Thank you for a comprehensive analysis.......

i watched this entire video. Very good, thanks.

thanks my lectures on tmr and this really helped me to understand the basic ideas. You remind me so much of Jim Halpert btw!!

I just watched this out of interest because I didn't understand what was in the book I was reading! THANK YOU FOR THIS EXPLANATION!

Love this channel, love the videos. I truly understand this more than any materials like lectures,textbooks,articles etc.

@PsychExamReview

Жыл бұрын

I'm so happy to hear that, thanks for commenting!

Thank you for explaining so nicely, it helped me to gain more interest in the subject. Your work is amazing... Thanks once again

@PsychExamReview

3 жыл бұрын

You're welcome, thanks for the compliments!

Really awesome studies, explained in a clear way. Thank you!

@PsychExamReview

4 жыл бұрын

You're welcome!

Thank you, this was quite simplified yet very helpful.

@PsychExamReview

2 жыл бұрын

Glad to hear that it was helpful!

Thank you sir .cause this topic is a part of my study...thanks for your good explanation....❤

Thank you so much! I watched around 89 videos today to help me prepare for mcat. Your videos are so helpful!

@PsychExamReview

4 жыл бұрын

Wow, great dedication! I'm glad they're helpful, best of luck on the MCAT!

Very clear explanation, loved the video. Thanks. Keep up your good work 👍👍👍👍

@PsychExamReview

4 жыл бұрын

Thanks!

As always..... An amazing professor u are..... ❤️

@PsychExamReview

2 жыл бұрын

Thanks, appreciate it!

Your lectures are very desirable. Thank You sincerely

I saw 2 other videos regarding this topic before watching this and yours was very informative and i understood it clearly thankyou

@PsychExamReview

3 жыл бұрын

Glad I could help!

well done. it really made a difference in my understanding.

@PsychExamReview

2 жыл бұрын

Glad to hear that!

Great video, as always!

@PsychExamReview

5 жыл бұрын

Thanks!

Great Video! good information! thank you!

@PsychExamReview

4 жыл бұрын

You're welcome!

3 years ago but still helpful

very helpful , thank you

@PsychExamReview

5 жыл бұрын

You're welcome!

Great explanation kindly keep on subscribed

@PsychExamReview

3 жыл бұрын

Thanks!

Thank u so much. Ur videos are really helpful. Plz upload videos on motivation.

@PsychExamReview

6 жыл бұрын

+Ishita K You're welcome, I'm glad you're finding them helpful. I'll get some videos on motivation up soon!

Love it

Thank you

@PsychExamReview

Жыл бұрын

You're welcome!

Brilliant , Thanks A lot :)

sir you are an amazing teacher. One of the best tht i've found on YT. tysm for pinning relevant learning materail in the comments. just one feedback sir, try to include 2-3 real life examples for EACH topic. Eg: how humans demonstrate latent learning when rewarded? (not all sudents are on the same level, esp those who are just beginner in this amazing field psychology)

@PsychExamReview

Жыл бұрын

Thanks, I'll try to include more examples in future videos!

Thanks again for your awesome tutorial! I wish to see a video about grid cell from you. I am having hard time understanding it 😢

@PsychExamReview

4 жыл бұрын

I don't think I'll get to this soon but I'll keep the topic in mind if I start making videos for more advanced courses and concepts.

one really interesting model of this kind of "internal compass" we have are abandoned and lost animals. don't know about your country but sadly at mine it was a common thing that people abandoned dogs and cats some 2 decades ago - i don't know if i've stopped hearing about it cause i'm not a kid anymore but i hope and think it happens very much less nowadays. it was really common to hear that the animal returned home, sometimes in the very same day.

@PsychExamReview

4 жыл бұрын

That's a good but unfortunate example of this kind of cognitive map. I am also worried that there will be an increase in abandoned pets following covid-19 as many wanted temporary companionship during quarantine but won't be able to maintain this care once things return to normal.

Great explanation!! . But, I have a doubt. Like many animals rat's sense of smell is very strong. How do we know that the smell of the food did not influence?

@PsychExamReview

7 жыл бұрын

Nivedita Paul Great question! Scent alone wouldn't fully explain why the unrewarded-then-rewarded group of rats would make fewer errors than the group of always-rewarded rats (unless we assumed their sense of smell was better). There are also other cognitive map demonstrations described by Tolman (see the linked paper in the description) involving learning for things like electric shocks and visual patterns as well as work by Spence with thirsty rats and water as a reward. I hope this helps answer your question!

@niveditapaul9081

7 жыл бұрын

PsychExamReview Yes, I get it now. Thank you so much :)

@addhoc256

2 жыл бұрын

@@PsychExamReview They should put the food in a totally different place and see where they go then: if they go straight to the food or water you know its smell. Hungry rats could possibly smell better. and i know some animals can actually smell water. However I believe rats most likely also see a kind of map or direction in their inner mind because they live in sewage systems and between walls of houses so its clear they know their way in a city maze. however they do get lost sometimes when they are chased by a cat and after sudden running might take some time to find their family back. Maybe also pets like a cat could get lost after a scare run. But do they have a sense of direction like birds? Some pets walk back even if they were dropped after a car ride? It could take weeks i wonder how they do it. I guess we never can fully imagine what its like to be thinking like them. Maybe one day we can become an animal in VR including whiskers and smell and nightvision.

Examples of latent discrimination I've experienced from individuals and groups: being blue eyed in a brown-eyed world, for being left-handed, having wavy hair.

The best lecture for Tolman so far! But I have something to ask ....if the rat( in the study by Tolman & Charles Honzik) didn't get a reward to strengthen its responses when it was wandering aimlessly, how did it correctly traverse the right path on the 11th day? It didn't know whether this behaviour was correct.

@PsychExamReview

3 жыл бұрын

Great question, sorry I missed replying to this comment earlier. These rats still made errors on day 11 and the largest drop in errors occurred from day 11 to day 12, which suggests that the rats expected food to be in the same location after it was first presented on day 11. You can find the original graph of results in figure 6 here, along with Tolman's explanation: psychclassics.yorku.ca/Tolman/Maps/maps.htm

This guy is awesome (theres your secondary reinforcer)

@PsychExamReview

Жыл бұрын

Thanks!

it's kind of hard to transfer the idea of cognitive maps to other feelings/categories, but one thing that came to my mind was trying to guess a food recipe. one knows what he wants to get (the north), and tries to make a road to that. wouldn't it be right? actually i just came with that to ask: are there examples of cognitive maps with other feelings?

helpful

@iwatchvideos9266

4 жыл бұрын

yes, indeed, did you watch the entire video?

such a helpful video, even for the MCAT - which it doesnt seem like the reason why the vid was made in the first place lol

@PsychExamReview

2 жыл бұрын

I made these videos as a supplement to any college-level introductory psychology course but glad to hear they can be helpful for MCAT too!

Thanks for the clear explanation, you are a great teacher. I was just wondering here if the Tolman's experiment with rats is applicable on human cognition. Did anyone talk about the rat's smelling the food? Do rats have good sensation abilities for identifying the location of the food? Thanks!

@PsychExamReview

7 ай бұрын

Tolman describes similar experiments done with water, suggesting that scent isn't playing a role in the rats' ability to find the location. He also draws some interesting parallels with other human behaviors at the end of the paper, which you can read here: psychclassics.yorku.ca/Tolman/Maps/maps.htm

Thanks for this efficient and simple presentation about latent learning. I have a question: are there experiments with the mouse responding to multiple (qualitative) rewards, eventually achieving them in order of his preferences? I’m curious learning about its reactions in these conditions…

@PsychExamReview

7 жыл бұрын

manole ioan I'm glad you found it helpful! There are some studies looking into taste preferences of rats though I'm not as familiar with these. Here's a fairly recent study examining taste preference over time journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0181650 and another looking at taste preference change during food deprivation www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=academic.oup.com/chemse/article-pdf/21/2/169/993027/21-2-169.pdf&ved=0ahUKEwiE9JLTzMXVAhVHTCYKHbqpBZkQFghRMAg&usg=AFQjCNG5iR0wPEwIkUtx9bZry7VkUA97ZQ . There are also studies on learned taste aversion in rats which I describe in another video.

@manoleioan6216

7 жыл бұрын

Thanks for your swift response and references. I’ll continue to search further.

@PsychExamReview

7 жыл бұрын

manole ioan No problem, let me know if you find anything interesting!

about the latent learning, can it be that negative reinforcement (taking off the boredom of the non responsive maze) + positive reinforcement (adding the treat) + variable ratio rates (assuming they could have an insight that the scarcity could come back)? how many days it took for them to get "good" at the maze? and better than the first group? How did he isolate these possibilities? as always, amazing video Michael!

@PsychExamReview

4 жыл бұрын

In Tolman and Honzik's case, the improvement occurred very quickly on days 11-12 and asking how to separate out the cause is a great question. A partial answer comes from a study by Spence and Lippitt described by Tolman. In this case, rats were put in a Y-shaped maze with water on one end and food on the other, but the reward was placement in a cage with other rats because the rats weren't hungry or thirsty. Then, when hungry or thirsty, they were placed in the maze again, to see if they would go to the relevant side of the Y maze, which they did. This suggests that even though food or water wasn't the reward before, the rats were still learning about the location of each. You can read Tolman's original paper here: psychclassics.yorku.ca/Tolman/Maps/maps.htm

@gustavalbericchidurocher9764

4 жыл бұрын

@@PsychExamReview amazing!! thanks

Can you explain briefly cognitive map and the evidence you provided, I’m still a little bit confused with it.

@PsychExamReview

5 ай бұрын

Sure, I'll try. A cogitive map is a mental representation of an area and Tolman's studies showed that it wasn't just a series of specific rewarded behaviors, and it didn't require rewards in order to develop, though rewards might be needed for the map to be demonstrated.

kindly explain drive discrimination learning too as experimented by tolman as i could not find it anywhere...please

@PsychExamReview

6 жыл бұрын

The general idea of drive discrimination theory is that organisms can distinguish between their internal drives and this influences responses to stimuli. In discrimination learning a rat might learn to turn left in a maze when a particular tone is played or turn right for another tone. Adding drives to this would be a rat learning a certain path through a maze when hungry (a path that leads to food), and another path when the rat is thirsty (which leads to water). This can be seen in this study by Clark Hull: www.researchgate.net/publication/232577486_Differential_habituation_to_internal_stimuli_in_the_albino_rat as well as this study by Kendler, Karasik, & Schrier: www.researchgate.net/publication/10390372_Studies_of_the_effect_of_change_of_drive_III_Amounts_of_switching_produced_by_shifting_drive_from_thirst_to_hunger_and_from_hunger_to_thirst These suggest that rats are able to discriminate between different internal states and that this influences learning and behavior. Tolman's theory of learning included drive discrimination learning but I'm not familiar with specific experiments by Tolman demonstrating it (let me know if you find any!). Hope this helps!

@rajeevhora4748

6 жыл бұрын

Thank you so much....even i am unable to find the exact experiment of this by tolman but i guess it was introduced in the revised experiment... anyways thanks a lot again...ur video is truly helping and to the point

Thank you so much.. But I have a question please There was an experiment where they put water in the maze tracks to see if the animals would use the same muscles or not ... Did Tolman design this experiment?

@PsychExamReview

3 жыл бұрын

I don't know of Tolman conducting water maze studies but I'm not entirely sure. Bendig conducted an early water T-maze on latent learning so perhaps you're referring to this study? doi.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fh0059428

Thank you for this video. Are there any studies of cognitive maps changing in time? Like when someone lives in a neighborhood for a long time and suddenly things start to change. Thanks for your answer. :)

@PsychExamReview

5 жыл бұрын

Hi Sofia, I don't know of particular studies on changes in cognitive maps, but a related point here is that our cognitive maps are not really laid out like actual maps. By that I mean we don't capture all of the details precisely (exact distances, degrees to turn, etc.). Our cognitive maps are more general and we frequently use things like landmarks. Rather than thinking "walk 725 meters then turn right 60 degrees" we just think "walk until you see this store, then turn right" This means that changes in those landmarks (if that store were to change) could easily disrupt a cognitive map. Changes that aren't relevant to the map, however, would probably not have much effect (if other stores you pass but aren't landmarks for your map were to change). I hope this helps, if you find particular research on this topic feel free to share links here!

@sofiarivera4571

5 жыл бұрын

@@PsychExamReview Thanks for your reply! I have been reading about cognitive maps, in fact I am an architect and I am working on a proposal for my master's thesis on cognitive maps of the city and their relationship with urban identity, since in some cases people when describing a route refer to elements that are no longer there, but that were important and remain in the urban imaginary. Thanks again and I hope I can carry out this research. :)

@PsychExamReview

5 жыл бұрын

@@sofiarivera4571 Sounds like an interesting topic, good luck with your research!

@sofiarivera4571

5 жыл бұрын

@@PsychExamReview Thank you! :)

Sir, Great lecture.. I want to ask you that can you tell us question related to the topic. Like how teacher is going to question related to this.

@PsychExamReview

3 жыл бұрын

Sure, there's a few ways that you could probably be asked about these concepts. A simple way might be just recognizing the concept, such as being given an example of blocking some paths and a rat finding a new path to food in a familiar maze (using a cognitive map), or an animal learning something but not demonstrating it until there is a reward (latent learning). More difficult questions might ask you to create your own example of a person/animal demonstrating one of these theories (such as a person driving on a different road to avoid a traffic jam) or considering how the two are related (cognitive maps can be acquired through latent learning). Finally, broader questions might focus on the effects of these examples on psychology and how they reveal the limitations of a purely behaviorist approach. They show us the need to include internal mental processes and representations in order to have a better understanding of behavior.

@sadaf3471

3 жыл бұрын

@@PsychExamReview Thank you so much sir God bless you

@PsychExamReview

3 жыл бұрын

@@sadaf3471 You're welcome!

What if the rats had simply sensed the smell of food? The experiment doesn't necessarily prove the rat's learning ability unless the food is odourless

@PsychExamReview

Жыл бұрын

I don't know the exact type of food used in the original study (Tolman just refers to "food"), but I think it's likely that researchers would have chosen something that couldn't easily be detected by the rat via scent. Scent alone also wouldn't fully explain why the unrewarded-then-rewarded group of rats would make fewer errors than the group of always-rewarded rats (unless we assumed their sense of smell was better). There are also other cognitive map demonstrations described by Tolman (see the linked paper in the description) involving learning for things like electric shocks and visual patterns as well as work by Spence with thirsty rats and water as a reward, which wouldn't involve smell. Thanks for commenting!

Let me ask...the rats may have aslo used their sense organs too to determine the location of food,???so, how come it is only the cognitive map only??🤔🤔🤔

@PsychExamReview

3 жыл бұрын

Great question. While I don't know how well rats were able to detect the scent of food pellets (if at all), we can assume that all the rats were fairly similar in this regard. So when we see a large difference in performance between the groups based on their prior experiences in the maze, we can assume that the experience (and its related cognitive elements) is playing a role in causing that difference, rather than something like smelling the food. Tolman also describes supporting research on cognitive maps by Spence and Lippitt which used water with thirsty rats, which would reduce the likelihood of scent playing a role.

You should be my lecturer lol

@PsychExamReview

4 жыл бұрын

At least I can be on KZread :)

🙏🇮🇳🇮🇳👌👌🇮🇳🇮🇳🙏

ngl hes kinda cute