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0:00 Europe between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century
03:03 Art Nouveau
07:31 Michael Thonet
09:18 Hector Guimard
10:08 Antoni Gaudí i Cornet
11:09 Wiener Werkstätte
Let’s analyze in detail the situation in Europe between the end of the 1800s and the beginning of the 1900s: it was a period of strong changes, as I said earlier.
There was a huge industrialization and indiscriminate exploitation of the raw materials offered by nature.
Furthermore, the first workers' unions began to emerge. It was a time in which workers were considered as slaves: they faced extremely stressful working hours, without breaks, nor any incentive that could help them. Images of the late nineteenth century in London, still circulate where you can see child workers carrying coal underground. Prolonged work in these conditions led to numerous respiratory diseases, because there were no protections, and also caused damage to the spine due to the position assumed.
Another very important thing to take into consideration during this period was the role assumed by women. A strong attempt at social emancipation began through suffragettes: a term that indicates women belonging to the women's emancipation movement born to obtain the right to vote for women (from the word suffrage in its meaning of vote).
This word later ended up indicating more generally the woman who struggles or works to obtain the recognition of the full dignity of women, thus partly coinciding with the term feminist.
It was a time of strong social and technological changes such as the arrival of electricity, cinema and cars that profoundly changed society.
Electricity changed life in all the cities that could afford this technology: the streets were certainly more illuminated than before and as I mentioned before this type of technology could be used inside homes for both lighting and heating. It was a real revolution.
Cinema was born from a technology capable of printing about 24 frames in a second and was invented by the brothers Auguste Marie and Louis Nicolas Lumière in the late 1800s. For the first time people could observe images that seemed so real to their eyes, to the point that one day a train arriving at the station was projected and the public ran away in terror thinking they could be hit by the moving train.
It was the first approach to this type of technology that gradually began to evolve up to the present day. It became essential in order to observe the world outside one’s own cities, to be able to know new realities, new customs and new worlds, which previously could only be told through photography or books.
Finally, the car replaced the horse as the main means of transport: it was considered more reliable and faster, being able to travel a greater distance in the shortest possible time than animals.
In addition, the car brought people closer, reducing distances: it could reach places where the train had not yet arrived, and was also used to transport basic necessities.
Gradually the car changed the appearance of the world, creating all the services necessary for its operation, such as asphalted roads, service stations, etc.
In this period of strong technological changes a new style was born called Art Nouveau, also known in Italy as floral style, Liberty style or new art, which was an artistic and philosophical movement that developed between the end of the 19th century and the first decade of 1900 and which influenced the figurative arts, architecture and applied arts.
The Liberty movement had its maximum diffusion during the last period of the so-called Belle Époque.
The name Art Nouveau ("new art") was coined in France, a country in which the movement was also known as Style Guimard, Style 1900 or École de Nancy (for art objects).
In Great Britain it was known as Art Nouveau together with the language definitions of Modern Style or Studio Style, while in Germany it took the name of Jugendstil (young style).
And so on, in Austria Sezessionstil (Secession), in the Netherlands Nieuwe Kunst (translation of Art Nouveau in Dutch), in Poland Secesja, in Switzerland Style sapin or Jugendstil, in Serbia and Croatia Secesija, in Russia Modern and, in Spain, Arte Joven(young art), or more frequently, Modernism.
Art Nouveau was configured as a wide-ranging style, which embraced the most disparate fields such as architecture, interior and urban decoration, jewelry, furniture and fabrics, tools and objects, lighting, funerary art.
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