Long range UHF RC systems part 1 (the basics)

Ғылым және технология

In this overly-long white-board based video, I discuss some of the theory behind long-range UHF radio control systems and the pro's and con's of using them. This video is the precursor to a series of reviews of a range of systems including:
- the Immersion EZUHF
- the DragonLink LRS system
- the Scherrer LRS
- the Arkbird UHF system
- the Open LRS (Orange) system
Please leave your comments and questions in the space provided below.

Пікірлер: 511

  • @TrentAyers
    @TrentAyers9 жыл бұрын

    Good sir, you make some of the best and most informative videos in this community. I have to thank you so much for all you put up. So great! I would be interested in a HAM license series/video. Fantastic info! Great vid!

  • @labanlabansson6147
    @labanlabansson61476 жыл бұрын

    Such a rare and precious experience watching someone explain things in this manner. I lift my virtual hat and thank you for the video sir.

  • @jaimeriveras
    @jaimeriveras9 жыл бұрын

    Hi, Bruce. I was trained as an electronics engineer. My focus was on audio circuits an antennae. Yours was a superb presentation of a complex subject. Thanks,

  • @saisankar6477
    @saisankar64779 жыл бұрын

    Hi Bruce. This is, hands down, the best video on UHF systems (or even radio systems) out there. You taught what a textbook would teach in 100 pages, in less than 45mins. Being an engineer myself, I truly appreciate the effort you put into these videos and how all of the content just makes perfect sense. Thanks again for all your videos. You add so much value to KZread and fill your videos with so much amazing information. The KZread community is very lucky to have you.

  • @BMSWEB
    @BMSWEB9 жыл бұрын

    Fantastic information here Bruce!! Young Thomas is really enjoying this one! Big Thumbs up buddy

  • @ME-zu5kg
    @ME-zu5kg9 жыл бұрын

    Bloody Fantastic, great education and I would suggest this is shown in Physics classes in the UK when dealing with Frequencies. Absolutely the best on the subject so far your getting better every video.

  • @networkit
    @networkit9 жыл бұрын

    Great video. Great information and very well presented! I've been using tslr uhf for almost 5 years and swear by it. Thank you!

  • @NorthOlbo
    @NorthOlbo9 жыл бұрын

    Great explanations...explains why my Phantom flew away as I was approaching some high power antennas. They were far away, I thought, but not far enough for that weeny receiver. Looking forward to the series. Cheers from Canada.

  • @drifter1949
    @drifter19499 жыл бұрын

    Thanks Bruce, your style makes the information easier to understand, looking forward to next episode.

  • @55Wings
    @55Wings9 жыл бұрын

    I really appreciate the whiteboard videos. Excellent explanation of theory with practical applications. Thanks for all your hard work in promoting the hobby.

  • @mrfrog8502
    @mrfrog85029 жыл бұрын

    That is one of the best and most practical explanations of RF I have ever watched. Thanks for making videos like that. Really enjoyed that.

  • @waynependrigh4669
    @waynependrigh46699 жыл бұрын

    Brilliant stuff. This video is exactly where Im at, but up until now I really didn't know why I was there. Great stuff.

  • @JamesHurd
    @JamesHurd8 жыл бұрын

    Prof Bruce Simpson your knowledge is unreal please keep up your great work.. A big thanks from me in wet old Ireland. : )some of this stuff is going straight over my head but it all sounds good..

  • @jacobyyarrow8554

    @jacobyyarrow8554

    8 жыл бұрын

    nice profile pic :)

  • @TrentMurray
    @TrentMurray9 жыл бұрын

    Another excellent, well considered and produced video. Thank you Bruce!

  • @Norminal1
    @Norminal18 жыл бұрын

    I am so glad I found your video. Been thinking about long range fpv, have been very confused but your simple English lay mans approach is wonderful. Thanks so much.

  • @JohnnyFaber
    @JohnnyFaber9 жыл бұрын

    Great work Bruce! Awesome job. I always enjoy your vids, and have learned a ton from you. Thanks so much for your awesome contribution to the hobby!!!

  • @PWOODHAMS
    @PWOODHAMS3 жыл бұрын

    Excellent overview of uhf systems. Looking forward to other videos in this series.

  • @garyballiet8340
    @garyballiet83409 жыл бұрын

    Stellar video sir. We (in the fpv/rc community) need your no compromise style. You just need to ask and the premium channel will be a success. Thank you.

  • @rctv-uk3126
    @rctv-uk31269 жыл бұрын

    Brilliant Bruce this may just be the best video series out there for UHF RC systems. ATB Malc Team Nana UK

  • @raimondw6498
    @raimondw64989 жыл бұрын

    Great job, safety first!... Another point to getting a Amature Radio Operators license(Ham) is that when there is a natural disaster in the operator's area, the UAV can be utilized in the search and recovery or the damage assessment and documentation areas. Always enjoy your videos. Continue the fight to fly.

  • @Catalysis1144
    @Catalysis11449 жыл бұрын

    I really like these white board videos which goes into fundamentals.. Please keep it up

  • @iskess
    @iskess9 жыл бұрын

    I would happily pay for this type of premium content. I think $20/yr is fair. $15/yr is a no brainer. Of course it depends on how often you can produce this type of content.

  • @Troy707
    @Troy7079 жыл бұрын

    Hi Bruce. We are really looking forward to the rest of the UHF RC systems test. We're waiting for your results to make our UHF RC gear purchases. Keep up the good work. You're doing a great job !!

  • @pietercolombo2187
    @pietercolombo21879 жыл бұрын

    Awesome video. I knew so much more about frequencies now. This is the best way i have ever heard something some complex explained so simple. Defiantly prime channel material.

  • @mikeaweber5059
    @mikeaweber50598 жыл бұрын

    I can't believe there are any thumbs down. You are FANTASTIC. Thank you for doing this.

  • @Chretze
    @Chretze7 жыл бұрын

    This has got to be one of the highest quality content on youtube on the topic of RC. Subscribed!

  • @johnsmith-cn5yv
    @johnsmith-cn5yv9 жыл бұрын

    Very much looking forward to the full video series. Nice to see some variety from mini quads :)

  • @ramongarciano569
    @ramongarciano5694 жыл бұрын

    even if its been that long since this video was made i wanna thank you for sharing your priceless knowledge on how our hobby systems work and put it in layman's terms with a bit of humor. god bless..

  • @Ultra2040
    @Ultra20409 жыл бұрын

    Thanks for taking the time making these videos Bruce. I'm a newbie on the FPV scene but it's my next box to tick and I've learnt so much from your content. Thanks!

  • @blackmennewstyle
    @blackmennewstyle9 жыл бұрын

    So much details! That was a great video! Thanks for sharing Bruce and have a great new week

  • @k.orengaarder7438
    @k.orengaarder74386 жыл бұрын

    We need more videos from you on this subject 😃 now. You are doing a great job, bruce! Keep em coming👍

  • @pjwlk
    @pjwlk7 жыл бұрын

    Ditto on the "highest quality content on youtube" comment. Outstanding Sir! Thanks!

  • @lasersbee
    @lasersbee9 жыл бұрын

    Great RC Radio/Video information Bruce. Can't wait for the next video in the series.

  • @plowboyh6054
    @plowboyh60549 жыл бұрын

    Spot on basics theory Bruce can't wait to see the lab test thank you sir. This is what I have been looking for before I invest money in UHF gear.

  • @Mixedtinkerings
    @Mixedtinkerings9 жыл бұрын

    Thanks for this educative video! I don't think it is too lengthy at all. I actually enjoy learning theoretical stuff from you and the white board!

  • @johncoffield3782
    @johncoffield37829 жыл бұрын

    Great video! Lots of good info. looking forward to the rest of the series.

  • @Aschefr
    @Aschefr9 жыл бұрын

    Oh thanks so much for that video ! I always want to know everything about UHF, i can't wait part 2 !

  • @JustinMrShakesBailey
    @JustinMrShakesBailey9 жыл бұрын

    Great video! Looking forward to the rest of this series.

  • @gooutsideeveryday2017
    @gooutsideeveryday20173 жыл бұрын

    I knew from the intro that I was in the right place. Sure enough, I learned a lot. Thank you!

  • @stilldking
    @stilldking9 жыл бұрын

    Excellent video. Looking forward to subsequent videos.

  • @bobbyddybbob
    @bobbyddybbob9 жыл бұрын

    thanks for breaking in down in layman's terms Bruce. Very interesting stuff cant wait to watch the next one and learn more.

  • @TheRCAddict
    @TheRCAddict9 жыл бұрын

    Watched the entire video...loved every minute!

  • @matmo4665
    @matmo46659 жыл бұрын

    Currently Trying to decide which uhf to go with my taranis. Voilà Bruce comes out with a video. Your the man, quirks and all!!! Ive been using your reviews to make my big fpv purchases and have not once been disappointed with those purchases. Can not wait for part 2. Im pulling for Dragonlink as i hear good things and their customer service excels, plus as fellow muricans Id like to keep it local!

  • @marcusdutra7091
    @marcusdutra70919 жыл бұрын

    We are looking forward to watching the comparison! I hope it will be posted soon! Cheers!

  • @ecleveland1
    @ecleveland19 жыл бұрын

    I'm very interested in this series. This information is great!

  • @giarcnamron2566
    @giarcnamron25669 жыл бұрын

    Super awesome stuff Bruce. really enjoyed watching.

  • @Fast1Guy
    @Fast1Guy9 жыл бұрын

    Perfect timing Bruce. I have reached the limit of my Futaba 7c 2.4 at 4.2km along with 1.2 video (Lawmate 1000mW) with a Notch Filter. Trying to decide between EZuhf and DragonLink. DragonLink is reported to be much improved since IBCrazy's shootout awhile back so this is of great interest.

  • @PriusDr1VER
    @PriusDr1VER9 жыл бұрын

    Thanks for the video, its one of the most informative videos I have watched on KZread in quite some time. I look forward to the follow on videos and hope for a more in depth ham discussion, as your way of explaining it all is a lot easier to absorb than my prep manual.

  • @traxialrc7369
    @traxialrc73699 жыл бұрын

    Nobody does this educational stuff better than you do! Great stuff,THANK YOU!

  • @amawarifaasamuel7645
    @amawarifaasamuel76454 жыл бұрын

    You are a blessing and a gift to our world. God bless you and keep you in health Sir.

  • @drone7922
    @drone79229 жыл бұрын

    Brilliant Bruce! Very good info! I combined 2.4 and 1.3 video lost my quad at just 40 feet. I connected the video transmitter to the wrong power 16V instead of 12V. When I switched power then I lost my craft at 200 feet!! I didn't know at that time about harmonics!

  • @skflyer5392
    @skflyer53929 жыл бұрын

    Really well explained. Good job Bruce!

  • @MrGantzFan
    @MrGantzFan9 жыл бұрын

    Hello Bruce, First off, I really enjoy your videos, and often watch them several times a month. Thank you for continuing to provide RC'ers with up-to-date reviews of products and offering guidance! While I agree with the general spirit if your explanation of lower frequency systems offering better range than 2.4 GHz systems, I do take issue with the way it's explained. Atmospheric absorption of energy is negligible at both frequencies, and free-space (path) loss is a bit of a misnomer. In actuality, there is a frequency dependency with the aperture size of the antenna. If transmit EIRP, range, and receiver gains are kept equal, a UHF system will still receive more power than a 2.4 GHz system due to this frequency dependency of the effective aperture size (that is, the antenna is physically larger for the UHF system and thus acts like a larger "net" to capture the energy propagating towards it). Just my $0.02 worth as a RF/antenna engineer :).

  • @Danjul89
    @Danjul899 жыл бұрын

    Exceptionally good explanations as allways Bruce, love your work!

  • @gratefulamateur1393
    @gratefulamateur13935 жыл бұрын

    What a brilliant and masterfully staged presentation. I wish you had been my EE prof! Thank you.

  • @joacimwennerberg8310
    @joacimwennerberg83109 жыл бұрын

    I really enjoy your videos. Looking forward for the other videos in the UHF series . :)

  • @juz70
    @juz709 жыл бұрын

    Great stuff Bruce. Yes, a video explaining Ham license would be great.

  • @bozcans
    @bozcans9 жыл бұрын

    Hi Bruce, We are still waiting for other videos of this series. I hope the they will come soon. Thanks for this awesome videos.

  • @padcom
    @padcom Жыл бұрын

    I'm watching this video in 2023 with things like ExpressLRS and ImmersionRC Ghost using different modulation of the signal over the air as the old 2.4GHz transmitter and giving results like 100km at just 2W of output power and 100mW of telemetry... Things did change a great deal in the last years :) Good times!

  • @deathbychicken
    @deathbychicken9 жыл бұрын

    Hi Bruce. I'm new to the fpv/multirotor world but very old to the radio world from the early 80's onwards. I'm impressed with the new technology and how readily available it is. Even the cheap imported stuff works infinitely better than the prohibitively expensive 'hi-tech' I used to covet in Practical Wireless every month. The biggest issue, as you touch on in your video, and still is, is noise. I built a ZMR250 and put an oscilloscope on the ESC 'filtered' output with a PDB LC inline and the ripple was shocking even at idle throttle speeds. Power on the vtx and a GoPro and all Hell breaks loose! I see some people wrap their servo leads on a ferrite ring which will help but not a huge amount. Maybe a video on basic noise reduction would be handy? Decent decoupling, ferrite beads and coaxial bonding made an enormous difference for my set up. I'm a novice pilot but the responsiveness at a longer range was easily visible. Anyway, keep up the good work. Your channel is a regular view for me it is good to see some old school knowledge still exists out there in this hobby :)

  • @realRickSanchez
    @realRickSanchez9 жыл бұрын

    Bruce maybe you should compare a Frsky transmitter with a 2W signal booster (and maybe a patch antenna) alongside the UHF systems, like a poor man long range system. I know they are not going to offer the same distance but it will be interesting to know how it performs against the real long range systems. Also it will be nice too see if the low pass filters for 1.2GHz video really solve the problem of harmonics on 2.4 or if only alleviate it a little. Awesome video Bruce waiting for the next one.

  • @ReneNieuwenhuis

    @ReneNieuwenhuis

    9 жыл бұрын

    I use a 2W booster and patch on 2.4. Getting 3.5 to. 4 km. Together with a 600mW 5.8 transmitter with a 5 turn helical. Also no problems until 4 km. So, all fine :) But, I wait and see where Bruce may come up. Never to old to learn ;)

  • @hotcarp12

    @hotcarp12

    9 жыл бұрын

    elpidiovaldez4ever I've done 10km out with unboosted 2.4 on my taranis. 2W is quite a large output :/

  • @Fast1Guy

    @Fast1Guy

    9 жыл бұрын

    elpidiovaldez4ever I use 1.2Ghz on 2.4 control. I installed a notch filter on the video transmitter and as far as I can see it blocked the second harmonic very well. A Notch Filter is so simple to make. Without it the system would show servo jitter a 100 meters away. After installing it I get 4.2km before fail safe. Hope this helps.

  • @CrashPilot1000

    @CrashPilot1000

    9 жыл бұрын

    elpidiovaldez4ever Besides the legal aspects. Why would you want a 2W microwave oven placed near your gonads? I understand that the military needs to fly long range but the hobbyist? If I want to fly FPV in 30Km distance I go there by car and fly there line of sight. But UHF is not only for that...

  • @JMathieson
    @JMathieson9 жыл бұрын

    Nice job Bruce explaining interference and signal propagation

  • @Bishop-FPV
    @Bishop-FPV9 жыл бұрын

    This is going to be an interesting set of videos and I'm looking forward as always. Ez for me all the way with a homemade moxon.

  • @EclipseVisualSystems
    @EclipseVisualSystems7 жыл бұрын

    Great teaching. Thank you. I will look forward to seeing the next ones. Hoping to learn how to control a RC vehicle in obstructed environments like metal tanks and under the ground.

  • @alex-pope
    @alex-pope9 жыл бұрын

    I really like your white board videos. Thank you for this

  • @Stashmanfpv
    @Stashmanfpv4 жыл бұрын

    Bruce is a brilliant teacher! 🎯 Sure wish I could pull your ear for a day and answer "ALL" my long range questions. 😎 Totally legit and adding to his Patreon for all his help and hard work! Thank you Bruce and best to you. ✌🏼

  • @nellodude
    @nellodude9 жыл бұрын

    Very well done Bruce. I only use UHF and love it as I fly long range all the time. The harmonic on 1299 can be a problem but I find the key to success is to separate everything. On the model and on the ground.

  • @andre-dx4yw
    @andre-dx4yw8 жыл бұрын

    very interesting thanks Bruce, was considering one of the uhf transmitters but after seeing the build quality im now considering the scheerer

  • @crazycrow3378
    @crazycrow33789 жыл бұрын

    Great info Bruce, waiting for part 2. I'm just getting into UHF systems (first one is in the mail). All info in this subject is more than interesting. I'd love to see you do a video on HAM licences, for some reason you've got a good way to show the mechanics behind invisible stuff like this. Keep it up.

  • @traxfan32
    @traxfan329 жыл бұрын

    So excited fir this series!!

  • @sputniksam
    @sputniksam9 жыл бұрын

    Really well put together, Bruce. As you pointed out the laws vary country to country. Here in the UK, even with an Amateur Radio License, 433MHz isn't permitted instead there is an allocation for RC on 459MHz. Also 433MHz in this country, 430MHz to 440MHz, is allocated to amateurs on a secondary user basis with the Ministry Of Defence being the primary user, and you certainly wouldn't want to upset the Men with the poisoned tipped umbrellas 😉 Again, using the UK as an example, 433.050MHz to 434.970MHz is a very busy ISM/SRDS band but there are also relatively high powered amateur radio repeaters ( anywhere up to 50Watts into antennas with gain ) also within this allocation. Regards Nidge

  • @TechHobbyGear
    @TechHobbyGear9 жыл бұрын

    Nice video with full of information on radio, thank you so much ....

  • @vk2icj
    @vk2icj8 жыл бұрын

    Part 2 please Bruce. We are all waiting patiently :)

  • @EngineerX
    @EngineerX9 жыл бұрын

    Looking forward to a more detailed discussion and spectra of 3rd harmonic emitted by these LRS. That'll show us how well designed and filtered these LRS Tx's are. Well, at least that one aspect. As you said, there are many more variables. Great video series. I'll be looking forward to the next episode.

  • @Noircogi

    @Noircogi

    9 жыл бұрын

    EngineerX In my opinion, way too much discussion has already happened around that. If you're using the one specific frequency of 1280 MHz for video, keep your VRX a few feet from your UHF TX and it's a non-issue. For other video frequencies or if you're using a decent VRX it's also a non-issue.

  • @EngineerX

    @EngineerX

    9 жыл бұрын

    Scott Pritchett Agreed, lots of discussion on that subject. However, it may still be beneficial how Bruce presents it as his delivery is very easy to understand and his videos are also aimed at viewers who are getting into a more advanced area of the hobby. So a quick 1-minute segment showing 3rd harmonic amplitudes and frequencies emitted by the reviewed LRS would be interesting and informative, especially to people who don't yet have any experience with LRS setups. Also he has very good spectrum analyzers that can show good data and there are very well known UHF systems in this review that can be compared against each other. So I think a 1 or 2 minute segment on a fairly important aspect of how well a 433MHz system would play along with 1.2G-1.3G video wouldn't be too bad.

  • @Noircogi

    @Noircogi

    9 жыл бұрын

    Scott Pritchett One more note on this. If you test this on a Dragonlink, make sure to select the "1280 friendly" protocol which massively reduces any radiation around 1280 MHz by changing the FHSS frequency hopping scheme. It's recommended for anyone using 1280 MHz video.

  • @tjsmith7061
    @tjsmith70619 жыл бұрын

    Amazing stuff, your going to skyrocket with subscribers!

  • @Anesthez
    @Anesthez9 жыл бұрын

    I've been checking everyday for a 2 months for part 2 !!

  • @ChristopherF_1971

    @ChristopherF_1971

    4 жыл бұрын

    Anesthez I don’t think Bruce wants to push LR flying is why he may have stopped. Some folks just don’t get it and do stupid stuff with these kinds of technology and just shouldn’t have it in there hands. I’m thinking Bruce has done the right thing by stepping back and not promoting LR because he may think he could be held reliable for some idiots mistakes. Kudos to Bruce.

  • @KaranSharmaindia
    @KaranSharmaindia8 жыл бұрын

    love this man & the way he explained I wish he was my teacher in my maths class ....

  • @CFowlerCrashOverride
    @CFowlerCrashOverride9 жыл бұрын

    Your videos are awesome thanks for making them. I wanted to mention that having a ham license is one thing to be legal but there are also ham operators transmitting mega juice from antenna array, even the ISS has a ham radio. With a big range you could easily run into one. :)

  • @MrCorrupt1982
    @MrCorrupt19829 жыл бұрын

    Just what I have been waiting for, cheers

  • @hotliner
    @hotliner9 жыл бұрын

    ... perfect presentation and information Bruce :-)

  • @brubakerjm
    @brubakerjm9 жыл бұрын

    Fantastic video, Bruce. Thanks for taking the time to put it together. Would also love to see how the EzUHF JR module stacks up against the rest of the competitors. It seems like that is more targeted towards people who might be new-ish and just making their first foray into UHF (myself included). These are the types that can benefit the most from your knowledge base and advanced performance testing. Thanks again!

  • @FinalGlideAus
    @FinalGlideAus9 жыл бұрын

    Yay, I want to have a party with you too Bruce :)

  • @tamarathompson9418

    @tamarathompson9418

    6 жыл бұрын

    Funny barstard.

  • @kevinbrain917
    @kevinbrain9179 жыл бұрын

    HA HA Back to school with bruce just like sitting in a class room .. great video bruce as always thanks for the info.

  • @Mallavogue
    @Mallavogue9 жыл бұрын

    Great video mate. You always supply those unanswered questions I ponder about. I just got my ham license this past Sunday! I would like an invitation to the party now please.

  • @sganzerlag
    @sganzerlag9 жыл бұрын

    Great video, many thanks for posting it!

  • @codymattiello9700
    @codymattiello97009 жыл бұрын

    I'm a little ashamed how much I loved this video!!

  • @babakzekibi315
    @babakzekibi3159 жыл бұрын

    First of all a wonderfull video. Thanks a lot. A lot :) I am using frsky 2.4 ghz system with l9r receiver, 600 mw immersion rc for video, and from my experiences, if you have good antennas placed properly, you can have 7 - 8 km range with no problem and for me it is more than enough. I have 4000 mt asl flights in clouds with 6-7 km distance and I really don't need go go further.If you want to, land your plane, go 10 km more with your car and fly again, :) And if you use a RTL autopilot system which I think every fpv pilot must, you can do amazing flights with confidence. Ham radio operators may use a strong signal and deafen your receiver with a high power radio broadcast, so can the radio towers etc. I love your videos and from my perspective people without enough knowledge must stay away from 433 uhf band and if they want to, they must get an amateur radio operator licence. 2.4 and 5.8 is more than enough for rc models.

  • @JohnJohn-me5gj
    @JohnJohn-me5gj9 жыл бұрын

    Thank you, Bruce! I'm looking forward to your Ham's license video.

  • @segwaydave
    @segwaydave9 жыл бұрын

    Bruce, Fantastic video!!!! Thank you!

  • @MrTrollYourAss
    @MrTrollYourAss9 жыл бұрын

    Thank you Bruce, i learn so much thanks to you.

  • @martinknoesen
    @martinknoesen9 жыл бұрын

    I would be happy to pay for content like this on a premium channel. Well Done.

  • @ruckushoot513
    @ruckushoot5139 жыл бұрын

    part 2 looking forward to it then ill go out and buy thanks Bruce

  • @Jellman86
    @Jellman869 жыл бұрын

    Brill Bruce looking forward to the rest!

  • @odie175
    @odie1759 жыл бұрын

    Thank you Bruce ! another fine video !!

  • @jamiedodger1
    @jamiedodger19 жыл бұрын

    Well done Bruce!

  • @TheAdamtoolanen
    @TheAdamtoolanen9 жыл бұрын

    Great video Bruce!

  • @djtabor
    @djtabor9 жыл бұрын

    amazing video! Thank you for the work you do

  • @13wilde13
    @13wilde139 жыл бұрын

    Hi Bruce, thanks for the video. Even I don't know, if I ever will use 433 MHz system, I had fun and got a huge amount of new knowledge. (I also had a first look to a German HAM page, so the HAM license might be a new area of interest, just because of your nice "short" video.) To give you a 'Cheer up!': I repeat my promise to pay for a canal, which you might offer... Best regards Wolfgang

  • @1mountainllama1
    @1mountainllama19 жыл бұрын

    Great video. I like to know the hows and whys, and you have done a fantastic job explaining them. I still got a lot to learn. I am actually learning while I save to get into the hobby. Hopefully my learning curve will be much less.

  • @etab83
    @etab839 жыл бұрын

    It's about time. This is the juicy stuff lol!

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