws them off, lol.

@frasercain

8 ай бұрын

Yeah, that's how you know you're dealing with someone who isn't going for publicity....

Glad he clarified CO ice and that CO is second most frequent molecule in space. 😊

@geoffgeoff3333

8 ай бұрын

I woulduh thought that He2 is the 2nd most prevalent molecule. Ya know, H2×2?

@TheJasonBorn

8 ай бұрын

@@geoffgeoff3333, He2 or H2? I think they excluded H2 from that grouping, as in among all the other things other than H2, CO being the most common.

Fraser, this video reminds me of a short story i read many years ago about people that lived on a planet that seemed to be in a densely star packed part of space. Only every so many years did they happen to experience a "night". Does this sound like a story you have heard of?

@trimetrodon

8 ай бұрын

I’ve heard of that. I’m guessing AC Clarke wrote it.

@frasercain

8 ай бұрын

It's called Nightfall by Isaac Asimov. He wrote a short story and then turned it into a book.

Fraser didn't even need to ask what he'd do with a blank check he already knew haha

@frasercain

8 ай бұрын

Hah, yep. Although he was surprisingly frugal about it. I'd invest...

Has the ability to see through dust using infrared affected the old calculation of the amount of normal matter in the universe? In other words, more formerly obscured stars that can be counted, plus recognition of more dust to be counted? More normal matter would mean less "exotic" dark matter.

@tbird81

8 ай бұрын

Dark matter far far exceeds the amount of normal matter.

@brothermine2292

8 ай бұрын

@@tbird81 : Yes, but that doesn't answer my question.

I wonder how many stars are in a cubic light year near us. Could it even be 0 other than ours? Great interview as usual. This guy obviously is completely into it. Great to see.

@hive_indicator318

8 ай бұрын

One. Unless you mean an area somewhat near us, not from here

@illustriouschin

8 ай бұрын

The nearest stars are in the trinary Alpha Centauri system 4.367 light years away. Look it up, we have some crazy ass neighbors.

@xitheris1758

8 ай бұрын

In the solar neighborhood, the stellar density is about 0.004 stars per cubic lightyear, and most of them are M-class stars. The Sun is a G-class star in the top 8-10% of stars. Put in terms of human height, the Sun is as common as a 186 cm (6'1") male or 171 cm (5'7") female. That the nearest stellar system has another G-class star is about as likely as two random tall people being nextdoor neighbors. The difference in stellar density between the solar neighborhood and the galactic center is similar to the difference in population density between Greenland and Hong Kong.

@Fromatic

8 ай бұрын

Yes 0, given the nearest is over 4 light years away, you could fit 4 cubic light-years end to end between us and the nearest star, if you start filling the space between us and the nearest stars in all directions you have many many cubic light years containing 0 stars

@jimstepan3038

8 ай бұрын

10 within 10 LYs

If the Milky Way isn't filled with caramel an nougat....my wife is gonna be pissed....🤣 edit...: I know better of course....I would prefer a cookie crunch...! Edited edit.... all jokes aside....I absolutely love hearing about how Webb is showing us things that are re defining how we see the universe. And I thank you for having these conversations with the scientists who are doing the hard work !!!

at 5:20 ". . . galactic nucleus . . . densest concentration of stars except maybe globular clusters. Side question - are globular clusters the left over cores of dwarf galaxies the Milky Way has "captured"?

Fraser, is there a name for the following phenomenon?: There's a thought experiment I haven't heard from anyone else (although it's similar to Olbers' paradox): at any point in space, photons are crossing from all directions. Yet light from one direction is never interfering with light from another direction. Over a line of sight a billion light years long, light crossing from infinite points in infinite directions has zero effect on the light travelling that specific line of sight. In other words, when you look out at a faraway galaxy in deep space, the photons traveling that long line to you were never disrupted by other photons. The only thing that could disrupt them was some matter in between. And maybe equally bizarre, that in that long line of sight there was virtually zero matter to disrupt (yet virtually infinite photons crossing the path).

@davidanderson9074

5 ай бұрын

What a great question, and I do not know why it is ignored. I get similar questions, and like you I likley think, well the answer must be known, yet I want the answer. ( I will share one such question at the end of this.) For your question I just started a simple search of "what happens when photons collide?" Here is the first answer... "Two photons moving in opposite directions ("head-on") can collide and move off in different directions (still opposite if the photons have equal energies), If they have enough energy, the photons might produce an electron-positron pair. At even higher energies, other final states are allowed by conservation of energy." So your ? is a good one I will look further into. My own question revolving around red shift is a two part question. Once light is red shifted, would it not stay red shifted to the perceiver who encounters it, even if it was not being further shifted? If that is true, and I think it is, how do we not know we are seeing how fast space WAS expanding, as we look into the past and see ever older light? I am assuming the expansion of space ( whatever "space" is that is expanding) requires some form of energy. And accelerating expansion must require an incredible logrythmically expanding area of ever greater volume of space, ever increasing energy. It would appear more logical that expansion would slow over time, and produce the appearance of ever greater red shift, the further one looks into the past.

Great interview Fraser, hope you enjoyed your time off " ish " can't wait for your winter live streams , I'm no expert but this Universe is BIG (Insert DOUGLAS ADAMS QUOTES ) I don't think unless we can redefine Physics the Solar system is our limit. That will do me . PEACE AND LOVE TO EVERYONE ❤❤.

@frasercain

8 ай бұрын

Thanks, we'll be back with the live QA in just a few days.

Listening to your discussion with professor Ginsburg, this question pops in my head : If you shrunk the sun down to the size of the average household light bulb, how big would a lightyear be?

@steveblanmag7410

8 ай бұрын

How many cm in diameter is a lightbulb? The sun?

@StefenTower

8 ай бұрын

The exact same. The size of the light source is immaterial to that question.

@steveblanmag7410

8 ай бұрын

@@StefenTower i'll rephrase the question : If you shrunk the sun down to the size of average household lightbulb, and a light year by the same proportion, how big would the light year be. And even if i've asked it poorly this time, YOU KNOW what i'm asking...

@draugarnatt3816

8 ай бұрын

​​​@@steveblanmag7410 roughly 500 km, assuming the Sun's radius is 20 billion times greater than that of a light bulb. At that scale, the Earth would be a grain of sand located at about 7.5m from the light bulb Sun, and the Alpha Centauri system would be 2,100 km away, with the distance between Proxima Centauri and the Alpha Centauri AB binary system being almost 100 km.

@steveblanmag7410

8 ай бұрын

@@draugarnatt3816 now THAT was a constructive answer! 🏋️‍♂️😁 Thanks alot! 👍

Are astronomers investigating the resonance of gravitational waves in star formation? Seems relevant.

Would it be dense like would you need a space suit?

QUESTION: Could it be possible that in one of the many galaxy collisions, the overall rotation of the galaxy decreases? And if so, could it then be that those regions affected by tidal forces relax somewhat, and suddenly thousands of stars form in a relatively short time? Could this be a cyclical event that occurs every billions of years for a finite period and then repeats itself?

@Alfred-Neuman

8 ай бұрын

No... Do you have other questions? I'm joking lol I don't really know but if I'm understanding your question correctly, it would be statistically very unlikely to be happening. Isn't it like if you put hot water in a glass, there's always a chance that all the cold molecules could clump in a specific region to form an ice cube but it's just so extremely extremely unlikely...?

@trimetrodon

8 ай бұрын

There is some speculation that globular clusters are the compacted remains of the cores of dwarf galaxies absorbed by the Milky Way.

I am curious, is JWST powerful enough to see through the zone of avoidance of is there too much dust for even that observatory?

@spparodi

8 ай бұрын

I am not entirely sure but I believe it’s the density of the dust in that region which blocks our view?🤔

@trimetrodon

8 ай бұрын

Consider how Keck counts stars in the central part of our galaxy orbiting the black hole…. I think Keck does that imaging in the near IR. With JWST working at longer wavelengths, there is a good chance it can see through the disk.

When you say dust how big are these dust particles in diameter?

Question: given the high density of matter in the early, opaque universe, why wasn't an enormous black hole produced?

so at the center the stars are 0.1 lightyears apart for 10 000 lightyears ?

I wonder how overwhelming the sky would really be to an observer? Won't most of the stars in that cubic LY be red and brown dwarfs? Are closest neighbors aren't as bright as starts much farther away (and proxima isn't visible to the naked eye)--though, granted, they are 4.3LY distant. In my imagination it is like the belt of the milky way everywhere in the sky, not just along one arc, rather than a blazing brightness. What I think is far more fascinating is the mixture of stellar neighborhoods. The stellar density is high enough a star's Oort cloud and even Kuiper belts are mixing with those of other stars. There may not even be clouds and belts as we think of them, rather more like a soup of objects the densely packed stellar systems swim through. The regular exchange of outer plants is likely with resulting chaos to the orbits of inner planets as the gravitational conditions of a system change every few million years. This interview is really giving my imagination overtime. I love it!

@frasercain

8 ай бұрын

The stars would be brighter than Venus, but not as bright as the Moon. They'd even be visible in the daytime. You could definitely read with them at night. But there'd be so many of them, it would make regular astronomy difficult. Like a full moon all night, every night.

Fun fact: the power output of the sun is about 0.2 milliwatt/kg. Human puts out 1 watt/kg. Puts human initiated fusion into perspective.

@rivenwyrm

8 ай бұрын

Humans generate energy with chemical reactions, not fusion

@autarchex

8 ай бұрын

Of course, most of the sun isn't contributing to that power, just sitting around and Being Real Damn Hot. I wonder how that figure changes when only the core where all the fusion occurs is considered? But then I guess the same reduction makes sense for the human. After all, I don't suppose my bones are contributing much to my heat output! Although I suppose marrow is furiously kicking out new blood cells all the time; maybe bones are actually pretty warm? Do bones contribute significant metabolic heat to the human total output? And why does that concept seem vaguely creepy somehow? Well I know what oddly specific useless trivia topic I'll be researching to 3AM tonight; thanks!

@MrCWoodhouse

8 ай бұрын

@@autarchex Great observations. I am looking forward to your analysis. Seriously, what is the energy density of the actively fusing part of the sun and how does it compare with terrestrial fusion? btw the brain uses about 30 watts.

0:13 “ Over a thousand stars per cubic light year”. Sure would be hard to sleep at night, of course most likely no life whatsoever has survived or even begun in this region of the galaxy. In the immortal words of the New Zealand comedian from the 1970, John Clarke, aka Fred Dag. “ We don’t know how lucky we are mate, we don’t know how lucky we are”.

@frasercain

8 ай бұрын

It would be a sight to behold, but I agree, I wouldn't want to live there.

Question: I don't understand why infrared light can pass through dust clouds and visible light can't, is infrared light going _through_ matter? Or it rebounds more on it, maybe?

@mwangikimani3970

8 ай бұрын

You probably need to pose this question to an expert but I believe it's longer wavelengths are able to weave thru gas molecules much easier. An analogy on earth would be the setting and rising sun is redder.

I think the 1999 version of the TPF interferometer proposal went down to 10 microns for the water hole.

@frasercain

8 ай бұрын

Oh interesting, thanks!

Black holes can glide around at any speed. Some of these declassified govt UAV interactions could simply be black holes.

❓@fraser you said infrared is much more forgiving than visible for space based interferometery. Why would that be?

@frasercain

8 ай бұрын

Longer wavelengths so it's easier to line them up.

@YousufAhmad0

8 ай бұрын

@@frasercain thanks

Lighting probably

If there are so many stars in the center of the Galaxy, do they perturb one another, strip planets and collide?

We would have continous rain of shooting stars living in the core of gallaxy

@frasercain

8 ай бұрын

More dust and debris flying around, that's a really good point. You're just making it sound cooler, though. :-)

Question: What percentage of Milky Way's stars are in the center?

@theOrionsarms

8 ай бұрын

That is a pertinent question, but nobody knows for sure , can be 50% or 90%from the total number of stars in the Milky-way, that total number could be 100 billion, and the ratio would be 50%, or 450 billion and the central bulge would have 90%(nobody knows exactly how many stars are in our galaxy) , probably the lower number for total stars in the Milky-way is wrong (because it comes from older and debatable estimations of the total stars in the galaxy) , but a more realistic estimations for total number of stars would be between 200 billion and 700 billion.

I would

is it safe to say theres no night in the center ...

@frasercain

8 ай бұрын

The closest stars would be less bright than the Moon, but brighter than Venus. You could see them in the daytime, and there would be thousands. So, it would be... different.

"Diffraction limited" is the correct term he meant, not diffusion

@autarchex

8 ай бұрын

I think he was saying "confusion limited" which means "too much crap too close together to distinguish anything". If your resolution and the density of stars make angularly adjacent sources inseparable, your system is confusion limited.

Mine is grey

Gosh. He’s one hot physicist♥️

wish our blackhole was stronger and more badass. then again it not being so may have allowed life on earth. who's to say what's better?

@jimstepan3038

8 ай бұрын

Black hole envy🤔 🥴 😂🤣

Please explain to me why your beard looks blue. Pls it's doing my head in lol

@frasercain

8 ай бұрын

It's mostly grey, and then the lighting.

11:00 Just skip the first 11 minutes so you join the usual non interesting banter and start here they find carbon monoxid ice in the center

Fraser I don’t really think that highly of you, but you are over time proving to be less annoying than every other space channel on KZread

@frasercain

8 ай бұрын

I have no idea how to respond to that.

@ugiswrong

8 ай бұрын

It’s ok, negative people self-isolate. Just keep working until the Canucks win the cup

@frasercain

8 ай бұрын

Oh... so forever?

Stop baiting us to these interviews no one cares about. Write "interview" in the title, please!

@foxrings

8 ай бұрын

I would agree that it should be labeled as an interview in the title. Because it's long form content that is outside of what many are looking for. I do passionately disagree with your statement that no one wants this. Interviews like this one are the highlight of my day.

@kuingul

8 ай бұрын

@@foxrings KZread always shows the lenght of the video on the thumbnail.

@kuingul

8 ай бұрын

Why should we stop baiting? There's no misinformation in the title/thumbnail. Your logic just implies that we should deliberately get less views for no reason. And get the interview to less people. What's your point?

@johnmackay3136

8 ай бұрын

@AnomymAnonym Speak for yourself! You certainly don't speak for me. Always great content Mr Cain,keep up the good work.

@swiftycortex

8 ай бұрын

I don't share your opinion, so please do not speak for me.